Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 2 2014
Category: Dunhu
Viktor Narushev, Chiremba weScience Sciences, Purofesa weDhipatimendi reKukura kweZvirimwa, Kubereka uye Genetics, Saratov State Agrarian University inonzi N.I. Vavilov.
Indasitiri yekurima mbatatisi inoonekwa sechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveagro-industrial complex yedunhu reVolga. Ivhu uye mamiriro ekunze edunhu reSaratov anowanzo farira kurima mbatatisi, iyo inotaridza kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi mudunhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, shanduko dzakakura dzakaitika mukukura kwembatatisi mudunhu mumakore achangopfuura. Kushandiswa kwesimba-rakanyanya tekinoroji uye mashoma emagetsi zviwanikwa zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwemutengo wekugadzira mbatatisi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo yeruzhinji chikamu chakadzikisa zvakanyanya nzvimbo iri pasi pembatatisi uye huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwayo. Nekudaro, chikamu chemabhizinesi ezvekurima uye mapurazi mukugadzira mbatatisi mudunhu reSaratov yakaderera kubva pa22% muna 1990 kusvika 5% muna 2012.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo aive nemhedzisiro yakaipa pakugadzika kwembatatisi kune vagari vemumaguta, kunyanya munguva yechando-chirimo, zvakakonzera kudzikira kwemhando yezvigadzirwa, zvakakonzera kudzikira kwemakwikwi embatatisi dzemuno zvichienzaniswa nezvigadzirwa kubva. iyo Penza, Tambov, Voronezh matunhu uye mamwe matunhu ari pedyo eRussia, pamwe nekune dzimwe nyika.
Pasinei nematambudziko echinangwa, zvinotevera zvinhu zvinobatsira mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mudunhu:
- kudyiwa kwembatatisi kwagara kuchiitwa nevanhu;
- mamiriro akanaka ekunze uye ekunze munzvimbo zhinji dzedunhu;
- kubereka kwepamusoro kwevhu re chernozem muBhangi reKurudyi, kuchamhembe uye nechepakati nzvimbo dzeKuruboshwe Bank, uko zvinokwanisika kuronga kugadzirwa kwakagadzikana kwembatatisi pasi pekudiridza;
- yakagadzira zvifambiso uye zvivakwa zveruzivo;
- kuvapo kwekubatana kwekutsigira kwesainzi kweindasitiri kubva kuAll-Russian Research Institute yePotato Farming (VNIIKH, Moscow mudunhu), Saratov State Agrarian University yakatumidzwa zita. N.I. Vavilov”, Research Institute of Agriculture yeSouth-East uye Penza Research Institute of Agriculture;
-Kuitwa kwemapurojekiti makuru ekudyara kuvandudza kugadzirwa nekuvandudza gadziriro yekuchengetera mbatatisi (muna Gumiguru 2012, chibvumirano chakapedzwa nekambani yeMalino, iri kuvandudza tekinoroji yemazuva ano yekurima mbatatisi munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeRussia);
- matanho anoshanda erutsigiro rwehurumende kune vanogadzira mbatatisi kubva kubhajeti redunhu.
Mumakore achangopfuura, mabhizinesi ekurima nemapurazi akacherechedza kuwedzera kwakakosha kwegoho rembatatisi zvichienzaniswa nemapurazi epamba (tafura). Nekudaro, nzvimbo dzakadyarwa idiki - muna 2012, mumabhizinesi ekurima edunhu, mbatatisi dzakarimwa munzvimbo ye0,5 zviuru mahekita uye muK (F) H - 0,7 zviuru mahekita. Mumapurazi mashanu chete nzvimbo yakadyarwa mbatatisi yaidarika mahekita makumi mashanu (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC mudunhu reKrasnokutsk, purazi reRubin mudunhu reBazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. purazi revarimi uye Kryuchkova M.P. purazi." Engels mudunhu). Muna 50, vanopfuura makumi matatu nevashanu varimi vakuru, vepakati uye vadiki varimi vari mukurima mbatatisi mudunhu reSaratov. Panguva imwecheteyo, atova mumapurazi masere nzvimbo yembatatisi yakapfuura mahekita makumi mashanu.
Dynamics yekugadzira mbatatisi mudunhu reSaratov
Indicator | 2011 g | 2012 g | 2013 |
Mbatatisi inorimwa nzvimbo, zviuru mahekita | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Goho rembatatisi, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
Goho rembatatisi, matani ane chiuru | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Kumwe kusimudzira kwekurima mbatatisi kunofanirwa kuve kwakanangana nekupa vagari vemumaguta edunhu zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, kunyanya munguva yechando-chirimo. Huwandu hwekushandisa mbatatisi panguva ino yenguva, zvichibva pane zvinonzwisisika zvekurapa zviyero (95 kg pagore), inogona kudarika zviuru makumi matanhatu zvematani. Kubva pagumi kusvika zviuru makumi maviri matani embatatisi anounzwa mudunhu gore negore, chikamu chakakosha chinogona kugadzirwa mumapurazi embatatisi mudunhu. Zvakare mamiriro akakosha ekusimudzira mbatatisi inokura mudunhu inofanirwa kunge iri sangano rehurongwa hwekuchengetedza, kugadzirisa uye kutengesa.
Mumisika yemazuva ano, zvakakosha kwete chete kugadzira mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro, asiwo kuchengetedza kusvika pakukohwa kutsva, kupa zvigadzirwa chimiro chekutengesa, uye kugadzira mabheti mahombe kuti ave nechokwadi chekupihwa nguva dzose kumasangano anotengesa nekutengesa. . Izvi zvinogona kuitwa kana paine yakagadziridzwa kuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa system.
Parizvino, mudunhu hamuna nzvimbo dzakakwana dzekuchengetera mbatatisi dzakashongedzerwa nemichina, mhepo inofefetera uye masisitimu ekudzora mamiriro ekunze. Mbatata inonyanya kuchengetwa muzvitoro zvemiriwo kana matura echinyakare. Nzvimbo huru dzemazuva ano dzekuchengetedza mbatatisi, dzakagadzirwa muna 2008-2012, dzinoshanda mupurazi revarimi "Shcherenko P.Yu." uye purazi revarimi "Kryuchkova M.P." Engels region.
Vagadziri vembatatisi vane hunyanzvi hwekuchengetera mbatatisi hunosvika zviuru gumi zvematani. Izvo zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dzakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana pakati pevagadziri vezvigadzirwa: gumi nemaviri kubva pamakumi matatu neshanu makuru, epakati uye madiki anogadzira mbatatisi vanogadzira. Zviripachena kuti nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dziripo hadzina kukwana huwandu hwakarongwa hwekugadzira mbatatisi.
Kugadzirwa kwematura matsva kunokanganiswa nekudhura kwekuvaka kwavo. Mutengo wekuvaka nzvimbo yekuchengetera mbatatisi ine vhoriyamu 1,5-2 zviuru matani inosvika 11-12 miriyoni rubles, nehuwandu hwe3-3,5 zviuru matani - 22-23 miriyoni rubles.
Iko hakuna zvachose mabhizinesi ekugadzira mbatatisi mudunhu anogona kubatsira varimi vekurima nekutengesa kwakanaka kwezvigadzirwa, sezvinoitika muHolland, Germany, Denmark, France, USA nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda.
Kuti uwedzere kukura kwembatatisi mudunhu, chirongwa chakanangwa "Kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mudunhu reSaratov kwe2013-2013" chakagadzirwa muna 2015. Kuitwa kweChirongwa kwakapa kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma muacreage yembatatisi inorimwa pahwaro hwemazuva ano tekinoroji uye tekinoroji nzira, kuwedzera kwegoho uye gross kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvembatatisi, kuumbwa kwechinhu chitsva uye tekinoroji base mumapurazi embatatisi, uye kugadzirwa kwemamwe mabasa.
Muna 2013-2015, Hurumende yedunhu reSaratov inoronga kupa rubatsiro kumasangano ezvekurima nemapurazi ari kuita kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mukutora michina nematurusi, mbeu nemamineral fertilizer, nezvimwewo, izvo zvinozoita kuti goho rembatatisi riwedzere. 2015 zvichienzaniswa ne2012 uye 2013 ne1,9 uye 1,5 nguva, zvichiteerana.
Kuitwa kweseti yezviyero zvekutsigira nyika kurima mbatatisi zvichidhura bhajeti redunhu reSaratov kuchabatsira kuwedzera kukwezva kwekudyara kweindastiri iyi kumabhizinesi ekurima nemapurazi.
1. Kuita kugovera zvine musoro kwembatatisi mudunhu nehuwandu hwekushandisa, kusimudzira kuiswa kwemhando uye kuronga kugadzirwa kwembeu dzepamusoro.
Kurimwa kwemaindasitiri embatatisi paivhu rinonaya mvura kwakarongwa kuvandudzwa muBazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky uye mamwe matunhu eRight Bank. Munyika yakaoma yeKuruboshwe, ivhu rakadiridzwa remapurazi muEngels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky nemamwe matunhu achagoverwa kugadzira mbatatisi.
Iyo inonyanya kubereka uye yakajairwa kune ivhu uye mamiriro ekunze edunhu ndiwo akasarudzika mbatatisi anodzivirira kusanaya kwemvura akagadzirwa nevarimi vemuno veAll-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture uye Penza Research Institute of Agriculture yakanangana nedunhu reVolga. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwedzera mazwi ekushandisa, zvinokurudzirwa kukura marudzi emapoka akasiyana ekuibva - ekutanga kuibva marudzi ekushandiswa kwezhizha; pakati-mwaka - kwevhu; kunonoka-kuibva - kushandiswa munguva yechando uye kutanga kwechirimo.
2. Sangano rekugadzirwa kwembeu dzepamusoro munzvimbo iyi.
Kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi yeElite ichagadziridzwa mumasangano ezvekurima ekuchamhembe microzone yeRight Bank, uko pasina mukana wekuti zvirimwa zvitapukirwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona uye inofambira mberi tekinoroji yekugadzirwa kwembeu inoshandiswa (kudyara kwezhizha, kusakura kwevarietal, yakabatanidzwa yekudzivirira chirimwa system, etc.). Nyanzvi kubva kuVNIIKH neSaratov State Agrarian University ichapa rutsigiro rwesainzi mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzepamusoro. Kukudziridza kugadzirwa kwembeu yezonal, zvinodikanwa, kutanga, kugadzira mamiriro ekutengeswa kwembeu dzemhando dzembatatisi dzakagadzirwa nevapfuri vepamba.
3. Kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hwazvino-hwekuchengetedza-matekinoroji ekurima matapiri.
Chiitiko chakakosha mukuitwa kweChirongwa ndechekuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hwazvino hwekurima mbatatisi zvichibva pabiologization uye kuchengetedza zviwanikwa. Iwo anofanirwa kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nevhu uye mamiriro ekunze ezvakasiyana mamicrozones edunhu uye zvinhu uye technical base emapurazi.
Biologized tekinoroji inosanganisira kurimwa kwehuswa husingapere uye manyowa akasvibira, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu pakurapa machubhu uye mbesa dzembatatisi (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, nezvimwewo), izvo zvinoita kuti zvibvirire kudzikisa kushandiswa kwe mineral uye organic fertilizer uchichengetedza chiyero che organic matter uye kubereka kwevhu. Kushandiswa kwebiological gadziriro dzekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa (boverine, trichogramma, nezvimwewo) kunoderedza mutengo wemishonga yezvipembenene uye kuvimbisa kugadzirwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvigadzirwa. Kuti uderedze kushushikana kwekusanaya kwemvura munharaunda yedu, kushandiswa kweiyo biological anti-stress agents inokurudzirwa.
4.Yakakwana tekinoroji mazuvaano eembatiri indasitiri.
Kuitisa mbatatisi dzemazuva ano mudunhu, zvakarongwa kushongedza mapurazi evagadziri vezvekurima nemichina-uye-simba-inoshanda nesimba michina uye michina yekugadzira, kuronga uye kuchengetedza machubhu, tichifunga nezve hunhu hwemhando dzakasiyana dzekutarisira. Iyo huru nzira yekusarudza michina: kuvimbika, kuita zvakasiyana-siyana, kuwanikwa kwezvikamu zvakasara uye yakavimbiswa kukurumidza sevhisi.
5. Kuwedzera nzvimbo yembatatisi inodiridza kuburikidza nekudzorerwa kwezviripo uye kugadzira nzvimbo itsva dzekudiridza.
Kurima mbatatisi pasi pekudiridza hakungodzikisi njodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, asiwo zvakanyanya kuwedzera hupfumi hwekugadzirwa kwayo. Zvibereko zvezvigadzirwa kubva kune zvakadiridzwa mbatatisi zvimedu zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura kubva kuminda yakafanana pasina kudiridza, uye kugadzirwa kwevashandi uye kugona kwekushandisa zvinhu uye zviwanikwa zvehunyanzvi, kusanganisira mafetireza, kuwedzera katatu kusvika kashanu.
Pamwe chete nekupararira kwechimanjemanje kwemichina yekudiridza yeFregat neVolzhanka, munzvimbo dzine ivhu rakareruka uye repakati-mavara, inorongwa kuti iwedzere kushingaira kushandura nzira dzemazuva ano dzekuchengetedza madiridziro - madhiramu emhando yakaderera, akapararira uye akapararira. drip irrigation.
6. Kuvakwazve kwezviripo nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo itsva dzekuchengetera mbatatisi.
Kupa vagari vedunhu reSaratov mbatatisi gore rose, zvinokurudzirwa kuvaka nzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekuchengetera mbatatisi dzine huwandu hunosvika zviuru makumi mana zvematani emachubhu, akashongedzerwa nemhepo inofefetera, kutonga kwemamiriro ekunze uye nzira dzekutakura uye kurodha. zvezvigadzirwa.
Panzvimbo dzakakura dzekuchengetera mbatatisi, mabhizinesi ekutanga (semi-akapedzwa zvigadzirwa) uye zvakadzika (doro, starch, machipisi, French fries, nezvimwewo) kugadzirisa mbatatisi kuchagadzirwa. Iyi nzvimbo yakarongwa kugadzirwa mukati mehurongwa hwechibvumirano nekambani yeMalino.
7. Kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetera, kugadzirisa uye kutengesa mbatatisi kubva kune vanogadzira zvekurima.
Kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzekugonesa kuchawedzera zvakanyanya kukwikwidza kwembatatisi kubva kune vanogadzira zvekurima.
8. Targeted contract kudzidziswa kwenyanzvi.
Yakanangwa kondirakiti yekudzidziswa kwenyanzvi dzekurima mbatatisi ichaitwa neSaratov State Agrarian University, ine vashandi vekudzidzisa vari kudzidzisa nyanzvi dzakanyatso hunyanzvi hweiyo agro-industrial complex. Zvinokwanisika kudzidzisa boka rinokosha revatenzi mumunda wePotato Kukura.
9. Yakavandudzwa zvikwaniriso zvenyanzvi kubva kumasangano ezvekurima nevakuru vemabhizinesi ekurima ane chekuita nekugadzira mbatatisi.
Chirongwa ichi chinopa gore negore kudzidziswa kwepamusoro kwevarimi vembatatisi pamakosi akarongwa munguva yechando panzvimbo yekudzidziswa kuFederal State Budgetary Educational Institution yePamusoro Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University yakatumidzwa zita rake. N.I. Vavilov" pamwe chete nenharaunda ICS.
Munguva yemwaka wekurima mbatatisi, zvakarongwa kuita akateedzana masemina esainzi uye anoshanda pahwaro hwekutungamira mapurazi anorimwa mbatatisi mudunhu, ane chinangwa chekudzidziswa uye kupanana ruzivo pakati pevatori vechiitiko. Sechikamu chechiratidziro chegore negore chedunhu uye kuratidzira "Zuva reMunda", mamaneja nenyanzvi dzeindasitiri yekurima mbatatisi vanozojairana neazvino mhando dzemichina yekurima nemidziyo uye inovimbisa mhando dzembatatisi.