Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 3 2014
Category: In Focus
Boris Anisimov, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri Yese-Russian Research Institute yePotato Kurima yakatumidzwa zita. A.G. Lorja
Chinyorwa chinokurukura phytosanitary zvinodiwa zvehutachiona uye hutachiona hwezvirwere, izvo zvinofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanyanya mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugadzira mbatatisi. Kunyanya kutariswa kunobhadharwa kudzikisa zvingangoita masosi uye mavheji ehutachiona, kushandiswa kwenzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira uye kutonga kwe phytopathogens mukati menzvimbo dzakakosha kugadzirwa kwekutanga uye epamusoro mhodzi mbatatisi.
Zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinokonzerwa nemavhairasi epathogenic uye mabhakitiriya zvinogona kutungamira mukuderera kwakanyanya kwemhando yembeu mbatatisi. Pane nzira inogamuchirwa - iyo yakakwirira yehuwandu hwehutachiwana munzvimbo dzinorimwa mbatatisi, ndiko kuwedzera mukana wekupararira kwehutachiona. kubudikidza nembeu uye nemuvhu, uye kukuvadza kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzerwa nezvirwere izvi [1].
Mukuita kwenyika yanhasi, dambudziko iri rinonyanya kugadziriswa nekugadzira dzakakosha nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa (nzvimbo) dzine hunhu hwakanaka, mamiriro ekunze uye phytosanitary mamiriro ekukura ane hutano (isina phytopathogens) mhodzi mbatatisi. Kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzakadai, chokwadi, inova chikamu chakakosha chemazuva ano masisitimu ekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi isina hutachiona [2,3,4,5].
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa, semuenzaniso, chiitiko chakabudirira chekugadzira uye kushanda nzvimbo yakakosha yekurima mbatatisi yemhando yepamusoro yemhando muFinland, munharaunda ine inotonhorera mamiriro ekunze (Tyrnavä province), uko kwakawedzera kuomesera mitemo ye phytosanitary zvinodiwa. yakaunzwa munharaunda iyi. Chinonyanya kufadza munyaya iyi chiitiko cheGreat Britain, uko nzvimbo dzakanakisisa dze phytosanitary dzakaonekwa zvakare munyika dzeScotland neNorthern Ireland, idzo dzakapihwa chinzvimbo chakakosha cheEU. "Nzvimbo yekurima mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro" (High Grade Mbeu yeMbatatisi Region) [6,7].
Mumakore achangopfuura, mune mamwe matunhu eRussian Federation, basa rinoshanda rakaitwawo kugadzira nzvimbo dzakanakira kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi, uko kwakasimba nyika phytosanitary control inotangwa uye kutariswa kwakanyanya kunobhadharwa kudzikisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzekupararira kwehutachiona. kubudikidza nembeu uye nemuvhu [2,3,4].
Muchiito chemazuva ano chekutonga kwe phytosanitary mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo dzakatarwa dzinokura mbeu, mapoka mana ezvinhu zvepathogenic anonyanya kudzorwa:
- zvirwere uye zvipembenene zvekukosha kwekuvharirwa (gomarara rembatatisi, brown rot, potato cyst nematode);
- phytopathogenic viruses inotapurirwa nemhando dzeaphid dzinotama (Y- utachiona hwembatatisi (YBK - dzakasiyana siyana), A- utachiona hwembatatisi (abk), utachiona hweM-mbatatisi (MBK) uye utachiona hwemashizha embatatisi (PLV);
- mavhairasi anotapurirwa nevhu-anogara nematodes uye fungi (Mbatatisi yepamusoro panicle virus ("MOP-TOP") uye hutachiona hwefodya ("RETTL" virus);
- pathogenic mabhakitiriya ("gumbo dema" uye mhete yakaora yemachubhu).
Zvirwere uye zvipembenene zvine kukosha kwekuvharirwa zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya zvine njodzi, saka mukana wekupararira kwavo kuburikidza nembeu uye kuburikidza nevhu munzvimbo dzinorimwa mbatatisi dzinofanirwa kubviswa zvachose.
Phytosanitary zvinodiwa zvehutachiona uye hutachiona hwezvirwere zvinodzorwa nekuunzwa kwekutonga kushivirira mukati megadziriro yezvino yepasirese uye yenyika mhando zviyero zvembeu mbatatisi [8,9]. Nyika zhinji dzinotengesa mbatatisi kune dzimwe nyika kazhinji hadzina kushivirira utachiona hwehutachiona (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Kutapukirwa kwembeu ine mavhairasi anotakurwa neaphid anotama anodzorwa zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekuongororwa murabhoritari yetuber samples kubva kuvana vakananga vekirasi SE (super elite), E (elite), A uye B (1-2 kubereka mushure mevakuru) vachishandisa. zvakaomesesa zvinodzora zvinodiwa zvezviyero (Tafura 1).
Tafura 1. Regulatory kushivirira kwezviyero zvehutachiona kusvibiswa kwembeu mbatatisi ichipinda mukutengeserana munyika dzeEU (ELIZA bvunzo)
Страны | Kushivirira kwemakirasi / zvizvarwa zvembeu mbatatisi,% | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Jerimani** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
Finirendi*** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
Czech Republic | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
*Maererano neEU Directives 2002/56 uye 93/17
** Kushivirira kwe YVK
***Kushivirira mavhairasi YVK+AVK
Huwandu hwenjodzi dzinogona kuitika dzehutachiona hwehutachiona hwembatatisi zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nehunhu uye mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Panharaunda yakakura yeRussia, mbatatisi inogona kurimwa zvakaringana pese pese, asi zvinokwanisika kugadzira emhando yepamusoro yembeu yembeu chete mumamiriro ekunze ane mamiriro ekunze akanaka uye njodzi shoma yekupararira kwehutachiona hwemhando dzakakomba (acute) zvirwere zvehutachiona, kunyanya wrinkled uye banded mosaic (YBK) uye necrotic ringspot mbatatisi tubers (YВКNTN) (Mufananidzo 1).
Fig. 1 Zviratidzo zvekuomarara (acute) mosaic (YBK) uye nzvimbo yemhete yembatatisi tubers (YBKNTN[9].
Tichifunga nezvekusiyana kwakasiyana kwemamiriro ekunze uye emamiriro ekunze, pamwe nezvinhu zvine simba zvakanyanya pamhando yembeu dzembeu munzvimbo dzavanogadzirwa muRussian Federation, pasi rose tinogona kusiyanisa matunhu matatu ane misiyano yakakura muRussian Federation. mwero wekuremerwa kwehutachiona uye huwandu hwesevha hwezvipembenene zvinotakura hutachiona .
Kumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero anowanzoonekwa seanonyanya kufarira kurima mhodzi dzemhando yepamusoro. Mamiriro ekunze anotonhorera panguva yekukura, pamwe chete neakaderera kumashure kwezvipembenene zvezvipembenene, zvinoita kuti zvibvirire kuderedza kupararira kwehutachiona hunokuvadza. Nguva yekukura mumatunhu aya ipfupi kwazvo: kubva pakupera kwaMay kusvika pakati paSeptember (100-110 mazuva). Asi kureba kwezuva, hunhu hwemaodzanyemba latitudes, kunyanya mumwaka wekutanga wekukura, hunogadzira mamiriro akanaka ekukura nekukurumidza uye kukura kwezvirimwa, kukurumidza tuberization uye kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoita kuti matunhu aya ave akanaka pakurima mbeu dzemhando yepamusoro.
Chikamu chepakati cheRussia, kusanganisira Central, Central Black Earth dunhu, Middle Volga dunhu, pamwe Urals, Siberia, uye Kure East, zvisinei nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwemamiriro ekunze uye ivhu, inowanzo zivikanwa nechepakati pepakati pemutoro unotapukira uye inogona. inotariswa senzvimbo inonyatso kudiwa mune phytosanitary mazwi ekuronga yako wega kugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemitemo.
Southern uye matunhu eSouth-East zvishoma zvakanaka pakurima mbeu dzemhando yepamusoro. Nekuda kwemwaka unopisa uye wakaoma wekukura uye, sekutonga, inogara yakakwira nhanho yehutachiwana uye yakazara vector chiitiko chezvipembenene zvinotakura hutachiona (kunze kwegomo uye nzvimbo dzepasi peNorth Caucasus), chiyero che kuwedzera kwehutachiona hwehutachiwana nechimwe nechimwe chinotevera chizvarwa chemunda chakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura munzvimbo dziri munzvimbo dzakawanda dzekuchamhembe. Kukura kwekukura kwehutachiona hwehutachiona kunoderedza kubereka uye kushatisa zvakanyanya kunaka kwembeu yembatatisi mushure memwaka wechipiri wekukura, uye mumhando dzinokanganisa kunyangwe mushure mekutanga.
Imwe yemisimboti yakakosha yekugadzira nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekurima mbeu ndeyekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo yeminda uchichengetedza kubviswa kwakakosha kwenzvimbo kune hutano kubva kune chero angangoita hutachiona hwehutachiona (kudyara mbatatisi dzechikafu, magadheni emiriwo, makoti, nezvimwewo) . Nechikonzero ichi, mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekurima mbeu, zvinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuteedzera kwakadzika mazinga ekuzviparadzanisa kwenzvimbo yezvikamu zvinoenderana uye makirasi ekutanga uye eelite mhodzi mbatatisi. Zvichienderana nemafungiro emazuva ano nezve nzira uye hunhu hwekutapurirana uye kupararira kwehutachiona hwe phytopathogenic, pamwe nekutama kwevatakuri vavo pamatatisi, zvinokurudzirwa kuve nechokwadi chenzvimbo kubva kune zvingangoita hutachiona hwembeu dzematanho ekutanga. kubereka kwe500 m, inotevera munda zvizvarwa zve100 m (Tafura 2)
Tafura 2. Mitemo yekusarudzika kwenzvimbo inokurudzirwa kurima mbatatisi yekutanga uye yemhando yepamusoro.
chikamu | Chikoro | Kuisa |
Raw material | Kukura mini-tubers pasi pekudzivirirwa kubva kune inotapukira mavector | Frame yezhizha greenhouses ine polycarbonate coating, inovhara tunnels akagadzirwa neakareruka ekuvhara zvinhu |
Mhodzi dzekutanga dzembeu | Kuparidzirwa mumunda (1-2 zvizvarwa) | 500 m chinhambwe kubva kune chero mamwe makirasi embeu mbatatisi |
Elite mbeu mbatatisi | Super elite uye elite nurseries | Kureba kwemamita zana kubva kumakirasi epasi embeu nekudyara kwekutengesa |
Kazhinji, nzvimbo dzemahombekombe dzakanyatsofefetwa dziri pedyo nemakungwa nemitumbi mikuru yemvura, minda yakakomberedzwa nekudzivirira-kutarisa masango emasango, pamwe nenzvimbo dzinorimwa dziri munzvimbo dzine makomo dzakanyatsokodzera seyakanaka nharaunda-kuumba zvinhu mukati memiganhu yembeu- nzvimbo dzinokura. Izvo zvakakosha kuti minda yakagoverwa yeminda yekurera ive kure sezvinobvira kubva kune ese ari maviri minda yembatatisi yemaindasitiri emabhizimusi uye nzvimbo dzemhuri dzevanhu. Mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo yakasarudzika yekukura kwembeu, mukana wekudyara wega mbatatisi unofanirwa kubviswa, kunyanya muminda yevagari vemo uye dzimba dzezhizha.
Kubva pamaonero anoshanda, kugadzira nharaunda yakanaka kwazvo munzvimbo yekugadzira mbeu, kunyanya kana uchikura zvizvarwa zvekutanga zvemunda, nzira inosvikika uye inoshanda chaizvo ndeye "micro-isolation" uchishandisa kudzivirira zvirimwa zvezviyo kana uswa pamwe chete. kumucheto kwemunda (Fig. 2).
Mupunga. 2. Scheme ye micro-isolation yekudyara kwezvizvarwa zvekutanga zvemunda uchishandisa kudzivirira kudzvara zvirimwa zvezviyo pamipendero yemunda.
Kuti uve nechokwadi chemhando yezvigadzirwa zvembeu munzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugadzira mbeu, zvinonyatso fanirwa kushandisa zvizere maitiro ekurima anodzikamisa kupararira kwehutachiona mumamiriro ezvinhu emumunda, anosanganisira:
- kutevedzera zvakatemerwa zviyero zvekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo kwekutanga uye yakasarudzika mhodzi mbatatisi kubva pakudyara kweakaderera kubereka;
- kugadzira iyo yakanyanya kunaka mamiriro ekukura nekukurumidza uye kukura kwezvirimwa uye nekukurumidza tuber kuumbwa panguva yekukura;
- kuita nguva dzose phyto-kuchenesa nekutanga kurambwa uye kubviswa kwemiti ine utachiona kubva pakudyara, sezvinobvira zvitubu zvehutachiona;
- kushandiswa kwezvipembenene zvinobudirira, pamwe nekugadzirira kwemaminerari nemafuta emiriwo kurwisana nemaaphid anotakura utachiona hwehutachiona;
- kumisikidza mazwi ekutanga ekutanga ekubvisa maturu kana uchiwana kutengeswa kwembeu yakakura yemachubhu, uchifunga nezve mhedzisiro yekutarisa masosi ehutachiona uye zvipembenene zvinotakura mavhairasi (migratory marudzi emaaphid) mumamiriro epurazi rega rega;
- kuuraya utachiona munzvimbo dzekuchengetera, midziyo, michina, midziyo isati yachengeta mijenya yembeu.
Mukati menzvimbo dzakatarwa dzekurima mhodzi, mbeu yembeu inofanirwa kugadzirwa zvinoenderana nemhando dzakatarwa dzemhando uye makirasi embeu dzakagadzirwa.
Nzvimbo dzekupinza zvinhu mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo dzakatarwa dzinofanirwa kuganhurirwa kune izvo chete zvinosangana nemhando yemhando. Zvinotenderwa kushandisa sosi zvinhu kubva kune akati wandei masosi, asi chete kana zvichisangana neakamisikidzwa emhando yemhando. Hutano hwekutanga zvinhu zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa mumarabhoritari uye greenhouses, inogona kunge iri kunze kwenzvimbo yakatarwa.
Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwendima, mbeu chete yembeu inogadzirwa mukati memiganhu yayo inofanira kushandiswa munzvimbo yayo mune ramangwana. Kudyara zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kunze kwesaiti kazhinji hazvibvumidzwe. Panyaya iyi, zvinonyanya kukosha kuve nechokwadi chekutonga kwakakodzera pamapindu evagari uye, kana zvichidikanwa, kuronga kupihwa kwemhando yepamusoro yembeu mbatatisi kune zvinodiwa nevarimi veko uye vagari vezhizha. Mukuita, izvi zvinogoneka chete pahwaro hwekuzvidira kutora chikamu kune chikamu chevagari venzvimbo uye kufarira kwevagari mukutsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma kwembeu yavo yekare yenzvimbo neitsva, iyo inogadzirwa mukati memiganhu yembeu inodzorwa. -ndima inokura.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveunyanzvi hwekugadzira tekinoroji mukati menzvimbo inodzorwa kuunzwa kweiyo yakakosha yekuongorora system, iyo inofanirwa kusanganisa yenguva dzose yeminda phytosanitary ongororo uye murabhoritari kuyedzwa kwembeu uchishandisa mashizha uye tuber samples. Kutevedzwa kwakasimba kune zvakajairwa marabhoritari yekuyedza zviyero uye nzira dzemakirasi akakodzera / zvizvarwa zvembeu mbatatisi zvinofanirwa kuve nechokwadi. Nekudaro, mune yekutanga invitro zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa clonal micropropagation mumarabhoritari, 100% yezvirimwa inoedzwa neELISA uye PCR ongororo. Paunenge uchikura mini-tubers mugreenhouses, mashoma e250 zvirimwa kubva kune yega yega inoedzwa neELISA. Muchikamu chekutanga chemumunda chemamini-tubers, 200 zvirimwa pamunda weimwe neimwe yakasiyana-siyana inoedzwa neELISA (kana mazana maviri echubhu mune mushure mekukohwa tuber sample). Mumuenzaniso wepashure pekukohwa kubva kuchirimwa chepamusoro-soro, mazana maviri emachubhu kubva pabatch yega yega anoedzwa neELISA. Pambatatisi dzepamusoro-soro uye dzepamusoro, pamwe nekuongorora kwezvinomera, panguva yekuongorora mumunda, zvirimwa zvine zviratidzo zvisina kujeka zvezviratidzo zvechirwere zvinotariswa uchishandisa immunodiagnostic nzira.
Kuunzwa kweiyo yekuongorora sisitimu inosanganisa munda phytosanitary ongororo uye inosungirwa kudzora marabhoritari emhando yepamusoro yembeu dzembatatisi mukati memiganhu yenzvimbo dzakakosha dzekurima mhodzi dzinofanirwa kuve chikamu chakakosha chemitemo yetekinoroji yekugadzira mbatatisi yekutanga uye yakasarudzika.
Mukugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzira nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi, kupihwa zvitupa kwevhu rekurima nekuita ongororo yekuona tumbuyu, zvirwere uye masora nekuzotevera kuburitswa kwemapasipoti e phytosanitary yeminda kunogona kukosha. Kuvapo kwema phytosanitary mapasipoti eminda ndechimwe chezvinodiwa zvekuzvidira zvitupa zvevanhu uye masangano epamutemo anoita mukugadzira (kurima), kugadzirisa (kugadzirira), kurongedza uye kutengeswa kwembeu dzemhando yepamusoro.
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