O. V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O. A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
Mumakore achangopfuura, nyika yedu yakaona kuwedzera kwenhamba yezvipembenene zveherbivorous, kusanganisira idzo mhando dzinonzi tumbuyu mbatatisi. Pamusoro pekukonzera kukuvadza kwakananga kuzvirimwa, mhando idzi zvakare dzinotakura hutachiona hwezvirwere zvehutachiona, kunyanya mbatatisi spindle tuber viroid uye mosaic leaf curl virus.
Mbatata tuber spindle viroid (Potato svina chubhu viroid). Chirwere ichi chinoratidzwa nekuderera kwenhamba yenhungirwa, kutsemuka kwemashizha, uye kupeteka kweshizha pamusoro. Iyo nhungirwa uye petioles yemashizha inowanikwa pane imwe acute angle. Iwo materminal lobes epamusoro tier akaremara zvakanyanya, akakotama kumativi, achigadzira jeko chimiro, mashizha anoita ivy-shaped nekuda kwekukombama kwetsinga uye kudhonzwa kweiyo marginal leaf lobules. Makwenzi akakanganisika anoshanduka akacheneruka, oita chlorotic, uye matop anowana anthocyanin ruvara. Machubhu akabatwa anorebesa, anotora chimiro chakaita sepindle, uye dzimwe nguva mitswe yakadzika inoumba paari. Matubhu akakura anokura akatenderedza, zvishoma akabuda makwapa kubva 0.5 kusvika 2.5 cm muhupamhi; panguva yekuchengetera, mavara anosviba, nzvimbo yavo inoomesa uye inotsikirirwa mumachubhu. Mumhando dzine anthocyanin coloring (yepepuru tubers), kana yakakanganiswa ne viroid, kusimba kwemavara emachubhu kunoderera. Chirwere ichi chinotungamira mukurasikirwa kukuru kwegoho.
Mosaic virus ckumonyorora mashizha epamusoro embatatisi anozivikanwawo se: K-mosaic leafroll virus, M-hutachiona hwembatatisi, hutachiona hweMbatatisi Salaman, hutachiona hweMbatatisi M (PVM), hutachiona hweMbatatisi 7 Smith. Inosiyaniswa nezviratidzo zvehutano: wavy edges epamusoro mashizha, akafanana nemabhoti. Chiratidzo ichi chinonyanya kutaurwa panguva yekutungira. Pakupera kwemwaka wekukura, zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinopera simba kana kupera zvachose. Kazhinji chirwere ichi chiripo mune yakadzikama (latent) mamiriro uye ipapo chinogona kungoonekwa pachishandiswa nyanzvi nzira - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dzimwe nguva chirwere chinosanganiswa nezvimwe zvirwere zvehutachiona (mavhairasi embatatisi S uye X). Miti inorwara inoderedza goho (ne25-40%) uye starch content ye tubers (by 2-3%). Mumhodzi dzembeu dzembatatisi dzakasimba, zvirwere zve viroid uye utachiona zvinobviswa panguva yekuchenesa phytosanitary.
Mibhedha yemubhedha (hemiptera kana hemiptera) ihombe twupukanana tune marudzi anopfuura 40 000.
Chimiro chechimiro chinowanikwa kune vese vamiriri vehurongwa uhu miromo yavo inobaya-inosveta (iyo proboscis yakabatanidzwa, ichikwira kubva pamberi pemusoro). Nzvimbo dzinogara tsikidzi dzakasiyana zvakanyanya: zvipembenene zvinogona kuwanikwa kumba (bugs), mumitumbi yemvura (matasvi emvura anopisa anogara pamusoro pegungwa, uye tsikidzi dzemvura yakachena, mapere anodya hove fry), mu jecha, masango, zvichingodaro. Mhando dzakawanda dzetsikidzi dzinobatsira zvikuru nokusveta uye nokudya zvipembenene zvezvirimwa, kusanganisira mbatatisi. Asi herbivorous bugs anogona kukonzera kukuvadza kukuru kupurazi.
Zvipembenene zvinowanikwa pambatatisi
Mhando dzakasiana-siyana dzezvipembenene zvinomera zvinowanika pazvirimwa zvembatatisi: mustard bug (Eurydema festiva L), green bug (Nezara viridula L), green beet bug (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), Norway bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - kuwedzera pakudyisa chirimwa. chikafu, mhuka iyi inoparadza zvipembenene zvipembenene - kusanganisira Colorado potato beetle; meadow bug (Lygus pratensis L), alfalfa bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), green wood bug (Palomena prasina L), tsikidzi ine mitsetse (Graphosoma italicus Mull), beet bug (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), tsikidzi yechingwa (Tfirigonotylus Geoff ) Vamiriri vemhuri yebhiza vanonyanya kufambisa hutachiona hwemavhairasi ezvirimwa.
Slepnyaks kana Miridae - zvipembenene zviduku zviduku, zvinowanzorebeswa, zvine zvivharo zvakapfava. Vanodya zvakanyanya nemuto wechirimwa. Pakazara, kune marudzi anopfuura 650 mumhuri - iyi inopfuura hafu yemarudzi etsikidzi mumhuka dzemumba. Mhando dzinenge makumi mashanu dzinokuvadza zvirimwa zvekurima. Mamwe marudzi anotakura zvirwere zvehutachiwana hwezvirimwa. Mhando dzakawanda dzemhuri iyi ndidzo dzinonyanya kukuvadza.
Mbatata bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - chipembenene cheruvara rwakacheneruka, matanhatu kusvika masere mm kureba. Iwo antennae akareba uye akafanana neshinda. Mazai aneyero uye anosvika mamirimita maviri pakufara. Inowanikwa pakabichi, mbatatisi, roses, uye chrysanthemums. Makuruva (nymphs) uye zvipembenene zvakura zvinosveta muto kubva pamashizha, inflorescences, uye maruva. Necrotic mavara anoonekwa panzvimbo dzakakuvadzwa dzemashizha. Mashizha anounyana uye madzinde anoita kuremara. Pakati pe-latitudes, bug inobereka zvizvarwa zviviri pagore. Madzimai anokandira mazai mumadzinde emiti yemiti, kwaanopinda muchando. Nymphs inochochonya kubva mazai muchirimo uye inodya pamuto wechirimwa.
Bug meadow kana tsikidzi yemumunda (Lygus pratensis L). Kureba kwemuviri 5-7 mm. Muviri mupfupi ovha, ruvara runobva kugirinhi-yero kusvika kune yakasviba. Musoro une mitsara mitatu yakasviba, mhunga ndeyeyero-yakasvibirira, ine madota mashanu matema padivi repamusoro pemuviri (maviri papronotum, maviri pamesonotum uye imwe kumusoro kwedumbu). Yakagoverwa kwese kwese kunze kwe tundra zone. Ntsikidzi dzechikuru dzinopfuura nechando pasi pemarara ezvirimwa muminda yemiti. Kubuda kubva mumatumba kunoitika nokukurumidza mushure mokunge chando chanyunguduka. Muchirimo (Kubvumbi - Chivabvu), iyo meadow bug inodya zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvechando, yobva yatamira kune yemiriwo mbesa, shuga beet uye uswa hwefosho, mushure mezvo inotamira kune kudyara mbatatisi. Madzimai anokandira mazai mumitsetse inonaka yepetioles kana tsinga dzemashizha emhando zhinji dzezvirimwa. Embryonic nguva inotora anenge mazuva gumi. Makonye anokura mumazuva 10-25. Munzvimbo yemawere kumaodzanyemba kweUkraine, munharaunda yeLower Volga uye muNorth Caucasus, chipembenene chinopa zvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina, musango-steppe zone - zvizvarwa zvitatu, munzvimbo yepakati yeEurope chikamu cheRussia. Federation - zvizvarwa zviviri, munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe chizvarwa chimwe kana zviviri. Kubhururuka kwechizvarwa chekutanga muchikamu chepakati cheRussian Federation kunoonekwa pakupera kwaJune - kutanga kwaJuly, chizvarwa chechipiri - kubva pahafu yechipiri yaJuly kusvika pakupera kwaAugust. Meadow bugs anonyanya kufamba, anowanzo kubhururuka achitsvaga akakodzera zvirimwa zvekudya. Mashizha anodyiwa nepest curl, zvirimwa zvakakanganisika davi zvisina kujairika uye akatadza kukura. Mabuds akakuvadzwa nemaruva anodonha. Mune mamwe makore, tsikidzi dzinokonzera kukuvadzwa kukuru kwezvirimwa zvekurima, hukuru hwechokwadi husingagone kuongororwa nemaziso, sezvo zvipembenene zvinoshandawo sevatakuri vehutachiona hwehutachiona.
Alfalfa bug zvakajairika kana horsefly alfalfa (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze). Kureba kwemuviri 7.5 - 9.0 mm. Iyo proboscis inopfuurira mberi kwepakati peprothorax. Chikamu chepamusoro chemuviri chakafukidzwa nemvere dzesirivha. Pane maviri kusvika mana mavara matema pane pronotum. Inowanikwa muEurope chikamu cheRussia - kuchamhembe kuKarelia, Kirov uye Sverdlovsk nzvimbo, musango uye musango-steppe nzvimbo dzeSiberia uye muCentral Asia - kusvika 62о With. w. Mazai akaiswa mumadzinde eperennial legumes overwinter. Postembryonic kukura kwebug kunotora 14 - 60 mazuva pane tembiricha ye + 15 - 20оC. Kupisa kwakanyanya kwekukura kwezvipembenene: + 20 - 30оC. Makonye etsikidzi anonyunguduka kana uye anokura, zvichienderana nekupisa, kubva pamazuva gumi nemana kusvika kumakumi matatu nemana. MuUkraine vanopa maviri, uye muCentral Asia - zvizvarwa zvitatu.
Pane tembiricha iri pasi + 15оNekuvandudzwa kwemazai mumadzimai, kukura kunomira. Zvakaonekwa kuti kumaodzanyemba kwenharaunda yeUkraine uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweEurope chikamu cheRussia, kutonhora kwakanyanya kunokonzera kuderera kwenhamba yetsikidzi. Huwandu hwezvipembenene hunodzikirawo pakudziya kwakaderera kwechirimo.
Pambatatisi, tsikidzi dzealfalfa dzakawanda munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba. Chaizvoizvo, zvipembenene zvinodya panhengo dzinobereka dzezvirimwa, izvo zvinoita kuti buds nemaruva zviome nekudonha.
Bug munda (mafuro (Lygus pratensis L)). Chipembenene ichi chakareba 6.0 - 6.5 mm. Muviri wakati sandara, wakareba. Ruvara rwakaita greyish-girinhi kana rima. The field bug is polyphagous. Inodya pamiti yakawanda yeherbaceous. Zvipembenene zvevanhu vakuru (imago) hibernate uye inomuka mushure mekunge chando chanyunguduka. MunaEpril-May, zvipembenene zvinodya zvirimwa zvechando, zvino enda kune mbesa yemiti yemiriwo, shuga beet, uswa hwemafuro, nezvimwewo, mushure mokunge vaonekwa pamatato. Mhuka iyi inogoverwa kwese kwese kunze kwenzvimbo ye tundra. Munharaunda yepakati yeRussian Federation, bug inopa zvizvarwa zviviri (zvizvarwa), kumaodzanyemba kweUkraine, munharaunda yeLower Volga, muNorth Caucasus - zvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina. Pakati pepakati, tsikidzi dzechizvarwa chekutanga dzinobhururuka pakupera kwaChikumi, kutanga kwaChikunguru, uye vakuru vechizvarwa chechipiri vanobhururuka kubva muhafu yechipiri yaChikunguru kusvika pakupera kwaNyamavhuvhu. Chiitiko chezvipembenene zvinobhururuka chakakwira, izvo zvinobatsira mukupararira kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa zvavanotakura (senge mbatata spindle tuber viroid kana mbatatisi gothic virus, mbatatisi mosaic virus, stolbur yemiti yenightshade), kunyanya kumaodzanyemba kweRussia.
Bug beet kana kulop bhurawuni beet (Poeciloscytus, Polymerus cognatus Fieb) kana Beet horsefly. Kureba 3-5 mm. Muviri wakafukidzwa nebvudzi rakachena; pamucheto wepamberi wepronotum, mhete yekervical inoparadzaniswa negororo rakadzika. Muvara unoshanduka, variegated, kazhinji brownish-yellow. Iyo yepamusoro ye scutellum inogara yero. Mapapiro emberi ane brownish-yellow ane kavara kakaita wedge dema pakati. Ma membranes ari smoky-brown, katatu pakati pe membrane uye mamwe ese elytra ane tsvuku-tsvuku. Gonye rakasvibira nemaziso matsvuku, anosvika 3.3 mm pakureba. Pane maviri madotsi matema panhovo. Pane nzvimbo nhema yeraundi padivi pedumbu. Mazai overwinter pamiti yakasiyana-siyana (bindweed, quinoa, alfalfa, pigweed, rapeseed, nezvimwewo). Muchirimo, tsikidzi dzinokura pamiti iyi. Zvipembenene zvakura zvinobuda uye zvinobhururuka mukupera kwaMay - kutanga kwaJune. Vanopararira nepakati pemakiromita anosvika matatu voenda kune zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mbatatisi. Mhando iyi inonyanya kukanganisa zvirimwa nekudyara bhiti. Madzimai ezvipembenene anoisa mazai mumucheka wetsinga uye petioles yemashizha, munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzakanyorova dzemazita, dzichiisa mumapoka ezvimedu zvakawanda, zvakanyatsotsikirirwa kune mumwe nemumwe. Imwe hadzi inokandira mazai kubva pa70 kusvika ku240. Mazamu etsikidzi, zvichienderana nekupisa, anokura mukati memazuva mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu. Makonye anodya uye anokura kwemwedzi 5 - 15. Pakati pepakati peRussia, bug inopa zvizvarwa zviviri, munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba - zvizvarwa zvitatu kusvika zvina. Kana mashizha ebhiti achiwedzera uye asingakodzeri kudyisa tsikidzi, anotamira kune quinoa, alfalfa, gavakava, nezvimwewo zvinomera, kwavanogara kusvika mukupera kwematsutso uye vanokandira mazai anosara echando. Paunenge uchidya beet, zvipembenene zvinosveta muto kubva pamashizha, zvichiita kuti zviputike. Mashizha akakuvadzwa anobva aita shava uye ooma. Zvadaro zvipembenene zvinoenda kune mamwe mashizha epakati ane nyoro, semugumisiro wekuti miti inomira kukura kana kuoma zvachose. Maruva anooma uye mhodzi dzinoguma dzinoita shava. Kana yakuvadzwa netsikidzi, huremu uye shuga yebeet midzi inodonha, uye ma testes anoburitsa mhodzi diki dzine kumera kwakaderera. Zvipembenene zvinotapurira mavhairasi emosaic. Iyo bug inowanikwa musango-steppe uye steppe nzvimbo dzebeet kukura. Inoonekwa sechirwere chakakomba chebeet munzvimbo dze steppe (Central Asia, Altai Territory, Eastern chikamu chenzvimbo yeUkraine, Voronezh dunhu, Krasnodar Territory, Western Siberia). Polyphagous. Mishonga huru yezvokudya - kuwedzera kune mbatatisi uye bhiti - ndeye vetch, pizi, mustard, hemp, flax, alfafa, sunflower, soya, lentils, sainfoin, nezvimwewo. kunze, tsikidzi dzinotama kubva munzvimbo dzakarimwa dziri pedyo uye nzvimbo dzakaparadzwa nokuda kwezvirimwa zvinorimwa. Zvipembenene zvevanhu vakuru uye zvipembenene zvinosveta muto kubva pamashizha, uye pakutanga basa ravo harioneki. Pamashizha ari kupera iwe unogona kungoona madonhwe akajeka emuto wakaomeswa. Zvirimwa zvinofa zvinoshanduka zvitema zvooma, uye nhungirwa dzinoita seshinda. Ntsikidzi dzinotakura zvirwere zvehutachiwana zvembatatisi neshuga beet.
Vavengi venyama ve herbivorous bugs: ladybugs, pseudoscorpions, mamwe marudzi emacentipedes nemasvosve.
Rwa
- Kubvisa zvisaririra zvezvirimwa mumunda.
- Kutanga kurima kwematsutso.
- Kudzora sora mumiganhu nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza zvirimwa zvekurima.
Izvo zvinodiwa kunyatsocheka uye kubvisa zvirimwa zvesango kubva kumunda, uye kucheka alfalfa yakaderera kuitira kubvisa overwintering bug mazai kubva muminda.
Chirimo chisati chaitika, miriwo yemusango inofanirwa kuunganidzwa nekupiswa.
Hazvikurudzirwi kudyara mbeu dzembatatisi pedyo nezvirimwa zveuswa husingagumi.