Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 2 2015
Category: Nyanzvi kubvunza
Andrey Kalinin, Chiremba weTechnical Sciences
Parizvino, kukura kwakasimba kwemapurazi embatatisi hazvifungidzike pasina kushandisa ruzivo rwakapfuma rwekunze rwakaunganidzwa nevamwe vanobva kuEurope. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvemichina tekinoroji inosimudzirwa nenyika dzinotungamira dzinogadzira mbatatisi dzakawana kushandiswa kwavo muminda yeanenge wese anorima mbatatisi. Kusvika pamwero mukuru, shanduko kune akadaro matekinoroji uchishandisa zvichangobva kuitika mumakanika nzira kwaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera huwandu hwese hwekugadzira mbatatisi, kuderedza mutengo wevashandi uye kuvandudza kunaka kwezvakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine shanduko dzinoonekwa dzakanaka, vagadziri vedu vanowanzozviwana vari nhapwa kune akati wandei mamiriro (mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka, kushata kwemamiriro evhu, nezvimwewo), izvo zvisingavatenderi kuwana avhareji yeEurope zviratidzo mukugadzira mbatatisi. Ongororo iyi inopa mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvekuchinja kwemamiriro evhu munzvimbo yekuvandudza yembatatisi midzi vachishandisa yakadzama mechanized tekinoroji kuti vanzwisise zvikonzero zvezvinetso zvinosangana nevazhinji varimi vembatatisi.
Kuoma kwevhu (analogue yehuwandu hwayo), ndiko kuti, kushorwa kwevhu apo plunger ine conical tip inopinzwa mairi, yakatorwa sehwaro hwekuongorora mamiriro evhu. Ivhu rekudzivirira kukosha kwakayerwa panguva imwe chete nekutemerwa kwekudzika kwetip yekupinda. Ichi chiratidzo chinoratidza kugona kweiyo mbatatisi midzi yekupinda mukati meivhu revhu (inozivikanwa kuti mbatatisi midzi inogona kudzika kusvika pakadzika 130 cm) kuvhura zvizere kugona kwezvirimwa uye kuwedzera kuramba kwavo kune yakaipa mamiriro ekunze. mamiriro.
Kusadzivirirwa kusimukira kweiyo mbatatisi midzi inogoneka kana ivhu rakaomarara rikasapfuura 1,0 MPa, zvisinei, kupararira kweiyo midzi yakadzika mukati meivhu kunoitika pamhando yepamusoro yechiratidzo ichi, asi nekusimba kushoma. Huwandu hwekuoma kwehuwandu hwe1,1-2,5 MPa inotorwa senzvimbo yepakati compaction, kana yakawedzera simba inodiwa kuti ipinde mukati memidzi pakati pezvinhu zvevhu uye chirimwa chinoshandisa simba rakawanda pabasa iri. Kuoma kwevhu muhuwandu hwe 2,6-4,5 MPa inotorwa senzvimbo yekubatana kwakasimba, apo kukura kwemidzi yemidzi kunokanganiswa zvakanyanya, asi zvichiri kuitika. Panguva imwecheteyo, chirimwa chinopedza simba rakawanda pakukura kwemidzi, zvichideredza kugona kwekukura kwemachubhu echirimwa chitsva. Iyo dhigirii rekubatana kwevhu nehurema hutsika pamusoro pe 4,5 MPa inotorwa senzvimbo ye-yakanyanya compaction, umo kupararira kwemidzi system kunova kusagoneka zvachose. Zviratidzo zvema compaction zones zvinoratidzwa muFig. 1 yekuzotevera kuongororwa kwekuona kwekugoverwa kwavo panguva yekurima mbatatisi.
Zvidzidzo zvesimba remamiriro evhu zvakaitwa pasoddy-podzolic ivhu rechiedza mechanicha kuumbwa, yakanyanya kunaka pakugadzira mbatatisi. Pakurima mbatatisi, purazi rinoshandisa tekinoroji inogamuchirwa yeEurope, iyo inoderedza huwandu hwemichina yekurima kudzikisa kukanganiswa kwemakanika paivhu kubva kumayuniti ekurima nemichina yekudyara. Pakurapa kusati kwadyarwa, murimi akasanganiswa Thorit 10/6 KUA kubva kuLemken akadyarwa, mbatatisi dzakadyarwa neG 36T planter kubva kuGrimme, single inter-row tillage yakaitwa nepassive ridge-forming cultivator GH 6. Kushandiswa yezvimwe midziyo inogona kushandura kuumbwa uye chimiro chevhu, tekinoroji yekurima yakashandiswa Haina kusanganisira mbatatisi. Nokudaro, mamiriro evhu akanga ari kubva kune zvinokonzerwa nemichina yepamusoro. Zviyero zvakatorwa: pakati pemuchinjiziri panzvimbo ine machubhu embeu/matendere embatatisi, padivi penjanji yemurimi uye nepanzira yetirakita pahupamhi hwese hwechikamu chekudyara. Zviyero zve100 zvakaitwa (mamita imwe neimwe yenzira yakafamba), iyo inotibvumira kutaura pamusoro pemufananidzo chaiwo wekuchinja kwemamiriro evhu mamiriro ane chiyero chepamusoro chekuvimbika kwenhamba. Mwero wenzvimbo yemasikati yemunda usati watanga basa remumunda wechirimo wakatorwa sezero mark. Kuyera kuoma kwevhu kwakaitwa mushure mekudyara kusati kwadyarwa, mushure mekudyara mbatatisi (zvese zviri zviviri mashandiro akaitwa pazuva rimwe chete), mushure mekupfuura ridge rekare (mazuva gumi nemana mushure mekudyara) uye tisati takohwa mbatatisi (mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekugadzirwa kwegomba). Nekudaro, tsvakiridzo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona shanduko yekuchinja kwemamiriro evhu mushure mekushanda kwega kwega tekinoroji, pamwe nekuongorora mhedzisiro yemuchina wega wega unoshandiswa mukurima mbatatisi. Mibairo yekuyera kuoma kwevhu inoratidzwa muMifananidzo 14-90.
Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza kugoverwa kwekuoma kwevhu pamwe nehupamhi hwekushanda kwechikamu chekurima. Kubva pamufananidzo uyu zviri pachena kuti mushure mekudyara kusati kwadyarwa, iyo nzvimbo yeyakajairwa compaction munzvimbo dzisina kubatanidzwa ne undercarriage masisitimu inocherechedzwa pakadzika kusvika 25 cm, nzvimbo yeavhareji compaction iri pakadzika 25 kusvika 35. cm, uye pazasi peichi chiratidzo iko compaction inotora tsika dzinoratidza kuomerwa kwekupinda mukati memidzi. Kuwedzera kukosha kwekuoma kwevhu munzira yekumhanya masisitimu ekurima mayuniti anoonekwa pazasi pegumi masendimita mamaki, ndiko kuti, kudzika kwekutanga kurapwa. Aya data anoratidza kukosha kwekushandisa zvakakura-cut midziyo yekutangira-kudyara tillage kuitira kuderedza nzvimbo yekubatanidza ine masisitimu ekumhanya, pamwe nekudikanwa kwekuita gadziriro yevhu remhando yepamusoro mune imwe pass yeyuniti.
Kuti udzidze kukanganisa kwechikwata chekudyara pakuchinja kwemamiriro evhu, kuyerwa kwekuoma kwevhu kwakaitwa pakarepo mushure mekufamba kwemurimi. Kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzekugadzirisa mushure mekushanda kwetekinoroji kunoratidzwa muFig. 3. Ongororo yedata yakaratidza kuti boka remacolter echikamu chekudyara hachikonzereri mukuipa kwemamiriro evhu panguva yekubata nevhu, saka, pakati pegomba, panzvimbo yembeu tubers, the kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzekugadzirisa zvakadzika zvakaramba zvisina kuchinjwa kana zvichienzaniswa nemamiriro evhu mushure mekudyara kusati kwadyarwa.
Kutevera nzira dzemavhiri etirakita, nzvimbo yepakati compaction inotaridzwa zvakananga kubva pasi pevhu, zvisinei, muzvikamu zvakaderera, nzvimbo yemuganhu wepamusoro compaction zone yakaramba isina kuchinja kukuru mukudzika. Kubatana kwevhu kwakakosha kunokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwemaitiro ekumhanya kwechikwata chekudyara. Padivi penzira yemavhiri ekudyara, iyo nzvimbo yekumusoro compaction inotanga pakadzika masendimita makumi maviri neshanu, uye panosvika makumi mashanu masendimita dhigirii rekubatana rinosvika zvakakosha zvakakosha (kupinza kweiyo mbatatisi midzi system hazvigoneke pazviratidzo zvakadaro). Izvi zvinokanganisa ivhu remaitiro ekumhanya ekudyara kwekudyara kunokonzerwa nekuremerwa kwakakosha pavari, kunyanya kana mabhini embeu nemafetereza akazara. Ichi chiverengero chinopa kunzwisiswa kwekudikanwa kwekushandisa matai akatambanudzwa ane dhayamita yakawedzera pazvidyarwa kuitira kudzikisa compacting maitiro paivhu.
Mumufananidzo. Mufananidzo 4 unoratidza kugoverwa kwenzvimbo dzema compaction mushure mekufamba kwemurimi asingaiti zvekurima pakati pemitsara yekudyara mbatatisi, akashongedzerwa nendiro yechirimo-yakatakura ridge-inogadzira ndiro. Kuyerwa kwemamiriro emamiriro evhu kwakaratidza kuti mushure mekuita oparesheni iyi pakati pemigero, panzvimbo yekuumbwa kwemachubhu echirimwa chitsva uye kukura kwehukuru hukuru hweiyo mbatatisi midzi, hapana kana nzvimbo yezvakajairwa. compaction (chete chepamusoro chepamusoro pemupendero kwete kupfuura masendimita mashanu). Machubhu echirimwa chitsva anomanikidzwa kukura pasi pemamiriro epakati compaction; pakadzika 5 masendimita kusvika 15 cm pane nzvimbo yekukwirira compaction, iyo yakaoma kuti mbatatisi midzi ipinde, uye pamusoro pe55 cm pane. zone of over-compaction apo mudzi wemidzi haukwanise kupinda. Mushure mekuwedzera kukanganiswa kwemavhiri etirakita paivhu, muganho wekumusoro wenzvimbo yakakwira compaction waive watocherechedzwa pakadzika 55 cm, izvo zvinoratidza kuderera kwemamiriro ekuvandudzwa kwemidzi yembatatisi mukumuka kwetirakita. Munzvimbo iyi, jira rine chiyero chepakati chekugadzirisa chakaderera neanenge masendimita 25. Nzvimbo yevhu rekugadzirisa ivhu rakagadzirwa nehurongwa hwekumhanya hwekudyara kwekudyara kwakaramba kusingashanduki. Ongororo yedata yakawanikwa yakaratidza kuti, kunyanya, kuderera kwemamiriro ekukura kwembatatisi kwakabatana nekushandiswa kwendiro yekugadzira ridge, iyo inosunga ivhu nekutsikirira-matatu-dimensional mundege-yakatwasuka. Panyaya iyi, kana uchishandisa michina ye inter-row tillage ine inoenderera mberi ridge-forming slab, zvinodikanwa kuti ugadzirise kona yayo yekurerekera nenzira yekuderedza kusungirirwa kwevhu nesherufu yepamusoro ye slab.
Mhedzisiro yesimba remakina akaomarara ekurima mbatatisi uchishandisa yakadzika tekinoroji pakuumbwa kwemamiriro ekusimudzira midzi yechirimwa ichi inoratidzwa muFig. 5. Zviyero zvakatorwa kusati kwatanga kukohwa. Ongororo yedata yakaratidza kuti mamiriro evhu rakaumbwa nemurimi wekugadzira mikova akadzikira zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudzikira kwechisikigo kwezvikomo mukati memwedzi mitatu mushure mekufamba kwechikamu ichi. Machubhu echirimwa chitsva akamanikidzwa kukura pasi pemamiriro epamusoro uye epakati compaction, uye pakadzika inopfuura 25 cm, nzvimbo yekuwedzeredza yaionekwa kwese kwese. Kuvapo kwekuwedzeredza padhuze nepamusoro pevhu hakungodziviriri kukura uye kushanda kweiyo mbatatisi midzi, asi zvakare kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kupinda kwehunyoro muzvikamu zvepasi panguva yekunaya kana kudiridza. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvinokonzeresa kudzikira kwegoho rembatatisi uye kudzikira kwemamiriro ekukohwa, kunyanya mumakore ane kunaya kwakanyanya mumatsutso.
Kubva pane zvakaratidzwa zvinhu pamusoro pesimba remamiriro evhu, pakurima mbatatisi kubva pakutanga kwebasa remumunda kusvika pakupera kwemwaka wekukura, tinogona kugumisa kuti zvinodikanwa kunyatso gadzirisa mayuniti ekurima ivhu, kusarudza nemazvo mhando dzemhando. michina uye magadzirirwo ayo, tichifunga nezve ivhu-mamiriro ekunze uye ehupfumi mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwechirimwa ichi. Iyo yakaoma yemakina inofanirwa kusanganisira yekusunungura masisitimu (kusvika pakadzika inosvika 20-25 cm) kudzivirira kuwandisa kwevhu munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwemidzi ye mbatatisi uye kuumbwa kwemachubhu eiyo nyowani. chirimwa.