Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 3 2015
Category: In Focus
Boris Anisimov, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMitemo uye Certification yeFederal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute yePotato Kurima yakatumidzwa zita. A.G. Lorja
Muchiito chemazuva ano chepasi rose, kushandiswa kwezviyero zvesainzi ndicho chinhu chakakosha pakugadzirisa dambudziko rekugadzirisa kunaka kwembeu dzezvirimwa zvekurima, kusanganisira mbatatisi. Nekumisa imwe nhanho yezvinodiwa, zviyero zvinobatsira mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzemhando yepamusoro uye zvinoshanda sechinangwa chemitengo, tichifunga nezvemhando yezvikamu zvinoenderana uye makirasi embeu.
Tsika yepasirese muhurongwa hwekugadzira, kudzora kwemhando uye chitupa chembeu mbatatisi inotarisana nekusimudzira uye kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kweiyo dhizaini yekutonga zvichienderana neruzivo rwepasirese rwakaunganidzirwa munzvimbo ino. Uye mune izvi, zvinonyanya kukosha kushandisa yakasarudzika ruzivo rwakaunganidzirwa neUNECE Specialized Section mukugadzira nekuvandudza izvo zvakakosha zveyepasi rose mhando yembeu mbatatisi.
Kugara uchigadziridzwa kwezviyero zvinoenderana nenguva uye nekukurumidza kuratidza shanduko dzine chekuita nekugadzirwa uye kushambadzira kwembeu yembatatisi, kuunzwa kwenzira nyowani dzekupa zvitupa, shanduko yezvipembenene uye shanduko ye phytosanitary mamiriro ane chekuita nekuenderera mberi kwemuno nepasirese. maitiro ekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Iyo UNECE Chiyero cheMbeu Mbatatisi chakanyanya bumbiro remitemo yenyika rinoenderana nezvibvumirano zveWTO pazvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi zvekutengesa uye hutsanana uye phytosanitary matanho. Iyo UNECE chiyero inoitirwa kuti ishandiswe nevenyika zvitupa zvitupa kuona kuti mhando yembeu dzembatatisi inosangana nezvinodiwa uye zvinozivikanwa pasi rose.
Kushandiswa kwezvipimo zviri muuNECE chiyero, yunifomu temu uye zvinowirirana zvinodiwa zvinobatsira mukunzwisisa kwakaringana nemutengesi uye mutengi wemhando yemhando yembeu dzembatatisi dzinotengeswa munyika dzakasiyana dzepasi, uye inoderedza njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzehunyanzvi zvipingamupinyi. kutengeserana kwenyika dzakawanda.
Izvo zvinopihwa zviri muUNECE chiyero zvinovhara anenge ese maficha ekutonga kwemhando uye chitupa chembeu mbatatisi.
Iwo makuru ndeaya:
- chokwadi uye kuchena kwezvakasiyana-siyana;
- kucherechedzwa kwekwakabva mijenya yembeu;
- nhanho yemhando yezvikamu zvakasiyana zvembeu zvine chekuita nezvirwere, zvipembenene, kuremara;
- kushivirira zvine chekuita nehunhu hwema tubers, kuenzana kwavo uye mhando yekutengeserana;
- mitemo yekurongedza, kuisa chisimbiso uye kunyora.
Izvo zvinodikanwa zveiyo UNECE chiyero zvinogadzikwa kune matatu mapoka embeu mbatatisi: pre-basic, basic uye Certified. Imwe neimwe yezvikamu zvitatu inogovaniswazve kuita makirasi maviri, ayo anofunga danho rinogona kuderera mumhando yezviratidzo zvega nekuwedzera kwenhamba yezvizvarwa zvemunda panguva yekugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi.
Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveiyo UNECE chiyero, iwo marudzi chete ndiwo anotenderwa mukutengeserana kwepasirese uko kutsanangurwa kwavo kwepamutemo uye hunhu maererano nekusiyana, kufanana uye kugadzikana kunogona kuwanikwa kubva kune vane hunyanzvi zviremera (vatangi vemhando) zvinoenderana nemutemo. uye Methodological gwara reUPOV (International Union yekudzivirira mhando dzezvirimwa zvitsva).
Nyika zhinji dzinouchika mbatatisi dzinowanzoyedza kuunza zvinodiwa zvemhando yembatatisi yembeu yadzo padyo nezviyero zvepasi rose. Kazhinji, mazinga emunyika anogona kunge aine zvinoomesesa zvinodikanwa kune zvimwe zvakakosha zviratidzo kana zvichienzaniswa nezvinodiwa zveiyo UNECE mwero.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kuwiriraniswa kwezvipimo zvakakosha zvemhando yemhando yembeu yembatatisi ine analogues epasi rese uye, kunyanya, iyo UNECE chiyero chakanyanya kukosha.
Zvinotarisirwa zvinodikanwa zveyeRussia yenyika standard, yakagadzwa, semuenzaniso, maererano nehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvemamwe marudzi mukudyara kwemhando dzakasiyana dzembeu mbatatisi, pamwe nemiti ine zviratidzo zvehutachiona (isina simba uye yakanyanya mosaic) uye zvirwere zvebhakitiriya. (blackleg) inofananidzwa nemaitiro epasi rose eiyo UNECE standard (Tafura 1).
Kushivirira kweyeyero yenyika yeRussia maererano nezviitiko zvemachubhu ane hosha (Table 2) zvakare iri padyo nedanho remitemo yezvinodiwa zveUNECE standard. Kunyangwe kudiwa kwekuwedzera kuwiriraniswa kwemazinga emhando yemhando dzakakodzera dzembeu dzembatatisi munzira yekuvaunza padyo nezvinodiwa nedzimwe nyika pasina mubvunzo kukosha kwazvino mukuvandudza mhando yembeu dzembatatisi muRussia uye zvichabatsira kuderedza njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzehunyanzvi zvipingamupinyi. mukutengeserana kwepasi rose kwembeu dzembatatisi.
Tafura 1. Kuenzaniswa kwekushivirira kweUNECE neRussian Federation zviyero zvine chekuita nekuchena uye kupararira kwechirwere chekudyara mbatatisi.
Categories / Makirasi | % yemiti | ||
Mamwe marudzi | Utachiona* | Blackleg | |
UNECE chiyero | |||
Pre-basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pre-basic II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Basic I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Basic II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
Certified I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
Certified II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Kunobva zvinhu (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Chekutanga (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Kubereka (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* iyo inotenderwa % yezvirimwa zvine inorema mosaic inoratidzwa mumabhuraketi
Tafura 2. Kuenzanisa kushivirira kweUNECE uye Russian Federation mitemo yechirwere chechirwere chetachiona.
Categories / Makirasi | % yemachubhu abatwa nezvirwere** | |||||
Kuwora kwakaoma nekunyorova* | Common gako, mesh, | Scab poro shitty | Rizok tonia | S'mores mwana tubers | ||
UNECE chiyero | ||||||
Pre-basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Pre-basic II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Basic I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Basic II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Certified I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Certified II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
GOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Kunobva zvinhu (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Chekutanga (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Kubereka (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* iyo inotenderwa % yemachubhu akabatwa nekuwora kwemvura inotaridzwa mumabhuraketi
** tuber inoonekwa seyakanganisirwa nechirwere kana nzvimbo yepasi yakabatwa neyakajairwa scab inodarika 33,3% kana kupfuura 1/3 yepasi; mesh scab - 33,3%; upfu - 10%; rhizoctonia - 10%.
Kuti uwedzere kuwiriranisa dhizaini yemhando yembeu dzembatatisi muRussia, zvinodikanwa kuvandudza zvakanyanya zvisungo zvine chekuita nesampling mitemo, nzira dzekuona huchokwadi uye kuchena kwemhando, kuverengera zvirwere, zvipembenene, kukanganisa kwekunze kwezvirimwa uye matapiri tubers. , kushivirira zvine chekuita nehunhu hwemachubhu, kuenzana kwavo uye hunhu hwekutengesa. Muchiitiko ichi, kuunzwa kweakasiyaniswa maitiro uye akajairwa marabhoritari nzira dzekuyedza kuona kusvibiswa kwezvirimwa uye machubhu ane latent hutachiona uye hutachiona hwehutachiona hwezvikamu zvinoenderana uye makirasi embeu mbatatisi, sekupihwa kweiyo yenyika standard GOST R "Mbeu Mbatatisi. . Kubvuma uye nzira dzekuongorora" (Tafura 3).
Tafura 3. Zvimiro uye nzira dzekuedzwa kwerabhoritari dzakapihwa neiyo chiyero cheRussian Federation kune akasiyana makirasi (zvizvarwa) zvembeu mbatatisi.
Mbeu zvinhu | Kirasi/chizvarwa | Testing standards | Nzira |
Basic clones ye in vitro tsika, | ИМ | 100% zvinomera | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
Yekutanga microplants ye clonal kuparadzira mu in vitro tsika | ИМ | 100% zvinomera | ELISA, PCR |
Zvirimwa mumakamuri ekukura kugadzira mini-tubers | ИМ | Madiki 250 zvirimwa pamhando | ELISA* |
Munda nurseries (500 m ari ega) | 1st munda chizvarwa kubva mini-tubers | 200 zvirimwa pamhando (kana mazana maviri machubhu pabatch) | ELISA* (**) |
Super-super elite | 200 tubers pabatch | ELISA | |
Munda nurseries (100m insulation) | Superelite | Miti yega yega *** | ICA, ELISA*** |
Elite | |||
*Ongororo yemashizha emashizha **Kuongororwa murabhoritari mushure mekukohwa kwemasamples echubhu. ***Kutarisa mumunda wezvirimwa zvega zviine zvisizvo zvakajeka zviratidzo zvechirwere uchishandisa ICA pamatest strips, ELISA. |
Kubva 2011 muRussia, iyo UNECE chiyero yakaverengerwa mune yepamutemo rondedzero yezvinyorwa zvekushandisa mukuzvipira certification system yembeu mbatatisi yeFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr".
Iko kushandiswa kweiyo UNECE chiyero chembeu mbatatisi muRussia pasina mubvunzo kuchabatsira mukugadzirwa kwenzvimbo itsva yemakwikwi pakati pevanopa mbatatisi yembeu nevagadziri vembatatisi dzekutengesa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mukana uri pachena uchaenda kune avo vanogadzira vanozokwanisa kupa emhando yepamusoro mbatatisi inosangana nechiyero chemitemo yepasirese zvinodiwa pamusika wepamba uye nekutengesa kunze. Izvi, zvakare, zvichabatsira mukuitwa kwekushanda kwehunyanzvi hwemazuva ano, kudyara mukuvandudza kugadzirwa, kukurumidza kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwemhando dziri kudiwa zvakanyanya pamusika, kushandiswa kwenzira dzinoshanda dzekuongorora phytopathogens, vashandi vekudzidzisa uye. kuwedzera huwandu hwehunyanzvi hwenyanzvi mumunda wekugadzira mhodzi yembatatisi, kutonga kwemhando uye zvitupa.