Territory: 83 km2.
Population: 1 791 916 vanhu, vacho 64,04% vagari veguta.
Geographical location: Dunhu reLeningrad riri munharaunda yeEast European Plain. Inogumira kuchamhembe neRepublic of Karelia, kumabvazuva - nedunhu reVologda, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva - nedunhu reNovgorod, kumaodzanyemba - nenzvimbo yePskov, kumadokero - neEstonia uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero - neFinland. Kubva kumadokero, nzvimbo yeSt. Petersburg neLeningrad Dunhu inoshambidzwa nemvura yeGulf yeFinland.
Mamiriro okunze: Atlantic-kondinendi. Masasi emhepo yegungwa anokonzeresa kutonhorera kwakapfava uye anowanzo nyungudika uye anodziya zvine mwero. Ivhareji tembiricha yaNdira ndeye -11 °, avhareji tembiricha yaJuly ndeye + 17 °. Mamiriro ekunze anotonhorera akajairika kumatunhu ekumabvazuva, anodziya kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero. Kunaya kwemvura pagore ndeye 600-800 mm, ine huwandu hukuru hunowira pazvikomo, uye hushoma - munzvimbo dzakadzika dzemahombekombe. Kunaya kunowanikwa muzhizha uye mumatsutso. Munguva yechando, kunaya kunodonha muchimiro chechando, chifukidziro chisingaperi chechando chinoonekwa muhafu yepiri yaNovember uye chinonyangarika muhafu yepiri yaApril. Huwandu hwemazuva nemadonhwe emvura anenge 290 paavhareji.
Relief: kazhinji yakati sandara nemirefu yakakwana ye50-150 metres pamusoro pegungwa. Asi iyo nzvimbo yeKarelian Isthmus inoratidzirwa nerunyararo rwakakombama nenhamba zhinji yemadhamu. Nzvimbo yepamusoro ndeye Mount Kivisyurya, 203 metres kumusoro.
Denga: kunyanya podzolic, murombo mu humus uye inozivikanwa neakakosha acidity. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane loams, munzvimbo dzakaderera nekuwedzera kuunganidzwa kwehunyoro, ivhu repamusoro-soro rine rakakora kumusoro. Pane jecha loams uye jecha risingachengetedze hunyoro zvakanaka, kune ivhu risina simba podzolic mumasango emapine. Iko kune herbaceous zvinomera zvinotungamira - mumasango kucheneswa, mune zvisingawanzo zvakasanganiswa kana zvakasarudzika masango - sod-podzolic ivhu. Iwo matombo makuru ekugadzira ivhu ivhu, loams, jecha uye peat.
Yekurima ivhu: 617,6 zviuru mahekita, ayo arable ivhu - mazana matatu emazana mahekita.
Iyo Leningrad dunhu, zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yayo, iri munzvimbo yekurima kune njodzi. Iyo nharaunda inoonekwa nemamiriro ekunze akaomarara (kazhinji tembiricha inoshanduka, kunaya kwakanyanya) uye ivhu rakaoma. Zvese izvi zvinoomesera kukura kwetafura yekugadzira mbatatisi. Kune rimwe divi, iri mamiriro ekunze ekuchamhembe anoita kuti dunhu rifarire kugadzirwa kwembeu: nhasi, kunyanya mhodzi dzembeu dzinorimwa muLeningrad Dunhu.
Maererano neruzivo 2017, muLeningrad Dunhu rinosvika makumi mashanu emabhizimusi ezvekurima nemapurazi evarombo anoita basa rekugadzira mbatatisi pane nzvimbo ye50 zviuru mahekita.
Mhando dzinopfuura makumi mana dzembatatisi dzinorimwa mudunhu iri, idzo dzinosvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana idzo dzimba (paavhareji muRussian Federation - 40%), 37% yenhamba iyi mhando dzeRussia dzakagadzirwa nevaberekesi venharaunda yeLeningrad.
Mudunhu iri, zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu zvematani embatatisi anoshandiswa kudyara gore roga roga, kusanganisira zviuru zvitanhatu zvematani epamba uye zviuru gumi zvematani esarudzo dzekunze. Kubva kumbeu dzesarudzo dzekunze:
- 0,5 zviuru zvematani matani (5%) ezvekunze zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera;
- Tani zviuru gumi neshanu (9,5%) zvakagadzirwa zvakazvimiririra nemabhizinesi edunhu (matekinoroji ekukura mbatatisi mhando akave akajairirwa uye kodzero dzevanobva dzakawanikwa).
Dunhu reLeningrad nderimwe remasangano gumi eRussian Federation ayo anozivikanwa neHurumende yeRussian Federation semutyairi wekupedza chirongwa chakazara cheTarget yeRussia Federation. "Inotsigirwa nesainzi kugadzirwa kwehomwe yekudyara yepamba, zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemakwikwi ezvirimwa nevanogadzira varidzi veRussia, pamwe nekugadzira matekinoroji ekugadzira (kurima) uye kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvakadaro zvegore ra 2016."
Iko kugona kwekukudziridza kurimwa kwembeu yepatatisi muLeningrad Region kunoruramisa nezvinhu zvinotevera.
- mamiriro ekunze ekunze ezverudzi urwu rwechiitiko (yakaderera kumashure kwetupukanana nezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nemhepo kubva kuGungwa reBaltic muzhizha, ivhu rinotonhora kusvika pakadzika kweasamo rinowanda munguva yechando);
- kuwanikwa kwemasangano ekutsvagisa;
- makore mazhinji echiitiko mukugadzirwa kwemapoteri embeu nemabhizimusi ekurima mudunhu iri.
MaGrade
Vafudzi venharaunda yeLeningrad vari kushingairira kugadzira mhando nyowani dzeRussia dzembatatisi. Sekureva kwaNadim Hajiyev, mukuru wedhipatimendi rekuuchika uye rekugadzira mbeu weLeningrad Research Institute of Agriculture "Belogorka", marudzi epamba haasi chete kwete akaderera kune vekune dzimwe nyika, asi munzira zhinji (semuenzaniso, maererano nezvibereko, hushamwari hwezvakatipoteredza) uye inopfuura zvinopihwa zvekunze. Pakati pezvazvino kuitika zvevafudzi, Nadim Hajiyev akacherekedza mhando yekutanga kwazvo Charoite (kuchera kwekutanga kunokwanisika pazuva rechimakumi mana nemashanu mushure mekumera. Goho rinobva pa45 t / ha uye pamusoro, chikamu chepamusoro chepurasitiki - inoratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka mumakore ese akaoma uye akanyorova) uye wepakati-mwaka musiyano Gusar (goho kubva pa60 t / ha uye zvimwe, kutengeswa 60%, kuramba cancer, yegoridhe mbatatisi nematode, hutachiona hutachiona). Charoite inosanganisirwa muRejista yeHurumende yeRussian Federation yeNorth-West Dunhu muna 95, Gusar - muRejista yeHurumende yeRussian Federation yeNorth-West neVolga-Vyatka Matunhu muna2014.
Iye zvino masayendisiti eLeningrad Sayenzi Yekutsvagisa Sosaiti Yezvekurima ari kugadzirira kuburitsa matatu emhando dzvuku-ruoko.
MBEU KUDZWA
Padanho rehunyanzvi, mapurazi masere ari kuita mbeu yekudyara mbatatisi mudunhu iri, iyo inochengeterwa chirongwa cheRosselkhoztsentr yekuzvidira uye ikapinda muchinyoreso chakabatana chemapurazi anokura mbeu yeRussian Federation.
Mune matatu emasere akasimbiswa emapurazi emapurazi, yekutanga mbesa mbeu yakagadzirwa nenzira meristem (ZAO Oktyabrskoye, ZAO PZ Prinevskoye uye OOO Slavyanka M).
Aya mapurazi akashongedzerwa nemarabhoritari meristem. Yakazara yekugadzira vhoriyamu zviuru makumi maviri neshanu nezvidimbu. microplants uye 259 mamirioni pcs. minitubers pagore, kubuda kweiyo super-super-elite ndeye 1,95 zviuru zvematani pagore. Kugadzirwa kwegore negore kwema microplants mudunhu iri 1,8% (kubva pa33 zviuru zviyuniti) uye minitubers - 776,8% (kubva pa19 zviuru zviuru) - yekutanga uye yechipiri nzvimbo maererano nekugadzirwa muRussia.
Uye zvakare, pamapurazi: Vsevolozhskaya Select station LLC, Semenovodstvo LLC, Federal State Budget Sayenzi Sosaiti Menki bazi reAPI, mbeu yekutanga kuburitsa mbatatisi yakarongwa nenzira yemawere. Iko kugadzirwa kwakazara kweye super-super-elites mumapurazi aya ndeye zviuru mazana matanhatu nezvitatu pagore.
Iyo yakazara vhoriyamu yepamusoro-yepamusoro-soro, yakagadzirwa mudunhu nenzira mbiri, yakaenzana matani zviuru zviviri nemazana matatu emakore. Iko kusanganiswa kwenzira mbiri dzekutanga dzekudyara mbeu inobvumira kuchengetedza mukana wekusiyana-siyana uye kudyara hunhu hwembeu dzembatata pane yakakwira.
Dunhu reLeningrad, tichifunga nezvezvingavepo, rinogona kupeta kugadzirwa kwemapoteri embeu mukuwanda kwekudikanwa kwechinhu ichi mune mamwe matunhu eRussian Federation, nekudaro zvichitsiva kupinza mbatatisi dzembeu kubva kuEU nyika.
Nhasi, angangoita zviuru zviuru zvisere zvembeu mbatatisi zvinotengeswa gore rega rega mudunhu, kusanganisira zviuru zvitanhatu zvematani zvinopihwa kunze kwenharaunda - kumatunhu makumi matatu nematatu eRussian Federation, kubva mudunhu reArkhangelsk kuenda kuRepublic of Dagestan kubva kuchamhembe kuenda kumaodzanyemba uye kubva kuKaliningrad nharaunda kuenda kuSakhalin kubva kumadokero kuMabvazuva.
Iyo iripo yedunhu hurongwa hwekudyara mbeu mbatatisi yakavakirwa pakukawana izvo zvinowanikwa kunyanya mumarabhoramu. Panguva imwecheteyo, maitiro akave akaitwa apo mukati mehurongwa hwepurazi rimwechete zvese zvinobatanidza nekugadzirwa kwembeu zvakasanganiswa: kuwana zvinowanikwa zvinyorwa, zvekutanga uye zvevakuru mbeu yekudyara. Nenzira imwecheteyo, kusarudzwa kwemakoroni kunoitwa mumunda, uye kuunganidzwa kwemamicroplants kunogara kuchinatsiridzwa nekuunzira iwo akanakisa munda mabwe mutsika yekuyedzwa.
Muna 2017, emabhizimusi emudunhu akaisa kuchengetera nguva yechando zviuru makumi maviri nezvitanhatu zvematani embeu mbatatisi - 21,6% kusvika padanho ra119 uye 2016% kudiwa kwekudyara kwematsutso (210 zviuru zvematani).
MBEU YEMAHARA KUPARIDZA SYSTEM
Munharaunda yeLeningrad, sisitimu yekudzora yakagadzirwa pamatanho ese ekugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi. Iko kunaka kwemacroplants kunoongororwa neiyo chaiyo yakarurama nzira yePCR, padanho reDNA. Panhanho yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa (microplants) nembeu dzepakutanga, iyo ELISA inoitwa. Mundima, zvese zvinodiwa zvemagetsi zvigadzirwa zvinomisikidzwa zvine hunyanzvi, uye zvimiro zveMuchina zvakatsanangurwa-mushe zvinoshandiswa kudyara, kutarisira, kukohwa mbatatisi nekuzviradzika.
KUSVIRA KWEMAHARA
Kuti tidzivirire kutsamira pakushandisa mbatatisi yekusarudzika kwekunze, chirongwa chedunhu mukuvandudza kugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi kunoitirwa kugadzira mbesa nyowani dzezvipfuyo zvine zvirinani zvigadzirwa zvevatengi zvekugadzira maindasitiri, kuumba mamiriro akanaka ekugadzirwa kwavo kwekutanga kwembeu.
Kuti ikwanise kuita chirongwa chesainzi nehunyanzvi rutsigiro rwekuvandudza kwekurima mudunhu iri, Kanzuru yeChibvumirano yakagadzirwa muHurumende yedunhu reLeningrad.
Muna 2016, pfungwa (chirongwa) chesainzi nehunyanzvi rutsigiro rwekuvandudza mbatatisi inokura muLeningrad Region yakagadzirwa. Ichi chirongwa hachina kupa kugadzirwa kwesarudzo nyowani uye mbesa dzinokura mbeu mudunhu. Iko kukura kwe mbatatisi inokura kunozoitwa uchifunga nezve iripo hunyanzvi hwesainzi uye mukana wevarimi vekurima vane chekuita nekurima nembeu dzezvirimwa.
Vatori vechikamu muRotato Development Program muLeningrad Region ndeiyi:
- Yese-yeRussia Sisitimu Yekudzivirira Kwezvirimwa (kuitira kuti riitwe basa rekushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye agrochemicals yemavambo ekukura kwembatatisi);
- Pushkin bazi reAll-Russian Institute of Plant Geneticource rakatumidzwa zita raN.I. Vavilova (pane iyo iyo yekuongorora kweyemamiriro ekunze neyemamiriro ekunze ezvipuka zvemukati mbatatisi zvichaitwa);
- Federal State Budgetary Sayenzi Sosaiti "Leningrad Sayenzi Yekutsvagisa Institute of Agriculture" Belogorka "(kuitira kuti ibate basa rekugadzira zvitsva zvinokwikwidza mhando dzezvirimwa);
- Vsevolozhskaya sarudzo chiteshi LLC (mbatatisi dzakasiyana dzechiteshi dzinozivikanwa uye dziri mukuda kukuru, semuenzaniso, Nevsky dzakasiyana inotora nzvimbo yechipiri muyero yezvirimwa zve mbatatisi muRussian Federation).
- mapurazi embeu: CJSC Oktyabrskoe, CJSC PZ Prinevskoye, LLC Slavyanka M, LLC Mbeu Kugadzira, Federal State Budget Sayenzi Sangano Menkovsky bazi re API (nechinangwa chekubereka, kuyedza maindasitiri uye kutanga kwekuvimbisa mhando dzemumba mukugadzirwa).
Kuti ishandise matanho akarongwa ekuvandudza mbatatisi iri kukura mudunhu reLeningrad, zvibvumirano zvemitatu zvichazofungidzirwa pakati peHurumende yedunhu, masangano ezvesainzi ezvekurima uye vagadziri vekurima.
Kutanga kubva muna 2017, mari dzemari bhajeti mune huwandu hwemamiriyoni gumi rubles dzakapihwa munzvimbo yekutanga yekuvandudza mbatatisi inokura. pagore rekudzorera mutengo kune varimi vekurima muchimiro chemari yemabasa anotevera:
- kuwanikwa kwemidziyo yekuvandudza mbeu inogadzirwa mbatatisi,
- kuunzwa kwemarudzi mbatata yemumba mukugadzirwa,
- kuwanikwa kwekuvimbisa michina yemarabhoritari kuvandudza hutongi hwezvinobikwa mbeu mbatatisi uye kugadzirwa kwemicicubers mumamiriro ezvinhu anodzorwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, Komiti inozivisa kuti Leningrad Region gore rega rega (muna 2016 uye makore anotevera mune huwandu hwemamirioni mazana matanhatu) vanogovera mari kubva kubhajeti renharaunda kuti vadzorere mari kubhizimusi rezvekurima vanoita mukudyara mbatatisi iri kukura nekutenga kwemidziyo pasi pechirongwa "Chemhando nehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji , yekuvandudza chirongwa chehurumende chirongwa.
Zvinyorwa zvacho zvakagadziriswa nebepanhau rekushanda reKomiti pamusoro pezvekurima-indasitiri uye hove dzekune dunhu reLeningrad