Mbatatisi inokura muTajikistan, uko inopfuura 90% yenzvimbo inogarwa nemakomo, inosanganiswa nemamwe matambudziko. Nekudaro, vagadziri vezvekurima vakachinjira kumamiriro ekunze uye nzvimbo nekubatanidza nzira dzekushanda dzemadzitateguru avo uye matekinoroji epamberi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo sub-sector iri kusimukira zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kubudirira kwayo kunofambiswa negwara rekurima revakuru.
Kumikana mitsva
Nhasi, mbatatisi inorimwa mumatunhu ese eRepublic of Tajikistan, inogara nzvimbo diki kwazvo pamapurazi ega: kubva pa0,1 kusvika 0,5 mahekita. Nekuchinja kwechikafu chekudya kwevanhu veko, ichi tuber chirimwa chakatanga kunzi chingwa chechipiri. Uye mumakore achangopfuura, kurima mbatatisi kwave kumwe kweakakosha madiki-sechikamu chekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa.
"Kubva 2018, kwave nekuwedzera kwemavhoriyamu ekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa," anodaro mukuru werabhoritari yegenetics uye kubereka kwezvirimwa paInstitute of Botany, Physiology uye Plant Genetics yeNational Academy yeSainzi yeTajikistan, Chiremba wekurima Sayenzi. Sayenzi, Purofesa RAE Kurbonali Partoev. - Asi kukura kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kwekudyara nzvimbo. Nzira yekurima yakakura haishande, kunyanya kunzvimbo dzinopisa uye kushaikwa kwevhu rekudiridza. Naizvozvo, vesainzi nevarimi vachafanira kuwana mikana mitsva yekusimbisa kurima munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Avhareji yegoho mumakore matanhatu apfuura yakasiyana pakati pe 21,8-22,3 t/ha, uye nzvimbo iri pasi payo yakawedzera kubva pa 41 zviuru kusvika 57 zviuru mahekita. Panguva ino, inopfuura 6% yenzvimbo dzese dzakadiridzwa muTajikistan dzinogarwa nembatatisi. Gore rega rega nyika inogadzira pakati pe1-1,1 miriyoni matani ezvigadzirwa, ayo anenge zviuru zana nemakumi matatu ematani ari mbeu.
"Kushomeka kwembatatisi dzechikafu i15-18 zviuru zvematani pagore," anodaro Mutevedzeri Mukuru Mukuru weBokhtar Sozanda LLC, mumiriri weAgribusiness Association mudunhu reKhatlon, mumiriri wezvekurima sainzi. sciences Safarali Oripov. - Parizvino, tiri kugadzirisa kushomeka kuburikidza nekugara tichipihwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika, semuenzaniso, Pakistan, Russia, Belarus. Asi zvinodikanwa kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwedu kuitira kuti tive nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chikafu chenyika yedu.
Izvi chaizvo
Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu mumatunhu, zvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana zvenguva yekuibva zvinokura. Semuenzaniso, munharaunda yeKhatlon - mbatatisi yekutanga, muGissar Valley uye Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region - pakati pekutanga, munharaunda yeTajikabad - kunonoka.
"Pakati pemhando dzakakurumbira ndiPicasso, Tajikistan, Big Rose, Red Scarlett, Gala, Cosmos," anodaro. Safarali Oripov. - Varimi vari mukuda zvakaenzana kwemhando dzeDutch neGerman kusarudzwa uye izvo zvakazvarwa nemasayendisiti edu zvichibva kune ekunze. Pamwe nemhando dzakagadzirwa nekubatana nevarimi veInternational Potato Center kubva kuPeru.
"Ndave nemakore matanhatu ndichirima mbatatisi dzerudzi rweRasht, Tajikistan, Faizabad mudunhu reRasht republic," anodaro mukuru wepurazi iri. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. - Nzvimbo yese yakarimwa inosvika mahekita matanhatu, uye kune mamwe marudzi mashanu echibage nemhando nhatu dzebhinzi dziri mukurima. Pakurima minda midiki, varimi vanowanzosarudza mbesa dzinopfumisa ivhu nenitrogen kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvitenderedzwe.
Munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya, kusanganisira Rasht Valley, Shahristan dunhu uye Kukhistoni Mastchokh (Mountain Mastcha), goho repamusoro rinocherechedzwa. Varimi vepamusoro vanoshanda munzvimbo idzi vanounganidza matani anosvika 45-50 emachubhu kubva pahekita imwe neimwe.
"Makore akati wandei apfuura, ndakarima mbatatisi mudunhu reVanj republic munzvimbo ine mahekita mana," anoyeuka kudaro aimbove murimi, mukuru wezvirongwa zvebudiriro paAga Khan Foundation. Imatbek Nikhmonov. – Papurazi rangu, zvainyanya kudiwa kumarudzi eTajik, Russian, Europe, Pakistani, uye goho regoho raibva pamatani makumi matatu nemashanu kusvika ku35 pahekita.
"Mbatatisi dzekutanga, dzatinowana kumaodzanyemba kwenyika," anotsanangura kudaro Safarali Oripov, - yakasimwa muna December uye kukohwa muna May. Muna Nyamavhuvhu, kudyara kunoitika uchishandisa mbesa dzakamborimwa mumagreenhouses. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuchera mbatatisi isati yatanga chando. Asi mujinga memakomo uye munzvimbo dzine makomo, varimi vanokohwa goho rimwe chete remachubhu
Indasitiri yegreenhouse iri kushingaira kukura muTajikistan, nekuita kwakananga kwevarimi vembatatisi. Firimu rinokosha ravanofukidza naro minda yavo rinovabvumira kuchengetedza mbesa kubva kudova remangwanani rinorema uye mvura inonaya zvikuru yechirimo. Kazhinji, vagadziri vanochengeta zvidyarwa pasi pefirimu kusvika pakukohwa, saka kuchera machubhu kunotanga mazuva 10-12 apfuura.
Madhongi, mabhuru, migero yekudiridza
Mubhizimusi rekurima renyika dzeCentral Asia, chikamu chebasa remaoko chakakwira zvakanyanya. Uye chikonzero hachisi nguva dzose mutengo wakakwira wemashini nemayuniti.
"Mapurazi mazhinji muRepublic akapihwa zvizere marudzi ese emidziyo kubva kune vanotungamira vanogadzira," anovimbisa Safarali Oripov. - Nekuda kwerutsigiro rwenyika, iyo yekurima yekurenda system inoshanda zvakanyanya. Pakudyara, michina yakagadzirwa neEurope inonyanya kushandiswa, uye inogadzirwa neRussia pakukohwa. Mumakomo, munorimwa tunhu tudiki uye uko midziyo isingasviki, michina midiki inochengetedza zuva. Asi kazhinji chirimwa chinodyarwa uye chakacherwa nemaoko, uye kurimwa kwemutsara wemutsara kunoitwa nerubatsiro rwemabhiza.
“Mabasa ose kunze kwokurima,” anotsinhira kudaro maneja wepurazi Mulloidi Safarov, - tinotamba tichibatsirwa nemhuka dzepamusha: madhongi, mabhuru nemabhiza. Munzvimbo dzine makomo hazviiti nguva dzose kushandisa michina. Asi nzira dzedu dzakachengeteka kune zvakatipoteredza uye dzinotibvumira kuchengetedza chimiro chebundu chevhu.
“Semakore 100 apfuura, varimi vechiTajik vanoita basa remaoko zvakanyanya,” anowedzera kudaro Dzhumabek Abdulloev. -Kurima munda mudiki hakuna kuoma uye kunotora nguva. Kunyangwe isu taisazoramba madiki-saizi zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvakachinjirwa kumamiriro edu.
“Munharaunda yeGorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, matarakita anowanzo shandiswa kurima, kushungurudza uye kurima pakati pemitsara,” anotsanangura kudaro. Imatbek Nikhmonov. - Uye panguva yekudyara nekukohwa, nzombe dzinoshanda dzinoshandiswa dzinoshandiswa, sezvakamboitwa nemadzitateguru edu.
Mbatata muTajikistan inorimwa chete pasi pekudiridza. Zvisinei, michina yekudiridza yemazuva ano haiwanzoisirwe mumapurazi. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitwa nevagadziri vakuru uye vakapfuma. Sezvo mutemo, mvura inoyerera ichienda kuminda negiravhiti, kuburikidza ne pre-yakacherwa network ye canals - migero. Uye kana pasina mitumbi yemvura padyo, varimi vanochera matsime uye kupomba mvura kubva pakadzika 60-80 metres.
Sayenzi uye tsika
Munyika, nzvimbo dzakagoverwa kudyara mhando itsva dzezvirimwa dziri kukura gore negore. Vachishanda mukugadzira kwavo, vashandi veInstitute of Botany, Physiology uye Plant Genetics yeNational Academy of Sciences yeTajikistan vanoratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka. Makwikwi emhando dzakasiyana Faizabad, Rasht, Tajikistan, Zarina, Ovchi, Shukrona, Nurinisso, Surkhob, AN-1, Muhabbat nevamwe vakatounzwa kumusika.
"Sarudzo yehurumende yedu yakabvumidza rondedzero yemakambani embeu anoshanda pamwe chete nemasainzi," anodaro Safarali Oripov.- Super elite nevakuru vanokura muminda yeInstitute, ipapo zvinhu zvinoendeswa kumapurazi embeu munzvimbo dzakasiyana, uko inoparadzirwa kusvika kubereka kwekutanga.
Vakuru venyika vanopa varimi vembeu rutsigiro runokwanisa. Gore rega rega, mbatatisi yembeu inotengwa kubva mubhajeti uye inogoverwa kuburikidza neRepublican Ministry of Agriculture pakati pemapurazi akasarudzika. Uye chete pakupera kwemwaka, mushure mekukohwa, vanodzorera chikwereti kuhurumende nezvigadzirwa, uye vanoshandisa zvakasara zvekukohwa kutengesa uye kune zvavanoda.
“Inenge 90% yembeu inorimwa munzvimbo ine makomo yeripabhuriki,” anodaro Kurbonali Partoev. - Paurefu hwe1,8 kusvika kuzviuru zvitatu zvemamita pamusoro pegungwa, zvirwere uye zvipembenene zvinotakura zvirwere zvehutachiwana hazvisati zvawanikwa. Semuenzaniso, nzvimbo yeKuhistoni Mastchokh inosangana nemamiriro ose ekugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yembeu.
Chengeta kana kutengesa
Dambudziko rekuchengeta zvirimwa riri kunyanya kudzvanya munzvimbo dzinopisa, asi varimi vembatatisi vemunharaunda vanowana nzira yekubuda mumamiriro ezvinhu nemutengo wakaderera.
"Munzvimbo dzerepublic, uko nzvimbo huru dzinogarwa nezvirimwa, purofiti yevarimi yakakwira," inotsanangura mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Imatbek Nikhmonov. "Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kushandisa mari mukuvaka nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dzechizvino-zvino, semuenzaniso, nekubatana mumasangano evarimi." Uye munzvimbo dzine makomo vachiri kushandisa matura ekare asekuru, ayo anogona kubata huwandu hwematani 10-15 ezvigadzirwa.
"Nzvimbo yangu yekuchengetera mbatatisi iri muvhu, pakadzika kwemamita maviri, uye inogona kuchengetedza matani masere embatatisi," anogovera ruzivo rwake. Mulloidi Safarov. -Kuvakwa kwayo kwaisada mari yakakura, uye zvaigoneka kugadzira mamiriro akakwana ekuchengetedza ma tubers.
“Ndinobudirira kuchengeta mbatatisi dzakakohwewa muimba yepasi,” anodaro. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. "Nehuwandu hwedu hwekugadzira, matura makuru haadiwe, uye hapana chikonzero chekushandisa mari mukugadzira kwavo.
Mbatata inotengeswa kunyanya nerubatsiro rwevamiriri. Mapurazi epakati uye akakura, kana achida, anotengesa chikamu chegoho kumutengi wekupedzisira kana kuendesa kune zvitoro zvekutengesa.
“Varimi havana nguva yekugara pakaunda,” anodaro Safarali Oripov. “Vatengesi vanouya kwavari, votora mbatatisi kumunda dzakawanda votengesa nemachaneli avo kune zvimwe zvakawanda. Kune rimwe divi, vagadziri vanorasikirwa nechikamu chepurofiti yavo, kune rumwe rutivi, vanobvisa njodzi dzinoperekedza nzira yekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa.
Kuwedzera muchiito
Nerutsigiro rwezviremera zveTajikistan, basa rakawanda riri kuitwa murepublic kune zvekurima zvakasvibirira. Hurongwa hwemitemo hwakatambirwa padanho repamusoro-soro hunotsanangura zvakajeka mafambiro ayo.
"Tiri kusiya makemikari zvishoma nezvishoma mune zvese zvinoratidzira," anodaro Safarali Oripov. -Nekuda kweizvozvo, huwandu hwekushandiswa kwefetereza yemicrobiological munyika huri kukura. Chikamu chemishonga yekudzivirira chirimwa chemishonga inoshandiswa iri kuderera. Nekudzikisira mukana wemhedzisiro inokuvadza kuvanhu uye zvisikwa, vagadziri vezvekurima vari kubva kure nekurimwa kwematirakita nendege muminda. Chinangwa chikuru chegwaro rakadaro ndechekuwana zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvine hushamwari uye zvakachengeteka.
“Pakurima mbatatisi ndinoedza kutanga ndashandisa fetereza yepasi,” anodaro Mulloidi Safarov. - Ini ndinogadzirira yakakosha organic compost pachangu. Uye pakati pemaminerari mafetiraiza, nitroammophoska chete ndiyo inoshandiswa, uyezve mune shoma shoma.
Nzira iyi inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera kubereka kwevhu uye goho rezvirimwa. Paunenge uchishandisa organic zvinhu, mbatatisi nemiriwo zvinoibva 8-10 mazuva pamberi pehurongwa, kuravira kwavo, pasherufu hupenyu uye kutakura kunovandudza..
Zvibudiriro zvakakomba zvechokwadi zvichiri kuuya. Uye varimi veTajik mbatatisi vachafanira kushanda nesimba kuti vatore chikamu-chikamu kune imwe nhanho.
"Nehuwandu hwekushandisa mbatatisi pagore hunosvika makirogiramu makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri pamunhu, nyika inofanirwa kugadzira anopfuura miriyoni matani emachubhu pagore," anoratidza. Kurbonali Partoev, - Naizvozvo, mune ramangwana rakarongwa kuwedzera nzvimbo yairimwa kusvika 60 zviuru mahekita uye kuwedzera avhareji goho kusvika 23-25 matani pahekita. Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko aya, varimi vanofanirwa kukoshesa kuunza hunyanzvi hwekuita nehunyanzvi hwekurima hwepamusoro, kudyidzana nesainzi uye kugara vachishanda pamhando yezvigadzirwa zvavo.
Irina Berg