India iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri pasi rose mushure meChina maererano nekugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Sekureva kweiyo portal Statista.com, muna 2023, nyika yakakohwa matani anosvika 59,74 miriyoni ezvigadzirwa, anodarika mamirioni matatu matani kupfuura muna 2022.
Anotaura nezvekuti maIndia anokwanisa sei kuwana mhedzisiro yakadai. Rajveer Singh (Rajvir Singh), Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri weKF Biotech Pvt Ltd.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd ibhizimusi rakakura rekurima, chikamu cheboka reKapur remakambani.
Iine zvikamu zviviri, imwe inonyanya kugadzirwa kwembeu yepamusoro yembatatisi, yechipiri - mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekudyara mabhanana.
Gore rega rega kambani inopa musika nematani zviuru makumi mashanu zvembeu dzembatatisi.
KF Biotech Pvt Ltd ine nzvimbo yakatsaurirwa, yekugadzira zvinhu iri muBangalore, guta guru reBiotechnology reIndia. Mbeu dzembeu dzinonyanya kunyura mudunhu rePunjab, munzvimbo isina zvipembenene zvekuvharirwa.
Kubvira munhau
Zvinotendwa kuti mbatatisi dzakaunzwa kuIndia nevafambisi vengarava vechiPutukezi mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17. Kupararira kwetsika kwakafambiswa neBritish East India Kambani: Vatengesi veChirungu vakasimudzira uye vakakurudzira kurima uye kunwa mbatatisi pakati penharaunda dzekumaruwa. Kambani yakatobvisa chigadzirwa kubva pamitero yekufambisa. Kuedza kwevakoloni kwakabhadhara, uye mbatatisi yakabatanidzwa zviri nyore mumatunhu eIndia cuisines.
MaIndia anoda mbatatisi mune chero fomu - yakakangwa, yakabikwa, yakabikwa. Inoshanda sechinhu chikuru chinongedzo mukuzadza kweanozivikanwa kwazvo anonhuwirira samosa pie munyika; inoshandiswa kugadzirira aloo tikki snack, Calcutta biryani uye zvimwe zvakawanda ndiro.
Kukura kwekugadzirwa
Sekureva kweFAO, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi dzeIndia kwakawedzera ne1960% pakati pa2000 na850, pamwe nekuda kwekuwedzera kuri kuda kubva kune vakapfuma vagari vemumaguta. Muma90s, per capita mbatatisi kushandiswa kwakawedzera kubva 12 kusvika 17 kg pagore.
Asi kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zvakakonzerwa nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo panzvimbo yekuwedzera kwezvibereko.
Zvikamu zvekukura
Mbatata inorimwa mumatunhu makumi maviri nematatu eIndia, asi kuwanda kwekugadzirwa (kungangoita makumi manomwe neshanu muzana) kwakaiswa muUttar Pradesh, West Bengal neBihar.
Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chezvirimwa zvembatatisi zvemunyika zvinokohwewa muUttar Pradesh, ine mamiriro ekunze akanaka, ivhu rakaorera uye yakakura yekurima zvivakwa.
Mamiriro ekunze ematunhu mazhinji enyika anobvumira kukohwa mbatatisi imwe chete pagore. Kunze kwePunjab, uko kune dzimwe nzvimbo varimi vanokohwa zvirimwa zviviri, asi nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemvura hurumende inoshora tsika iyi.
Mbatatisi dzinowanzorimwa dzichichinjaniswa nezvimwe zvirimwa, kazhinji mupunga negorosi.
Kudyara mbatatisi kunowanzoitika kubva muna Gumiguru kusvika Mbudzi, kukohwa kubva muna Kukadzi kusvika Kurume.
Avhareji saizi yepurazi rembatatisi i5 kusvika ku10 mahekita (inoda kusvika 2,025 kusvika 4,05 mahekita). Asi chirimwa ichi chinorimwawo nemabhizimusi makuru ekurima.
Varimi vakakura muPunjab vanoshandisa michina yekudyara nekukohwa, nepo mumatunhu akaita seWest Bengal neBihar mabasa ese ekurima anoitwa nemaoko.
Pamadiridziro, varimi vanoshandisa matsime avo, pamwe chete nemvura yemumigero yemadiridziro. Mune dzimwe nyika seGujarat, mbatatisi inorimwa pasi pekudiridza.
Mbatata marudzi
Varimi vanonyanya kurima mhando dzematafura ekuIndia dzakagadzirwa neCentral Potato Research Institute (ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute).
Zvekureva: Iyo Central Potato Research Institute iri muShimla, Himachal Pradesh. Zvinangwa zvesangano zvinosanganisira kuita zvakakosha, zvine hungwaru uye zvakashandiswa tsvakiridzo yekuvandudza kusimba, kubereka, uye kunaka kwembatatisi; kuwana mbeu dzine hutano dzemhando dzakagadzirwa nesangano.
Sarudzo yemhando yakafaranuka; mumakore mashoma apfuura, makumi matanhatu neshanu matsva akagadzirwa, ayo makumi matatu nematatu anopesana neakasiyana biotic uye abiotic kusagadzikana, uye masere akakodzera kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Panguva imwecheteyo, marudzi makumi maviri nenhatu parizvino anogara anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu muzana enzvimbo yekudyara yakagoverwa mbatatisi munyika.
Zvido pakati pemaIndia maererano nesarudzo yemhando dzakasiyana (ruvara rweganda, ruvara rwepepuru) zvinosiyana zvichienderana nedunhu. Saka, muWest Bengal, vanhu vanofarira mbatatisi dzvuku, nepo kune dzimwe nyika, kukoshesa kunopihwa kune chena-ganda nyama ine chena kana yakareruka yeyero.
Vamwe vevakakurumbira munyika vanosanganisira Kufri Sindhuri, Kufri Chipsona, Kufri Badshah, Kufri Jyoti, Kufri Jawahar nevamwe. Kune mhando dzakakosha dzekugadzirisa: K Frysona, K Chipsona 1, K Chipsona 2, K Chipsona 3 neK Fryom, nezvimwe.
Makambani akazvimirira ari kuunzawo mhando dzekunze mumusika weIndia.
Nzira itsva dzekuberekesa
Muna 2010, biotechnologists kubva kuNational Plant Genome Research Institute muNew Delhi yakazivisa kusikwa kwembatatisi dzakagadziridzwa dzine 60% yakawanda mapuroteni pane akajairwa machubhu.
Vagadziri vakashandisa iyo AmA1 gene kubva kuchirimwa cheamaranth, icho chave chichidyiwa kwemazana emakore muCentral America neAsia. Masayendisiti akacherekedza kuti vaive vakatarisana nebasa rekuwana sosi yeprotein inokwanisika, sezvo nyemba, hove kana soya bhinzi zvinodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura mbatatisi.
Pakupera kwa2023, Gurukota reBiotechnology yeIndia, Dr. Manju Sharma, vakasimbisa kuti mhedzisiro yemakore matatu ekuedzwa kwembatatisi nekuwedzera mapuroteni aikurudzira zvikuru uye chigadzirwa chitsva chinogona kubvumidzwa kurimwa mune zvekutengesa munguva iri pedyo. ramangwana.
Asi mutemo uyu une vapikisi vakakwana. Vanopikisa vanopokana kuti kushandisa genetically modified mbatatisi kunofuratira matsime echinyakare eprotein uye nekudaro kunowedzera kushomeka kwechikafu chakakosha.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti India haisati yabvumidza kushandiswa kwechikafu chakagadziridzwa munyika. Pakutanga muna 2023, hurumende yakaramba kupa zviuru zvematani emusanganiswa wesoya kubva kuUnited States.
Kuchengetedza uye kutengesa mbatatisi
Vapedza kukohwa, varimi vadiki vanotengesa mbatatisi pamisika yemuriwo kana kuti vanodzipa kune vanogadzira. Semutemo, mbatatisi inotengeswa mune "tsvina" fomu; vashoma vanogadzira vanorongedza zvigadzirwa vasati vazvitengesa kuzvitoro zvikuru.
Vagadziri vakakura vanoisa zvigadzirwa zvavo mudura. Nzvimbo dzekuchengetera mbatatisi dzakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yefiriji dzinokutendera kuti uchengetedze zvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro kwemwedzi gumi kusvika gumi nemaviri. Avhareji simba rekuchengetedza mbatatisi ndeye 10 zviuru matani.
Mamiriro ezvinhu nekupihwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetedza anga achivandudza mumakore achangopfuura, sezvo matura matsva epamusoro-soro ari kuvakwa achishingairira munzvimbo huru dzekugadzira mbatatisi.
Matambudziko evarimi vembatatisi
Varimi vekuIndia vanosangana nematambudziko akafanana nevarimi vedzimwe nyika pasi rose. Indasitiri ine dambudziko rekushomeka kwembeu dzemhando yembatatisi nemutengo unokwanisika. Kurasikirwa nembesa kunokonzerwa nekupararira kwezvirwere (late blight, bacterial wilt, common scab, root rot) uye tumbuyu (cyst nematodes).
Asi chinhu chikuru ndechekuti purofiti yekugadzira mbatatisi iri kudonha. Mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, mutengo wekurima zvirimwa wakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri, asi mitengo yechigadzirwa chekupedzisira haina kuchinja. Mamiriro acho akaoma zvikuru mumakore apo, nokuda kwemamiriro okunze akanaka, varimi vanowana goho rakakwirira.
Zvirongwa zvehurumende zvekutsigira varimi
Hurumende inopa varimi rubatsiro rwakakura pakusikwa kwemadiridziro, inobhadhara zvishoma mari yemagetsi nefotereza, inopa rubatsiro rwemari munguva dzekuwedzera, inokurudzira varimi kuti vatengese zvigadzirwa zvavo nekuvabhadhara mari yekufambisa, nezvimwewo. Kune rubatsiro rwakakosha. zvirongwa zvevarimi vari mukurima kurima
Kudzokorora
Kusvika kutanga kwe90s, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi munyika kwaive kusati kwagadzirwa. Zvino, nekutanga kwekuita basa remakambani ekunze uye nekubuda kwevatambi venzvimbo mumusika, indasitiri yakakurumidza kutanga uye yakaratidza kukura kwakakura mumakore gumi. Parizvino, 10 kusvika 6% yeiyo yakazara mbatatisi kugadzirwa muIndia inogadziriswa. Uye zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa (chips, French fries) zviri kuwedzera mukurumbira munyika, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki.
MuIndia kune mafekitori makuru emakambani ane mukurumbira pasi rose se McCain, Hyfun, Funwave, Pepsico. Ivo vanowana zvigadzirwa kubva kumatunhu ese arima mbatatisi akadai seUttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal.
Mukupera kwa2023, PepsiCo yakazivisa kutanga kwekuvakwa kwechirimwa chitsva chekugadzira machipisi eLay muIndia. Kudyara munzvimbo yekugadzira, iyo ichave iri mudunhu reAssam, inosvika kumadhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu emamiriyoni.
Mabhizinesi madiki akazvimirira anogadzira zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi, iyo huwandu hwayo huri kuramba huchiwedzera, zvakare vanoita mupiro wavo mukuvandudza kwekugadzirisa. Semuenzaniso, pamusika makuki akaonda mbatatisi ane kuravira kwemachipisi.
Tumira kunze
India inotumira mbatatisi mhodzi kunyika dzakasiyana dzakaita seRussia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Turkey, Senegal, Bangladesh neNepal.
Mukuwedzera, zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira mbatatisi zvinopihwa kunze kwenyika. Ngatitorei French fries semuenzaniso. Kudzoka muna 2007, India gore negore yaiunza zviuru zvitanhatu zvematani ezvigadzirwa izvi, uye muna 6 nyika yakatotumira kunze zviuru makumi matatu zvematani akaomeswa nechando. Nhasi, India inopa huwandu hwezvigadzirwa izvi kuPhilippines. India zvakare inotumira machipisi embatatisi, kunyanya kuJapan neMiddle East.
Kurima mbatatisi muIndia kunoisa matambudziko mazhinji, asi nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti chirimwa chicharamba chichivimbisa uye chinobatsira varimi. Chinokosha kune izvi ndechekuvandudza kushingaira kwechikamu chekugadzirisa. Nyika iri kupupurira kuwedzera kwakasimba kwekudiwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvigadzirwa zvembatatisi, uye zvichipesana neizvi, remangwana rayo rinotaridzika kuvimbisa.