Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 1 2016
Category: Dunhu
HELL. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution yePamusoro Nyanzvi Dzidzo Bashkir State Agrarian University
Nharaunda yeRepublic of Belarus: 143 zviuru zvemakiromita2
Vagari: 4 vanhu, avo 071% vagari vemuguta.
Nzvimbo: Iyo Republic iri kumadokero kwemateru eSouthern Urals uye muCis-Urals.
Mamiriro ekunze Continental, ine hunyoro, kudziya kwezhizha uye kutonhora kwechando. Mamiriro ekunze anochinja kazhinji nekuda kwenzvimbo yedunhu iri pakati pemadutu anobva kunzvimbo dzakadzikama, Atlantic, Arctic neSiberia.
Avhareji yetembiricha yaNdira: -18°, avhareji yaChikunguru tembiricha: +18°. Asi nhamba idzi dzinogona kusiyana kune dzakasiyana nzvimbo: mitsetse yeUrals, yakatambanudzwa kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, inoita mutsauko wakakura wemamiriro ekunze kumadokero nekumabvazuva materu. Avhareji tembiricha pagore inodzikira munzira kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva. Shanduko yakatsiga kuenda kumusoro-zero tembiricha inoitika mumazuva gumi ekutanga aKubvumbi, uye kusvika pazasi-zero tembiricha mumazuva gumi echitatu aGumiguru. Nguva yevhavha yechando ndeyemazuva 155 (mumasango-steppe uye nzvimbo dze steppe), mazuva 175 (munzvimbo dzemasango emakomo).
Bashkortostan yakapfuma mumvura yepamusoro. Kune nzizi dzinenge zviuru gumi nezvitatu uye madziva anopfuura chiuru (kusanganisira madhamu) muRepublic.
Rubatsiro: zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinosanganiswa nenzvimbo yenzvimbo, geological uye tectonic chimiro chenharaunda. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenzvimbo iyi mapani uye mapani ane zvikomo (anonyanya kukodzera kurima); kune zvikomo, mapani, makomo, uye mapani.
Ivhu: 32% yenharaunda yese inogarwa nevhu re chernozem, 28% nevhu grey sango, 25,1% nevhu remakomo. Mukuwedzera, kune nzvimbo dze sod-podzolic (kuchamhembe kwerepublic), sod-carbonate (Ufa Plateau uye kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwemasango-steppe zone), hydromorphic uye meadow-chernozem ivhu. Kumaodzanyemba kweCis-Urals uye Trans-Urals, nzvimbo dzekugovera solonetzes, solonchaks uye solonchak marudzi echernozems uye meadow ivhu dzinocherechedzwa.
Nzvimbo yekurima: anenge mamiriyoni masere mahekita, ayo anenge mamiriyoni mashanu mahekita iminda kurimwa
Mbatata inokura muRepublic yeBashkortostan. Danho remazuva ano
Mbatata ndeimwe yezvirimwa zvakakosha zvekudya muRepublic yeBashkortostan. Mumakore mashanu apfuura, zvose kushandiswa kwe "chingwa chechipiri" (kusvika 180 kg / munhu) uye kugadzirwa (kusvika 270 kg / munhu) kwakawedzera mu republic. Parizvino, pamapurazi emhando dzese dzevaridzi, nzvimbo yekudyara mbatatisi ndeye 93,5 zviuru mahekita.
Mapurazi anotungamira ekutengesa eRepublic yeBashkortostan ane ruzivo rwekuwana goho rembatatisi rakawanda munzvimbo dzakakura. Mune runyorwa rwemapurazi zana akanakisa ekutengesa muRussian Federation ye100 - 2005. pachinzvimbo chechi2008 ndiyo SPK KLH yakatumidzwa zita iri. Salavat Meleuzovsky dunhu, munzvimbo 46th - State Unitary Enterprise nokuda kwechinguva chengetedzo "Dmitrievsky", munzvimbo 74th - State Unitary Enterprise nokuda kwechinguva chengetedzo "Alekseevsky" uye munzvimbo 96 - Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm zita zita pashure. Salavat, dunhu reSterlitamak. Saka, muAKH im. Salavat, mudunhu reMeleuzovsky, munzvimbo ye100 hectares, muvhareji wegore negore ndeye 330 t/ha. Papurazi rehurumende reAlekseevsky mudunhu reUfa, nzvimbo ine mahekita zana inogadzira machubhu anotengeswa pa35-100 t/ha. SEC "Zuva" yedunhu reIlishevsky, pane imwe nzvimbo inopfuura mahekita mazana matatu, inounganidza machubhu anotengeswa pa32 - 42 t/ha. Iyo Shemyak state farm, iri munzvimbo inopfuura mahekita mazana matanhatu, inogadzira 300-16 t/ha yemachubhu anotengeswa. Peasant Farm "Agli" yedunhu reChishminsky panharaunda ye25 hectares inogamuchira goho rembatatisi yembeu ye600 - 12 t/ha kwemakore akati wandei.
Nekudaro, kazhinji, mwero wekugadzira mbatatisi muRepublic yeBelarus wakadzikira. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvikonzero zvinotevera. 1. Kushaikwa kwegadziriro yekugadzira mhodzi dzembatatisi uye kuderera kwembeu dzinokurumidza kuibva, kusanganisira kusavapo kwemhando dzemazuva ano dzinokurumidza kuibva uye dzepakati pekutanga mukudyara. Zvinhu zvekudyara zviripo zvinochengetwa munzvimbo dzisina kukodzera kana hurumende yekuchengetedza isingatevedzerwi. Pakudyara, zvinhu zvekudyara hazvisi pasi pekugadzirira kwakavakirwa nesainzi. 2. Kutyorwa kwakakura kwechirango chehunyanzvi panguva yekurima kwayo. 3. Kazhinji pane kushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuchinjisa zvirimwa. 4. Kuvapo kwehutongi hwemvura husina kugadziriswa mukudyara. 5. Kushandisa kusina musoro kweiyo inowanikwa mineral uye organic fertilizer. 6. Kutadza kutevedzera mazuva ekudyara akakwana ane density yakajeka isina kukwana. Kushandiswa kwechirongwa chekudyara chisina musoro chine hudzamu husina kuenzana hwekudyara tuber. 7. Kutyorwa kwezvinodiwa zveimwe optimal yakasununguka uye isina sora mamiriro evhu rakarimwa - zvese mumitsara uye pakati pemitsara panguva yekudyara kutarisirwa. 8. Kushaikwa kwehurongwa hwekudzivirira mbesa dzembatatisi kubva kuzvirwere. 9. Meteorological factors, mamiriro ekunze akaipa panguva yekukura. 10. Kushaikwa kwemushonga wemichina yemazuva ano yakasarudzika, midziyo yekurima mbatatisi uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetera. 11. Zvikonzero zvesangano nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehurongwa hwakakodzera hwebasa panguva yekurima uye ruzivo rwakashata rwetsika yekutanga uye yehunyanzvi mbatatisi nevatambi. 12. Kusagadzirira kwemapurazi (zvehupfumi, zvehunyanzvi uye nekurongeka) kuti aite goho rakakura uye nemazvo, kunyangwe ari kutanga kuratidza kufarira mbeu dzembatatisi. 13. Kushaikwa kwehurongwa hwekuzivisa vanhu nezvemhando itsva nehunhu hwadzo, kushaikwa kwenzvimbo dzekutengesera mbeu dzembatatisi muhuwandu hudiki mumapakeji madiki ari nyore. 14. Kushaikwa kwehuwandu hwekutanga kugadzirwa kwembatatisi. 15. Kushaikwa kwehurongwa hwekudzidzisa vashandi pamatanho ese eiyo mbatatisi chigadzirwa. 16. Kushaikwa kweagrometeoposts paminda yekuedza.
Parizvino, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi muRepublic yeBelarus kwakanangidzirwa muzvikamu zvidiki uye zvidiki (95-97% yenzvimbo yese yekudyara), kureva kuti, mbatatisi yave chirimwa chegadheni chete.
Mumapurazi makuru ekutengeserana inorimwa chete munzvimbo ye3,0 zviuru mahekita uye mumapurazi evarimi (murimi) munzvimbo ye1,0 zviuru mahekita. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune maitiro akajeka anooneka kune kuwanda kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Mumatunhu masere eRepublic of Belarus (kunze kwe54) - Aurgazinsky, Iglinsky, Ilishevsky, Meleuzovsky, Sterlitamaksky, Tuymazinsky, Ufa neChishminsky - inopfuura hafu (60%) yenzvimbo yekudyara inoiswa mumapurazi ekutengeserana, 76,6% ye mbatatisi inogadzirwa, uye goho riri pamusoro peavhareji yenyika mumakore matanhatu apfuura ne144 ... 211%.
Izvi zvinotonyanya kutaurwa mumapurazi evarimi. Mumatunhu mashanu - Beloretsky, Iglinsky, Meleuzovsky, Ufa neChishminsky - 57,4% yenzvimbo yakakohwewa pasi pembatatisi uye 59,8% yegoho chairo rehubhu rinoiswa, uye goho rakakwirira kupfuura avhareji yeRepublic of Belarus ne128,7 - 440,7 % mumakore matanhatu apfuura. Mumakore manomwe apfuura, goho rembatatisi mumapurazi ekutengeserana uye evarimi rave rakakwirira kudarika mumapurazi ega.
Pasina kupa tsvakiridzo yesainzi pakudzidza kwembatatisi biology uye pakuvandudza uye kuitiswa kwesimba idzva- nekuchengetedza zviwanikwa zvakasanganiswa tekinoroji zvekurima zvechirimwa nezvese zvinodiwa, pasina nyanzvi dzinokwanisa (kubva kune vanogadzira michina kusvika kune maneja nevakuru vemabhizinesi), pasina. iyo yakazara seti yemazuva ano inorima mbatatisi michina nemidziyo, pasina kukurumidza uye yemhando yepamusoro rutsigiro, hazvigone kukwikwidza nemakambani anotungamira mumatunhu eRussia Federation nemakambani ekunze munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Development tarisiro
Semaonero edu, kuitira kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwembatatisi pamaindasitiri, kuvandudza mhando yembatatisi yetafura uye zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi, kuwedzera kutengeswa uye pundutso yechirimwa muBashkortostan, zvinodikanwa kugadzira Potato Center, ichibatanidza akasiyana aripo. uye zvivakwa zvitsva kuita imwechete yakaoma.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kuvandudza, kubvumidza uye kushandisa dunhu renguva refu yakatarwa chirongwa chekuvandudza kugadzirwa, kuchengetedza, kugadzirisa uye kutengesa mbatatisi muRepublic yeBelarus ye2016 - 2020.
Mukati megadziriro yePotato Center uye chirongwa chekuvandudza kukura kwembatatisi, gadzira iyo Potato Cluster yeRepublic yeBelarus.
Zvichienderana nekuongororwa kwemamiriro azvino ekugadzirwa kwembatatisi muRepublic yeBelarus, nzvimbo dzekutanga dzekusimudzira kurima mbatatisi muRepublic dzinosanganisira:
- kuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa kwetsvakiridzo yesainzi mutsika yembatatisi kubva kubiology yayo kusvika pakutengeswa kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira;
- kuwedzera avhareji yegoho mumapurazi ekutengeserana uye evarimi kusvika pa30 t/ha;
- zvishoma nezvishoma kutamiswa kwemabhizinesi ari kukura mbatatisi kune yemazuva ano matekinoroji ekugadzira, kuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa;
- kuderedza mari pachikamu chekugadzira uye kuve nechokwadi chekushandiswa kwehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu nemari;
- kuwedzera kugona kwekushandisa kugona kwemhando dzezvirimwa zvemumba;
- kuvandudzwa kwemasisitimu ekugadzirwa kwembeu dzemazuva ano nesainzi uye mirau mitsva yetekinoroji yekugadzira mbatatisi dzekutanga, dzepamusoro uye dzekubereka;
- kusuma uye kuomerera kwakasimba kune yakagadziriswa mbeu mbatatisi certification chirongwa chakavakirwa pamitemo yemazuva ano yeRussian Federation uye Republic of Belarus uye GOST zviyero;
- kusikwa kwezvivakwa zvemusika wembeu (kusanganisira minda yakazvimirira yemhuri), chikafu uye mbatatisi dzemaindasitiri;
Nekudaro, kuwedzera kukura kwembatatisi muRussian Federation neBelarus hazvigoneke pasina kuvandudza sainzi yemumba, kushandiswa kwakanaka kweiyo genetic zviwanikwa, kubudirira mune chirimwa physiology, biotechnology, kubereka uye kugadzirwa kwembeu.*, phytopathology, entomology uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa uye kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa, pamwe nekusimudzira nekukurumidza kwehunyanzvi hwekurima hunoshanda mune zvekurima.
Mamiriro makuru anodiwa pakuunzwa uye kusimudzira hunyanzvi mukukura mbatatisi ndeaya anotevera:
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- kuvapo kwetekinoroji yekurima mbatatisi yakaratidza kuve inoshanda mune zvehupfumi uye nharaunda;
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- tsigiro yehurumende yemabhizinesi ekurima achigona hunyanzvi hwekurima mbatatisi;
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- hurongwa hweruzivo padanho rehurumende nekanzuru nezve tsika yekuvandudza tekinoroji yekurima mbatatisi uye nehupfumi hunowanikwa kubva pane izvi.
*Munharaunda yeUral uye Republic of Bashkortostan muna 2015, marudzi anotevera akaiswa muRejista yeHurumende yeRussian Federation uye akabvumirwa kushandiswa: mamwe marudzi ekutanga - Meteor, Charoit; kutanga kuibva - Alena, Antonina, Bashkirsky, Bellarosa, White Spring, Vineta, Zhukovsky mangwanani, Kamensky, Mutungamiriri, Lyubava, Rosara, Skoroplodny, Bullfinch (gadheni yakasiyana); pakati pekutanga - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, September (gadheni zvakasiyana-siyana), Fairy Tale, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Effect; pakati pemwaka - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (gadheni dzakasiyana), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; pakati-kunonoka - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.