Anopfuura makore zana apfuura, muzhizha ra1922, ndege ine midziyo yekuita makemikari emuchadenga ichishandisa nzira yekupfapfaidza kurwisa zvipembenene nezvirwere yakasimuka kubva kunhandare yendege yeKhodynka. Ndege dzakabudirira dzekuyedza dzakaratidza kutanga kwekuvandudzwa kwendege dzekurima.
Nhasi, kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzendege yekudzivirira chirimwa kwakakosha zvikuru mune zvehupfumi, sezvo ichipa mukana we:
- kutarisisa kure kure kwezvirimwa zvekurima;
- matanho ekudzivirira munguva pfupi dzekurima uye munzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika kurwisa zvipembenene zvine ngozi (mhashu, meadow moths, makonzo-sembeva, Colorado potato nyuchi, turtles dzinokuvadza) uye zvirwere (rust yemashizha, late blight, alternaria);
- kurapwa kana ivhu rakanyoroveswa zvakanyanya, apo midziyo yepasi haigone kupinda mumunda, kunyanya pakurwisa masora;
- kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvirefu (chibage, sunflower) nembeu dzembeu;
- kugadzirwa kwemupunga;
- deiccation;
- kugadzira zvirimwa pamateru nemateru anopfuura madhigirii manomwe, uko michina yekupfapfaidza pasi haigone kushanda.
MuSoviet Union, hwaro hwezvikepe zvekurima zvendege yaive AN-2. Parizvino, kusimudzirwa kwendege dzekurima kuri kuenderera mberi nekuwedzera kukuru kwekushandiswa kwendege dzemhando yepamusoro (ULA) uye dzimotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina kufambiswa (UAV), dzinodhura zvakanyanya kupfuura ndege dzinorema. Zvinoenderana neFederal Aviation Regulations uye Air Code yeRussian Federation, ndege yekupedzisira-inopenya ndege (ndege) ine:
- huremu hwakakura hwekubvisa husingapfuuri 495 kg (kunze kwemidziyo yekununura ndege);
- yakakwira calibrated dhizaini yekumhanya (idiki yekumhanya yekubhururuka) isingapfuuri 65 km / h.
Ndege dzisina munhu (UAV) dzinosanganisira motokari dzine ndege dzinotungamirirwa nevatyairi vari kunze kwendege (vatyairi vari kure).
Zvimiro zveiyo nzira yekushandiswa kweUAV inotemerwa nehuremu hwayo hwekutora-kureba:
- kusvika ku250 g - haisi pasi pekunyora kwenyika kana kuverenga;
- kubva 250 g kusvika 30 kg - zvichienderana nemutemo wehurumende kunyoresa;
- kubva 30 kg uye kupfuura - vari pasi kunyoresa nyika.
Mabhenefiti akakosha ekushandisa maUAV uye maSLA ndeaya:
- hapana kurasikirwa kubva mukukuvara kwezvirimwa nemavhiri kana kudiwa kwekushandisa tramlines (mukuenzanisa nemidziyo yepasi);
- kushanda kwepamusoro nekuderedzwa kwemari yekushandisa (mukuenzanisa nendege inorema, sezvo ndege idzi dzisingadi nzvimbo dzendege dzakashongedzerwa).
Kushandiswa kwendege dzisina munhu kunobatsira mukugadzirisa matambudziko anotevera:
- kuwana ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pekusikwa kweiyo cartographic hwaro hwevhu rekurima uye kuiswa kwezvinhu zvekurima nemarongerwo azvo chaiwo ekuronga uye kutarisa maitiro etekinoroji ekugadzirwa kwekurima;
-kutarisisa kure kure kwakavakirwa pamifananidzo yakawanda yepasi pevhu rekurima kuona mamiriro uye kukura kwezvirimwa, kufanotaura goho zvichienderana nekuverenga index yezvinomera zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekutorwa kwemifananidzo, nezvimwewo;
- kutonga kwekushanda munguva chaiyo pamusoro pekushanda kwemidziyo yepasi uye kunaka kwebasa rekurima;
- geocoded phytosanitary yekutarisa ivhu rekurima kuona huwandu hwehuswa hwezvirimwa, kuvapo kwezvipembenene uye kuratidzwa kwezvirwere padanho rekutanga rekusimudzira, kusanganisira mune yakadzika fomu;
Kushandiswa kweUAVs yekutora mifananidzo yepamhepo yevhu rekurima kunopa, mukuenzanisa nemifananidzo yesatellite, kuwana mifananidzo ine chigadziriso chepamusoro (kusvika centimita imwe papoint) uye, zvakanyanya kukosha, inoita kuti zvikwanise kuita basa iri pamberi pedense. makore (kurekodha uchishandisa spacecraft panguva dzakadaro hazvigoneke).
Ngatigarei zvakadzama nezve phytosanitary yekutarisa zvirimwa. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, huwandu hwekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa muRussia zvave zvichikura zvishoma nezvishoma: maererano nehuwandu, makore mashanu ega ega kubva 2010, zvakapetwa kaviri uye muna 2020 zvakasvika 221 zviuru matani. Nekukura kuri kukura kwekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa, mapurazi anofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuunganidza nekukurumidza uye kugadzirisa ruzivo nezve phytosanitary mamiriro eminda yekurima. Pasina ruzivo urwu, hazvigoneke kugadzirisa matambudziko ekutsigira tekinoroji kune zvine musoro uye zvakachengeteka kushandiswa kwemiti yekudzivirira zvigadzirwa munguva pfupi yekurima. Nzira dziripo dzekuongorora kwepasi-yakavakirwa nzira dzeminda hazvibvumidze kuwana ruzivo rwakakosha nekukurumidza uye mumavhoriyamu anodiwa. Panyaya iyi, basa riri kuenderera mberi kunze kwenyika uye munyika yedu kugadzira nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzekuunganidza ruzivo rwekuronga uye kuita matanho ekudzivirira chirimwa. Zvekushanda kure phytosanitary monitoring, inonyanya kushandiswa imotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu dzinopa geocoded video, multispectral uye hyperspectral mifananidzo yepasi pePasi.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nyaya dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwenzira dziri kure dzekuunganidza ruzivo mumunda wesora (kutarisa nzvimbo yesora munzvimbo dzemunda, kuongorora kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa, kugadzira mepu dzenzvimbo dzinokuvadza) dzakatogadziriswa zvishoma. Munharaunda iyi, mukati mehutano hwechibvumirano chekushanda kwesayenzi uye unyanzvi, tsvakurudzo yakaitwa pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwenyanzvi kubva kuVIZR, University of Aerospace Instrumentation (St. Petersburg), Samara Agrarian Academy uye Ptero LLC (Moscow). Mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa pachishandiswa maUAV enzira dziri kure dzekuunganidza ruzivo zvichienderana ne spectrometry yekuongorora kusakura kwezvirimwa zvezviyo nekudyara mbatatisi kune anopfuura makumi maviri emhando dzesora, kusanganisira dzinokuvadza dzakadai seSosnovsky's hogweed. Iyo data yakawanikwa zvichienderana nekutsunga uye kuongororwa kweiyo spectral hunhu hwekuratidzira kubva kune zvakarimwa zvirimwa uye masora muwavelength renji 20-300 nm.
Nekudaro, mukufamba kwezvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti zvione zvinotsanangudza maficha zvichienderana nekupenya kwekutarisa kubva kuzvirimwa nemasora, iyo inonyanya kudzidzisa spectral subranges yewavelengths yemagetsi emagetsi eradiation yakagadziriswa kushandiswa kwemifananidzo yakawanda yepasi pevhu rekurima. uchishandisa maremote sensing masisitimu emazuva ano. Ongororo yemifananidzo inotaridzika yemasora uye zvirimwa zvakarimwa zvinoratidza kuti isu tinocherekedza hunhu mutsauko mune yakawanikwa spectral kupenya curves mune subrange dzebhuruu, girini, tsvuku uye pedyo-infrared electromagnetic mwaranzi mune iri pedyo-infrared subrange yewavelengths.
Basa rakanyanya kuoma rekushandiswa kwakapararira kwenzira dzekunzwa dziri kure dzevhu rekurima ndiko kutsunga kwezviratidzo zvinodzidzisa zvezvirwere zvezvirimwa, uye pamusoro pezvose, muchimiro chakavanzika. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zviratidzo zvakawanda zvinodzidzisa zvezvirwere zvakafanana mukupenya kwe spectral kune zviratidzo zvekusatapukira pathology yezvirimwa zviri kudzidza.
Mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa mukuona zvirwere zvembatatisi uye kukuvadzwa kwezvirimwa zvembatatisi neColorado mbatata beetle vachishandisa spectroradiometry. Tichishandisa nzira iyi, zvakaonekwa kuti kana mbatatisi kudyara kunokanganisa kunonoka blight (Fig. 1), pazuva rechitatu mushure mekutapukirwa, tinoona kuderera kwakanyanya kwekupenya kwekutarisa mukuenzanisa nezvirimwa zvine hutano, uye pazuva rechinomwe. zuva mushure mekutapukirwa, iyo spectral kupenya kukosha inoratidza kuti zvidyarwa zvakapotsa zvafa. Muchiitiko ichi, kukosha kwekupenya kwe spectral muzvirimwa zvakakanganiswa nekunonoka blight iri padyo nehunhu hwekupenya kupenya kwekuratidzira kubva muvhu.
Kana mbatatisi yakakuvadzwa neColorado mbatatisi beetle, isu tinocherekedzawo kuderera kwe spectral kupenya kwekuratidzwa nekaviri kusvika katatu kana zvichienzaniswa nezvirimwa pasina kukuvadzwa netumbuyu. Mufananidzo 2 unopa dhata pamusoro pekupenya kupenya kwekuratidzira kwemiti yembatatisi, tichifunga zvakasiyana madhigirii ekukuvadza kwavo. Iyo data yakawanikwa yakakosha kwazvo kune iri kure nzira yekuziva foci yekukuvadzwa kwechirimwa chembatatisi neColorado potato beetle.
Parizvino, zvichibva pane zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuti zvionekwe zvinodzidzisa zvimiro zvinoenderana nekupenya kupenya kwekuratidzira kubva kune hutano uye kurwara mbatatisi zvirimwa, pamwe neiyo yakakuvadzwa neColorado mbatata beetle, iyo inonyanya kudzidzisa spectral subranges yewavelengths ye electromagnetic radiation yakasimbiswa. kushandiswa kwemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yepasi pevhu rekurima uchishandisa maUAV uye SLA.
Paunenge uchitarisa zvirwere, zvakakosha kufunga nezvemigumisiro yekutsvagisa neAgrophysical Institute, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona spectral hunhu hwekuratidzwa kwezvirimwa zvinoshaya kushomeka kwenitrogen uye unyoro hwevhu.
Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa yakakosha pakuona zvinhu zvinodzidzisa izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kusiyanisa zvakajeka, kana uchidudzira phytosanitary mamiriro enyika yekurima, zvidyarwa zvakakanganiswa nezvirwere uye izvo zvine pathologies inokonzerwa nekushomeka kwekudya kwemineral kana hunyoro hwevhu.
Kuumbwa kwemaraibhurari emifananidzo inotaridzika yezvirwere zvezvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana zvekurima, pamwe nemifananidzo inotaridzika yezvirimwa izvi zvichisangana nekushomeka kwekudya kwemamineral kana hunyoro hwevhu, zvinobvumira, zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekutorwa kweruzivo kure, kuita sarudzo dzine ruzivo uye nekukurumidza. kudzikamisa iyo phytosanitary mamiriro pamberi pezvirwere kana kuita seti yeagrotechnical matanho ekubvisa kushushikana mamiriro pazvirimwa zvinokonzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu.
Iyo inotevera yakakosha nzvimbo yekushandisa BVS ndiko kushandiswa kwavo kwematanho ekudzivirira chirimwa. Kekutanga, maUAV ari muchimiro chezvikopokopo zvisina kufambiswa zviri kure zvakatanga kushandiswa muJapan mukutanga kwe90s kurapa minda yemupunga nemishonga yezvipembenene. Parizvino, muChina, inova mutungamiri mukugadzirwa kwemadrones ekurima, nzvimbo yekugadzira ichishandisa maUAV yatopfuura mamirioni akati wandei mahekita. Musika weUAV uri kusimukira zvine simba pasi rese, huwandu hwekushandiswa kwendege idzi hunowedzera gore negore ne400-500%. Maererano nenyanzvi, kushandiswa kweUAV tekinoroji mune zvekurima munyika kuchasvika pamutengo wemusika we5,7 bhiriyoni.
Pakati pema drones ezvekurima, kambani yeChinese DJI inotonga pamusika, uye muenzaniso wakajairika ndeye DJI Agras T16.
Pamusana pekuti zvizhinji zvezvikamu zveUAV zvemuenzaniso uyu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakasanganiswa, uremu hwechigadzirwa hahupfuuri 18,5 kg (pasina bhatiri). Nemidziyo yekudzivirira chirimwa, kana uchizadza tangi nemvura inoshanda, uremu hwekubvisa hwemuchina hunosvika 41 kg. Kugona kwechidzitiro chemvura inoshanda 16 litres apo boom yakashongedzerwa nemanozzles masere. Kubatsira kweiyi drone modhi ndeyekuti yakashongedzerwa nema radar, ayo anoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekudhumhana nezvipingamupinyi, uye zvakare inopa kugona kushanda husiku uchishandisa malights. Iyo yakakwana yekubhururuka kwendege pamusoro pemunda ndeye 2,5-3 metres, uye kana zvichidikanwa, mudziyo unogona kukwira kusvika pamamita makumi matatu (yepamusoro yakatwasuka pakubhururuka kwendege). Iyi kureba kwakakosha pakurapa perennial plantings, zvirimwa mu botanical gardens nemasango kubva kune zvipembenene nezvirwere.
MuRussian Federation, mhedzisiro yakanaka yakawanikwa pakushandiswa kweBVS kurwisa makonzo-sembeva (tsvakurudzo yakaitwa nekubatanidzwa kweVIZR nekambani yeGinus). Bvunzo dzemumunda dzekutarisa kure uye geocoded kushandiswa kwemakonzo mumakomba emakonzo-akafanana nemakonzo kwakaratidza kuti huchokwadi hwetekinoroji nyowani kana ichienzaniswa nekushandisa kwemanyorero i91% maringe ne97%.
Ruzivo runoshanda rwakaunganidzirwa mukushandiswa kweUAVs yekutarisa kure kwenzvimbo dzekuparadzira dzeSosnovsky's hogweed, pamwe nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekupfapfaidza sora kurudzi urwu runokuvadza.
Pasinei nemigumisiro yakanaka uye tarisiro yekushandisa maUAV mune zvekurima, pane zvikanganiso, pamwe chete nenyaya dzisina kugadziriswa mumunda wemitemo uye zvinyorwa zvekutonga pamusoro pekushandiswa kwavo kwakanaka uye kwakachengeteka kwekutarisa kure nekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa, zvinoti:
- mutengo wakakwira weUAV uine njodzi yekurasikirwa nemudziyo panguva yebasa;
- zvirambidzo zvepamutemo pakushandiswa: munyika zhinji dzepasi, iyo UAV inofanirwa kunge iri mukati meiyo opareta mutsara wekuona paunenge uchiita basa (kureba kwete kupfuura 500 metres);
- kukosha kwekunyoresa, kunyoresa mudziyo (munyika zhinji, kana huremu hwayo huchipfuura 25 kg) uye kuwana rezinesi rekushandisa UAV nekuda kwekutengesa;
- kudiwa kwemichina yakawedzerwa inodhura uye vashandi vanokwanisa: nokuda kwekushanda kusina kukanganiswa uye kwakanaka kweUAV, zvinodikanwa kuva nemamwe mabhatiri matatu uye jenareta kuti uzvibhadharise; vanenge vanhu vatatu vari kuita sevhisi muchina mumwe chete;
- Kunyanya kuvimba nemamiriro ekunze. Mumhepo ine mhepo, kudzora chigadziro chakaoma zvikuru, kunyanya nemhepo yakasimba yerutivi;
- kushayikwa kwemitemo yepamutemo yekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa uchishandisa BVS maererano nezvinodiwa neFederal Law No. 109 "Pakubata kwakachengeteka kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye agrochemicals";
- kushaikwa kwemagwaro ekutonga pamusoro pekushanda kwakachengeteka kweUAVs mune zvekurima;
- kushaikwa kweinishuwarenzi njodzi zviyero kumasangano epamutemo uye vanhu pavanenge vachishandisa zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa vachishandisa BVS;
- mutengo wepamusoro uye kushaikwa kwezvigadzirwa zvesoftware zvekugadzirisa matambudziko ekure kure phytosanitary yekutarisa masora, zvipembenene nezvirwere, tichifunga nezvehupfumi hwehuipi hwekukuvadza, pamwe neotomatiki decoding yemhedzisiro yavo.
Pane chido chekukurumidzira chekugadzira nzvimbo dzenharaunda dzekudzidzira vashandi uye kuongororwa kwemaindasitiri kwemitemo yetekinoroji yekushandisa maUAV ekutarisa nekuchengetedza chirimwa.
Sechikamu chezvirongwa zve digitalisation yezvekurima, zvinodikanwa kuti ikurumidze kusimudzira dhatabhesi hombe dzemasampuri emasora ari munjodzi zvakanyanya chikamu chebudiriro chekushandiswa kwemishonga yesora uye mareferenzi samples ane hunhu hunozivisa zviratidzo zvekukuvadzwa kwezvipembenene kune zvirimwa zvikuru. . Izvo zvakakosha zvakaenzana kupedzisa kuumbwa kwemaraibhurari emifananidzo ye spectral yemiti ine hutano uye inorwara, uchifunga nezvesimba reyero yemamineral nutrition uye agroclimatic parameters.
Anatoly Lysov, Musoro weLabhoritari yeIntegrated Plant Dziviriro, Federal State Budgetary Institution VIZR, e-mail: lysov4949@yandex.ru