Maria Erokhova, junior research fellow Yese-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology, e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Maria Kuznetsova, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMbatatisi uye Zvirwere zveVegetable yeAll-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology, Mumiriri weBiological Sayenzi.
Mumamiriro ekusimbaradza kwekurima uye kutengeserana kwenyika mukati meiyo WTO, stem nematodes yegenus. Ditylenchus (D. muparadzi, D. dipsaci) dzinoonekwa seimwe yetwupukanana twunotyisa pazvirimwa. Munyika dzakawanda D. muparadzi и D. dipsaci vakagamuchira chimiro chezvipembenene zvakadzorwa: muRussian Federation neEU, vane chimiro chezvipembenene zvisingaverengeki (RNQPs) pambeu mbatatisi [19, 18]. Zvinoenderana nemirairo yepasirese, kuvapo kweRNQP chimiro kunobvumira zviyero zvemazinga akasiyana kumisikidza kushivirira (kumisikidza pamusoro iyo kuvepo kwehupuka hwakapihwa mumhodzi dzakawanda hazvibvumidzwe). Semuenzaniso, zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zveyeyero yenyika yeScotland, zero yemukati kushivirira inoiswa D. muparadzi mumapoka ese e pre-basic uye basic mbatatisi pamwe chete netwumbuyu twakawanda twakavharirwa tupukanana [11] nekuda kwekuti dunhu rine chinzvimbo cheNzvimbo yeGiredhi Repamusoro rekurima nekutengesa mbatatisi dzekutanga uye dzakakosha uye dzinoshanda. kutsika dzakasimba pane zvakatemwa neEU.
Chiyero chekugoverwa kwe phytopathogenic nematodes ye genus Ditylenchus munyika dzine mazinga akasiyana ekukura kwembatatisi, hongu, ivo vanosiyana. Mune dzimwe nyika, stem nematodes inoitika munhamba shoma, mune dzimwe, chikamu nekuda kwe monoculture, kushandiswa kwembeu yakasvibiswa nekudyara zvinhu, idambudziko guru. Saka, maererano nedata reEPPO Global Database rakawanikwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvesainzi zvevanyori veSoviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] uye International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences yeNhengo dzeNyika dzeBritish Commonwealth ( CABI), mumazuva eUSSR munharaunda yeRussian Federation D. muparadzi yaive nechimiro chehupukanana hwakapararira [18]. Uye kusvika nhasi, mamiriro acho haasati achinja [7]. MuUK, maererano neNPPO, chimiro D. muparadzi - "ikozvino, mukuwanda kwakaderera (kuonekwa kushoma)" [5]. About D. dipsaci, zvino maererano neruzivo kubva kune mamwe masosi, inoitika muRussia, asi pane ruzivo rushoma nezvazvo, muUK, pane zvinopesana, inowanikwa kwese [18].
Maererano neEPPO Global Database D. muparadzi i polyphage yakafara: iyo huru inomera chirimwa imbatatisi (Solanum tuberosum)uyezve, chipembenene chinokonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune garlic (Allium sativum), beet (beta vulgaris), mhodzi yekarotsi (daucus carota subsp. sativus), codonopsis ine bvudzi duku (Codonopsis pilosula), crocus (Crocus), dahlia (Dahlia, gladiolus (gladiolus), hiyasindi (Hyacinthus, Dutch iris (Iris × hollandica), peacock tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), clover (trifolium), tulip (Tulipa [gumi nesere]. Sekureva kweCABI, huwandu hwezvakakanganiswa zvidyarwa D. muparadzi zvakawedzera: hanyanisi (Allium cepa), nzungu yepasi (Arachis hypogaea), shuga beet (beta vulgaris pane. saccharifera), tii (Camellia sinensis), mhiripiri (Capsicum gore), bindu chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), mavise (Citrullis lanatus), Orenji (Citrus sinensis), melon (cucumber melo), common cucumber (cucumis sativus), nhanga nzungu (Cucurbita moschata), bindu sitirobheri (Fragaria mupineapple, soya beans (Glycina max), common hop (humulus lupulus), mbambaira (Ipomoea mbatatisi), mint (mint), ginseng (Panax ginseng), ginseng-mashizha mashanu (Panax quinquefolius), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), eggplant (Solanum melongena, gorosi nyoro (Hordeum vulgare), mazambiringa akarimwa (Vitis vinifera), chibage (Zea mays)[gumi neina]. Uyezve, D. muparadzi inobata masora: white gauze (Chenopodium album), raundi rakazara (Cypress round), dope zvakajairika (Datura stramonium), hanzi uswa (Eleusine indica), sofa uswa (Elymus anopindura), utsi hwemishonga (fumaria officinalis), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), rukato (Sonchus arvensis), marigolds maduku (Tagetes miniti), dandelion officinalis (Taraxacum officinale), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) [14]. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti huwandu hwezvinomera zvinogamuchira hunogona kuwedzerwa sezvo rumwe ruzivo runowanikwa [18].
Zvinoenderana neiyo EPPO Global Database, huwandu hwezvinomera zvinotambiraD. dipsaci zvakare yakakura zvakanyanya [18]. Nechikonzero ichi, kutenderera kwemuriwo kunogona kusashanda mukudzikisa huwandu hwenematode.
Kubva pane morphological, biochemical, molecular uye zvimwe zvidzidzo D. dipsaci sl yakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei [6]: akakosha mune zveupfumi ayo ari D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (iyo yekupedzisira inowanikwa pane common bobs (vicia bhinzi) munyika dzakawanda dzeEurope) [17]. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti kana iri nyaya yekuvepo kwemarudzi chaiwo D. dipsaci makore matatu ekutenderera kwechirimwa ane zvirimwa zvinoshingirira zvinogona kuderedza huwandu hwayo, kunze kwekunge matanho akakodzera anotorwa kurwisa masora ari mamwe mashizha anotambira [10].
Dyara nematodes yerudzi Ditylenchus zvipenyu zvinokuvadza zvezvirimwa, zvinoparadzirwa nembeu tubers uye mababu ezvirimwa zvekurima [14]. Kunobva utachiona ivhu rakasvibiswa, midziyo yemapuranga, uye zvinhu zvekuputira [14]. Kwemadaro mapfupi, chipembenene chinogona kupararira pamwe nemvura yekudiridza kana madonhwe emvura anotakurwa nemhepo kuenda kuminda yakavakidzana ine utachiona [14].
Stem nematodes ndiwo endoparasites anogara mukati memiti yemiti (midzi, tubers, rhizomes, bulbs) [10, 14]. Vese varume nevakadzi vanoparadza madziro emasero panguva yekudya kwavo [10]. Maererano neBritish masayendisiti, kubereka D. dipsaci inogona kusvika mazai mazana mashanu pamukadzi [500]. Dzinde nematode inogona kuramba ichienderera semakonye echina kwemakore akati wandei [10]. Vakuru nemazai vanokwanisa kunyura muvhu kana munyama yemasora [10]. Muchirimo, makonye anochochonya kubva kumazai, ayo anobva adyara zvirimwa zvakakodzerwa; zvipembenene zvinopinda mumachubhu embatatisi kuburikidza nerenzi [14]. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti nematode inogona kudya pane mycelium yefungi zhinji, kusanganisira Alternari a kuchinjana и A. solani [gumi neina]. Fourth instar larvae D. dipsaci (Kusiyana D. muparadzi) kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akashata anoumba masumbu pamusoro pemiti ine utachiona (iyo inonzi "nematode wool") [10]. Nematodes inotanga kushanda zvakare mushure mekunge "mvere" dzanyorova [10]. Muvhu rakanyorova, vanogona kuramba vachishaya zvirimwa zvinogara kwenguva inopfuura gore [10].
Zviratidzo zvekukuvara kwezvipembenene zvakasiyana.
Sezvo mutemo, hazvigoneke kuona kuti chirimwa chinobatwa nematode kubva munzvimbo dzepamhepo dzembatatisi (kunze kwekuti zvirimwa zvisina simba zvinoumbwa kubva kune zvakanyanya kukanganiswa machubhu, anogona kuzofa) [14]. Kurwiswa kwekutanga kwenematode kunogona kuonekwa nekubvisa ganda kubva pachubhu, pasi payo zviri nyore kuona madiki machena munyama ine hutano. Gare gare, mavara aya anowedzera, anosviba, uye matishu anowana yakasununguka magadzirirwo [14]. Kana machubhu akachengetwa munzvimbo ine mwando, anoora uye chirwere chenematode chinotapurirwa kune mamwe machubhu.
Pamachubhu akanyanya kukanganiswa, nzvimbo dzakaora mwoyo zvishoma dzinoumbwa, padziri panotsemuka, uye peel yakaunyana, yakanyatso padivi pepuru [14]. Nyama inova yakaoma, inoshanduka muvara: kubva kune grey kusvika kune yakasviba yakasviba kana kunyange yakasviba. Kuchinja kwemavara kunonyanya kukonzerwa nehutachiona hwechipiri (fungi, mabhakitiriya uye nematodes-yakasununguka) [14].
Pakukundwa D. dipsaci kuputika hakuumbi pamachubhu, asi kuora-mavara-mavara anopararira nenyama mukati. Misoro yacho yakapfupikiswa uye yakaremara.
Nematode inokonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune zvimwe zvirimwa.
Mumadzinde akabatwa uye zvirimwa zvehanyanisi diki, hwaro hwedzinde hunoputika, mashizha akakotama uye akamonyoroka [10]. Iyo matishu inobatwa nematode ine yakasununguka mavara [10]. Zvirimwa zvinoora pasi. Kukuvadzwa kusina simba kwezvirimwa nematode kunogona kusaonekwa, asi magirobhu akadaro zvishoma nezvishoma anoora mukuchengetedza.
Iyo matishu yembeu yeshuga yakakanganiswa inozvimba uye inowana spongy mameseji [10]. Galls inogona kuumba, panzvimbo yekukura, matishu akaremara kana kufa, zvichikonzera curvature yeapex uye kuumbwa kwemashizha madiki. Mumatsutso, nduru inoora nekuda kwezvirwere zvechipiri.
Kukuvara kwebhinzi kunowanzo kuzviratidza sedzinde kubuda [10].
Mune oat zvinomera, hwaro hwechidzitiro hunoputika, mashizha anotsvuka, anopetana uye anopfupika.
Ndakasarudza kuti D. muparadzi inokonzera kukuvadza kukuru pakupisa kwe15-20 °C uye hunyoro huri pamusoro pe90% [14].
Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti stolons nemidzi yemiti yembatatisi inonyanya kukanganiswa kana stem nematode yaparara. rhizoctonia solani [14] Zvakare, maererano nekutanga data kubva kuzvidzidzo zvinoenderera mberi, zvakaonekwa kuti kuvapo kwenematodes muvhu kunokonzera kuwedzera kakapetwa kagumi muhuwandu hwebhakitiriya hunokonzera gumbo dema rembatatisi, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mukana wekuvandudza chirwere. Utachiona hunopinda muchirimwa kuburikidza nemaronda anokonzerwa nematodes [9].
Kuti uderedze kukuvadza kwe stem nematodes, zvakakosha kushandisa seti yehunyanzvi sechikamu cheyakasanganiswa yekudzivirira chirimwa, ichitsamira zvakanyanya pakushandiswa kwehutano (isina tumbuyu) mbeu nekudyara uye kushandiswa kwekutenderera kwembeu kwenguva refu. .
Kuti ivhu riparadzwe nehutachiona hwevhu, phytonematodes nemasora, zvinokurudzirwa kudyara, kukuya uye kuisa zvirimwa zvebiofumigating muvhu (sarepta mustard.brassica juncea), zvakajairika radish (raphanus sativus), arugula (Eruca sativa[1]. Isothiocyanates, yakaumbwa panguva yekuparadzwa kwemasero emiti iyi, inodzivisa kufema kwemasero uye mamwe mabasa, kunyanya mumatato cyst nematodes. Vanotsamwisa kusunungurwa kwezvipembenene kubva mazai, cysts mukushayikwa kwemuchero wakakodzera wemiti. Makonye, asingawane chirimwa chakakodzera chekugamuchira, anofa. Inyanzvi yekukura nekushandisa zvirimwa zvebiofumigating inotsanangurwa mumabhuku emutauro weRussia [5, 1].
Kana iri yekushandiswa kwemakemikari nzira, munyika dzakawanda dzeEU, mvumo yeVidat (a.i. oxamil) senematicide uye mushonga wezvipembenene inoshanda kusvika 31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Maererano EU Database, zvinokurudzirwa kudyara zvinodhaka granules kudzika masendimita 5,0 panguva chipimo che 20-0,01 makirogiramu/ha, zvichienderana rudzi ivhu [20]. Zvinoenderana neEuropean data, iyo yakanyanya kubvumidzwa yemukati yeoxamyl masara mumatato ndeye XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX].
Masayendisiti eBritain anokurudzira kushandisa Nematorin 10 G (i.i. phosphiasate) uye Velum Prime (ai fluopyram) seimwe nematicides [1]. Zvinonzi Nematorin 10 G inoshandiswa kurwisa mbatatisi cyst nematodes uye nematodes yemahara-inorarama yepp. Trichodorus и Paratrichodorus, izvo zvinotakura hutachiona hwefodya rattle virus [1]. Mune dhatabhesi yemishonga yezvipembenene yeEU, phosphiasate yakatonyoreswa munyika zhinji dzeEU (kubva 01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 kusvika 3/20/0,02) senematicide kurwisa cyst nematodes uye gall nematodes [20]. Zvinoenderana nekurudziro yeEU, iyo shoma dosi ye phosphiazat application ndeye XNUMX kg/ha kana uchidyara muchirimo [XNUMX]. Zvinoenderana neEuropean data, iyo yakanyanya kutenderwa yemukati yezvakasara zviyero zvephosphiasate mumatatisi ndeye XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. MuRussia, ichi chinhu chinoshanda hachisati chanyoreswa.
MuUnited States, kunyoreswa kwezvinodhaka Velum Prime kunoshumwa, iyo inotarisirwa kudzvinyirira phytoparasitic nematodes, pamwe nezvirwere zvakawanda: white rust, alternaria, powdery mildew uye verticillium. Fluopyram iboka reFRAC 7 fungicide. Mu database yeEU, fluopyram inonyoreswa sefungicide [20].
Zvinoenderana neiyo EU pesticide dhatabhesi senematicide pamagaka nemakarotsi kubva 01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX kusvika XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. kunyoreswa kwebhakitiriya kugadzirira Bacillus firmus I-1582 [20]. Pamusoro pegaka uye karoti Bacillus firmus I-1582 haigadziri huwandu hunobvumirwa hwezvakasara uye nguva yekumirira [20], iyo inotibvumira kuitora seprophylactic inoshandiswa mukurima zvirimwa zvemiriwo muvhu rakachengetedzwa uye, zvichida, pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa uye. kugadzirwa kwezvokudya zvevana. MuRussia, mushonga uyu hausati wanyoreswa.
Howa hwakanyorwa zvakare muEU Purpureocillium licacinum strain 251 [20]. Kushandiswa kwechirwere kunobvumirwa kubva 01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 kusvika XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEU pane dzinoverengeka zvirimwa munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa uye dzakavhurika [XNUMX]. Pambatatisi, zvinokurudzirwa kurwisana Pratylenchus spp., neCCN (chibharumu spp.) [20]. Unyanzvi hwekupinza mushonga muvhu hwakaoma, uye kushanda kwefungus chiito kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze [20].
Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti hapana mhando dzembatatisi dzinoshingirira kusvava nematodes erudzi Ditylenchus.
Kupfupikisa zviri pamusoro, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti nzira huru dzekudzora stem nematode pamatatisi sechikamu chehurongwa hwekudzivirira hwakabatanidzwa ndeidzi:
- kushandiswa kwembeu ine utano mbatatisi;
- kusarudzwa kwekutenderera kwenguva refu kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa, izvo zvinobvumira kuderedza hutachiona hwemunda ne stem nematode. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti dzimwe tsika dzinogona kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nemhando dzakasiyana dzenematodes dzeiyo genus Ditylenchus, semuenzaniso: tsvuku uye chena clover, gariki uye hanyanisi [13];
- kutonga kwemasora uye "zvinomera zvinozvipira" zvembatatisi: mhando dzakawanda dzemasora dzinoshanda seimwe nzira yemiti yemiti ye nematode;
- disinfection yemidziyo, midziyo uye zvitoro zvembatatisi zvine mishonga yekuuraya utachiona inogamuchirwa. Rudzi uye mirau yekushandiswa kweaya maajenti inopiwa muzvinyorwa zvemutauro wechiRussian [2], pamwe neiyo chiyero cheEuropean neMediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) mushanduro yakashandurwa [3].
– ivhu biofumigation nembeu dzinofumiga kubva kumhuri yecruciferous (sarepta mustardBrassica juncea), arugula (Eruca sativa), zvakajairika radish (Radish sativa[1].
-Kushandiswa kwemafetereza ecalcium panguva yekudyara uye panguva yekumisikidzwa kwehuwandu tuber, sezvo kukwana kwecalcium yezvirimwa zvekurima kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwemuti wakaomesesa sero madziro, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kuti nematode ipinde muchirimwa, uye zvakare inowedzera kuramba mbatatisi kukuvara uye bhakitiriya blackleg [4].
- kutonga kwechiyero chekusvibiswa kwevhu ne stem nematode (usati wadyara nekudyara zvirimwa, zvinokurudzirwa kuongorora ivhu mu laboratori). Munda wakadai haugone kushandiswa kurima mbesa dzinobatwa ne stem nematode. Kuti kuderedze kusvibiswa kwayo, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa nematicides - sechikamu chekuchengetedzwa kwakabatanidzwa, mukuteerera mitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Uye zvakare, zvinodikanwa kuti zvakakodzera uye nenguva yekurasa zvakasara zvenematicides nemidziyo yavo, kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwekudiridza uye pamusoro pemvura. Kushandisa nematicides kwakakodzera kunoderedza kukanganisa kwevhu uye mvura micro- uye macrobiota.
Mufananidzo naMaria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Mifananidzo yakasimbiswa neBritish Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences (CABI) uye yakatumirwa muCABI Compendium yeInvasive Species (14)
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