Ludmila Dulskaya
Zhizha rapfuura rakarangarirwa nezvenjodzi dzemamiriro ekunze: matunhu mazhinji epakati peRussia neUrals akatarisana nekusanaya kwemvura. MuKrasnodar uye Stavropol Territories neCrimea, pane zvinopesana, kwaiva nemvura inonaya.
Gore rino, mwaka wekudyara munenge munyika yose wakatanga kusarira kumashure kwenguva. Ndeapi matambudziko anofanirwa kutyiwa mumwaka mutsva? Chii chingaitwa kuchengetedza goho? Kuti uwane mazano, takatsvaga Maria Kuznetsova, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMbatatisi uye Vegetable Crops Diseases, Anotungamirira Mutsvakurudzi weAll-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology.
Abiotic kushushikana uye kushomeka kwekudya
“2021 rave gore rakasiyana nemamwe. Kupisa kwakaoma kwekunze kwakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeRussia. Hunyoro hwevhu hwakanyanya uye kushaikwa kwemvura patembiricha yakakwira zvakagadzira mamiriro asina kunaka ekurima zvirimwa zvemuriwo. Nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekunyorova, zvinomera hazvina kukwanisa kushandisa zvizere mafetireza akaiswa muvhu. Izvi zvakakonzera zvirwere zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvembatatisi, kusanganisira: glandular spotting (rust) ye tubers, kusviba kwehuputi, kuwanda kwema tubers uye kuumbwa kwezvinonzi "cheburashkas".
Mbatata, iyo yakasangana nekushungurudzika kweabiotic nekuda kwekushayikwa kwehunyoro uye chikafu, yakazove yakanyanya kubatwa nemhedzisiro yezvirwere zvinotapukira zveetiologies dzakasiyana. Mukuwedzera, zvirwere zvaivepo mumbeu tubers mune yakadzikama nyika zvakatanga kuzviratidza zvakanyanya. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeCentral chikamu cheRussia, muUrals nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeSiberia, kuratidzwa kwebhakitiriya, anthracnose, rhizoctoniosis kwakaonekwa zvakanyanya, kukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwe tubers kwakaonekwa. Kushaikwa kwehunyoro kwakakonzerawo kukuvara kwakanyanya kumachubhu neyakajairwa scab, kuratidzwa kweverticillium uye Fusarium wilt yezvirimwa.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekushaikwa kwemvura, mishonga yesora haina kushanda nemazvo. Varimi vazhinji vembatatisi vakawedzera madosi emishonga uye vakadzokorora kurapwa, izvo zvakakanganisa zvirimwa uye zvakakonzera kupisa kwemakemikari, uye zvakabatsirawo kuratidzwa kwekutanga kwezviratidzo zvealternariosis uye anthracnose.
Muna 2021, mumatunhu mazhinji eRussian Federation, pamhando dzakasiyana dzembatatisi, kuratidzwa kwekupedzisira kweAlternaria blight uye gare gare blight yakaonekwa, izvo zvakazokonzera kudzikira kwemhando yemachubhu panguva yekukohwa. Fusarium uye bacteriosis, anthracnose uye pithy kuora zvakaratidzwa zvakasimba pamachubhu panguva yekuchengetedza.
Kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura muKrasnodar neStavropol Territories uye zvimwe zvisiri izvo basa rekudzivirira mbatatisi kubva kumakwapa emashizha zvakakonzera kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwemachubhu nekunonoka blight uye kuora kwebhakitiriya.
Kugadzirira kumhara
Chii chingaitwa kuderedza kuwanda kwematambudziko mumwaka unouya?
Iva nechokwadi chekucherechedza kutenderera kwezvirimwa (kudzokera kumunda pasina nguva yapfuura mumakore matatu kusvika mana). Shandisa machubhu ane hutano chete pakudyara. Mamiriro ekugadzirira machubhu ekudyara mwaka uno anosanganisira iwo anosungirwa kudziya. Tubers dzinoda kuongororwa, kuraswa idzo dzakabatwa ne stem nematode, dzine zviratidzo zvekunonoka blight, bacteriosis, fusarium, phomosis, anthracnose. Izvo zvakakosha kuongorora kugona kwemachubhu kumera, sezvo kushushikana kweabiotic, kuwedzera kune akasiyana siyana ehurema, kunogona kukanganisa kumera.
Ita seti yezviyero: kumera, kudyara kwe tubers, kudziya ivhu. Vernalized tubers akadyarwa muvhu rinodziya anomera nekukurumidza uye haanyanye kubatwa nezvirwere. Usati wadyara kana pakudyara, machubhu anofanirwa kurapwa nekugadzirira kubva kune hutachiona hwevhu kuitira kudzivirira zvirwere zvakaita serhizoctoniosis ("black scab"), anthracnose, sirivheri scab.
Isu tinocherekedza zvakare kuti mamiriro ekunze e2021, zvinosuruvarisa, aifarira kuunganidzwa kwezvipembenene. Chando chakadonha apo pakanga pasati pave nechando chakanyanya, uye ivhu rakanga risina nguva yechando. Nokudaro, zvipembenene zvakawanda uye zvirwere zvakapona mairi.
Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeRussia, kuvepo kweColorado mbatata beetle uye nibbling cutworms kwakaonekwa mwaka wapfuura. Saka, pakudyara, zvakakosha kushandisa insectofungicides - kuderedza kukuvadza kwezvipembenene nezvirwere.
Ko mbeu dzinobva kunze kwenyika?
Mwaka uno, mbatatisi dzembeu dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika dzinotengeswa kunze kwenyika maererano nechirongwa chakareruka, uye dambudziko remhando yembeu dzembeu muRussia rinogona kuwedzera. Zvirwere zvakawanda, senge blackleg pathogens, zvakarara. Zvinokwanisika kuunza mbeu dzine utachiona kubva kunze kwenyika, uye tinofanira kunge takagadzirira izvi.
Chii chekuita panguva yekukura
Iva nechokwadi chekuita mishonga yekurwisa sora. Gore rakapera, kuchengetedzwa kweminda kubva kumasora mumapurazi mazhinji kwakarongwa zvisiri izvo izvo zvakakonzera kuunganidzwa kwembeu yesora uye zvinogona kuwedzera dambudziko rekusakura kweminda. Sezvaunoziva, masora haangochinji microclimate mukudyara mbatatisi, asiwo anochengetedza zvirwere zvebhakitiriya uye fungal etiology, saka inofanira kurwiwa zvakasimba, uye kwete muminda chete, asiwo munharaunda iri pedyo.
Uyezve kukosha kukuru ndiko kushandiswa panguva yakakodzera kwe organic uye mineral fertilizer: yembeu mbatatisi, chiyero cheN: P: K ndeye 1: 1-1,2: 1,6-2; chekudya - 1: 0,8-1: 1,5-1,8. Fetereza inokanganisa hutano uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwevhu microflora, kusanganisira antagonist microbes.
Nzira yakanakisa yekuisa fetereza kuburikidza nevhu. Zvisinei, pasi pekuoma kwakanyanya kana kunyorova, zvipfeko zvepamusoro zvefoliar ndezvekuwedzera - zvinonyanya kushanda pamashizha maduku, apo 75% yekudyara ichiri kukura.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kuita foliar kumusoro kupfeka, kusanganisira nitrogen. Iwe haufanirwe kukurumidza kushandisa iyo yakazara dosi ye nitrogen paunenge uchidyara, varimi vazhinji vembatatisi vanokamura iyi chiyero kuita maviri kana matatu madhizi. Yokutanga - isati yadyarwa, muhuwandu hwe 60% yehuwandu (iyo inogona kutsanangurwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemamineral nitrogen muvhu muchirimo); yechipiri - vhiki mushure mekutanga kwekuumbwa kwe tuber, muhuwandu hwe20%.
Vhoriyamu yese inokurudzirwa kushandiswa mukati memavhiki mapfumbamwe kusvika gumi ekutanga mushure mekumera, sezvo 90% yenitrogen inotorwa nechirimwa panguva iyi.
Munguva yekukura, kushomeka kwenitrogen kunogona kugadziriswa nekuwedzera kuiswa kweUAN kana urea. Nekuda kwenjodzi yekutsva kweshizha, urea ine nitrogen concentration inopfuura 10-15 kg/ha haifanirwe kuiswa - inofanira kuiswa mune akati wandei. Mushonga uyu unogona kusanganiswa nemishonga yefungicide kubva kunonoka blight neAlternaria.
Izvo zvinodiwawo kuita foliar kudyisa mbatatisi ne monopotassium phosphate fertilizer - kudzivirira kukura kwezvirwere pamashizha. Uye kuiswa kwe calcium nitrate kuchadzivirira ma tubers kubva mukukuvara uye utachiona nehutachiona panguva yekukohwa, kutakura uye kuchengetedza.
Kudzivirirwa kwechirwere
Maererano neruzivo rwedu, mwaka uno, haasi ese fungicides akaunzwa kuRussia zvizere, izvo zvinogona kugadzira matambudziko mukuronga kuchengetedzwa kwembatatisi kubva kunonoka blight uye kutanga blight. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukura kwakasimba kwezvirwere, nzira chete yemakemikari inogona kuvimbisa mbeu yakagadzikana.
Varimi vembatatisi vanofanira kuongorora mishonga yavo yefungicides, kujekesa kushanda kwayo kubva kunonoka blight nekutanga blight, uye kuita zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Mutafura "Kubudirira kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinopesana nekunonoka blight uye blight yekutanga yembatatisi" zviratidzo zvekubudirira zvinopihwa, izvo zvinofanirwa kuvimbwa nazvo pakusarudza zvinodhaka. Rega ndikuyeuchidze kuti kumwaya mushonga wekurwisa kunonoka blight kunoshanda kana ichinge yaitwa chirwere chisati chaonekwa mumunda. Uye kurapwa kwealternariosis kunogona kutangwa mushure mekunge zviratidzo zvekutanga zvechirwere zvaonekwa.
Tafura 1. Kubudirira kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvinopesana nekunonoka blight uye kutanga kwekutanga kwembatatisi
Active ingredient: mushonga | Kunonoka kunaya | Alternariosis |
Kugadzirira kwemhangura | + | (+) |
Dithiocarbamates | + | + |
Chlorothalonil | + | + |
Fluazinam | + | (+) |
Dimethomorph + Mancozeb | + | + |
Dimethomorph + Initium | + | - |
Cymoxanil + famoxadone | + | + |
Cymoxanil + Mancozeb | + | + |
Cymoxanil + mhangura | + | - |
Fenamidone + Mancozeb | + | + |
Mefenoxam + Mancozeb | + | + |
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb | + | + |
Oxadixyl+copper oxychloride | + | - |
Mandipropamide | + | - |
Mandipropamide + Difenoconazole | + | + |
Propamocarb-HCl + Fluopicolide | + | - |
Propamocarb-HCl + phenomidone | + | + |
diazofamide | + | - |
Difenoconazole | - | + |
Pyraclostrobin + boscalid | - | + |
fluapiram + pyrimethanil | - | + |
Famoxadone + oxathiapiproline | + | + |
- hapana mhedzisiro; + pane zvazvinoita
Kuti uwedzere kuchengetedzwa kwembatatisi kubva kunonoka blight uye nekutanga blight, nguva nhatu dzakakosha mukukura kwembesa dzembatatisi dzinofanira kusiyaniswa: kubva kumera kusvika pakupera kwekuvhara kwepamusoro mumitsara (chikamu 1), kubva pakutanga kwekuvhara. kumusoro kusvika kumaruva (chikamu chechipiri) uye kubva pamaruva kusvika pakufa kwepanyama kwepamusoro (chikamu che2). Munguva dzakatarwa, unofanirwa kuita zviito zvakatarwa.
Phase 1. Kupfapfaidza kunoruramiswa kana foci ye phytophthora ichionekwa kana panjodzi huru yekuonekwa kwayo kwekutanga. Huremu hwemashizha panguva iyi hunokura zvishoma nezvishoma, saka chero fungicide inogona kuiswa. Kudzokororwa kupfapfaidza maererano neyakajairwa (yechinyakare) chirongwa - pasati papfuura mazuva 7-10 pamhando dzinogona kukurumidza, uye mushure memazuva 11-14 - pane dzinopesana.
Phase 2. Panguva ino, huwandu hwepamusoro hunowedzera kaviri mazuva ose 4-5. Systemic fungicides inodzivirira kukura kutsva kwemashizha uye madzinde, maererano nehurongwa hwechinyakare, haifanirwe kuiswa mushure memazuva manomwe kusvika gumi pamarudzi anokanganisa, uye mushure memazuva 7-10 pane anoramba. Bata uye translaminar fungicides inofanirwa kuiswa kune ese marudzi embatatisi zvinoenderana neyakajairwa chirongwa mazuva mashanu ega ega.
Phase 3. Iko kushanda kwekukura kwepamusoro muchikamu ichi kunomira. Zvinangwa zvikuru: kuchengetedza misoro uye machubhu kubva kunonoka blight, uye kumusoro kubva kuAlternaria. Nekunonoka blight, zvinodikanwa kushandisa translaminar uye kubata fungicides inodzivirira machubhu. Kugadziriswa maererano nechirongwa chetsika - pasina mushure memazuva manomwe kusvika gumi pamarudzi anokanganisa uye mushure memazuva 7-10 - pane anopikisa.
Pakupera kwemwaka wekukura, kuitira kudzivirira kutamiswa kwezvirwere zveakasiyana etiologies kubva kumusoro kuenda kumachubhu uye kuderedza njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwemachubhu nekunonoka blight, alternariosis, anthracnose uye bacteriosis, kuparadzwa kwekutanga kwekukohwa kunofanirwa kutakurwa. kunze kwemavhiki maviri kana matatu musati makohwewa.
Kudyara machubhu ane hutano, akaomeswa uye zvipembenene-fungicide-akarapwa muvhu rinodziya, kushandisa madhizi efetireza, kutevedzera zvese zvinodiwa zveagrotechnical pakukura mbatatisi, kudzivirira kudyara kubva kumasora, zvipembenene uye zvirwere panguva yekukura kwezvirimwa - ichi ndicho kiyi goho rakabudirira remwaka wa2022.
K S