Kubva mumagazini: Nha. 1 2014
Fania Zamalieva, Tatyana Zaitseva, Lyudmila Ryzhikh, Zifa Salikhova, Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture yeRussian Agricultural Academy.
Fusarium wilt nguva nenguva inokanganisa mbatatisi muTatarstan, asi epiphytotic kupararira kwechirwere muna 2011 uye kukura kwayo mumakore akatevera 2012-2013 kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana zvitsva mukufamba kwayo, ruzivo rwacho runogona kushandiswa kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa. Kuongororwa kwakaitwa pahwaro hweseti yezviratidzo zvinoonekwa pazvirimwa zvembatatisi, machubhu, uye zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwematishu kubva kuvascular system ye stems uye tubers zvinoenderana nenzira (Popkova K.V., Shmyglya V.A., 1980). Iyo fungus yatakazviparadzanisa kubva kumatanho embatatisi uye machubhu ndeeiyo genus Fusarium nemhando ye spore; kuzivikanwa kune mhando kuchaitwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera. Tinogona kungo cherechedza kuti kana tichiona hutachiona hwehutachiona, isu taiwanzoona kuumbwa kwewhite mycelium, hunhu hweFusarium solana.
Kuparadzanisa kuora kwakaoma, kunoitika nekuda kweFusarium wilt, kubva kune yakawoma yakaoma, iyo inoitika kana Fusarium inotapukirwa nepamusoro peronda, chinyorwa ichi chinozivisa zita rinojekesa reti tuber rot inokonzerwa neFusarium wilt - vascular fusarium yemachubhu.
Fusarium wilt yembatatisi chirwere chine njodzi; inokuvadza kwete chete kune chirimwa chegore razvino, asiwo kune inotevera kubereka. Nekuda kwekutapurirana kwehutachiona nembeu tubers yakakanganiswa nevascular fusarium mune yakadzikama fomu, inogona kukonzera kutetepa kwembesa uye kuvharirwa kwechirimwa kukura muchizvarwa chinotevera. Kubudirira kweFusarium wilt, kana pathogen yatopinda muchirimwa, zvakanyanya zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Zvitubu zvefusarium zvinogara zviripo muvhu uye kumwe kupera simba kwezvirimwa uye mamiriro akanaka ekukura kwefungus (kuchinjisa nguva yekunyorova uye yakaoma pakupisa kwakanyanya) zvinodiwa kuti fungus ipinde muchirimwa. Ndiwo mamiriro ezvinhu atakawedzera kuona murepublic yedu mumakore achangopfuura.
Kutanga kwe epiphytoty yeFusarium wilt pamatatisi yaisanganiswa nemamiriro e2011: mushure meJune mvura inonaya yakawanda, semhedzisiro iyo ivhu rakarasika zvachose chimiro chayo, uyezve, mushure menguva refu yekusanaya kwemvura, pakatarisana nekumashure kwemvura. kutonhora kwakanyanya, kusimba kwevhu kwakasimba uye kuderera kwakaitika nekuumbwa kwekutsemuka . Iyo fungus yakatanga kupinda mukati memidzi yezvidyarwa zvisina simba; izvi zvakare zvakafambiswa nekuputika uye kukanganisa kumidzi. Kuvandudzwa kwefungus muvascular system yepasi pevhu uyezve pamusoro-pasi zvikamu zvezvirimwa zvakakonzera kuvharika kwakakwana kweiyo conducting system uye nekukurumidza kusvava kwezvirimwa muna Chikunguru-Nyamavhuvhu, nekuwedzera kuumbwa kwemachubhu ane stolon kuora (Fig. 1, zvakasiyana-siyana Nevsky). Kunaya kwemvura zhinji munaChikumi uye kusanaya kwemvura kwakatevera uye kupisa kwakanyanya kwakafukidza nzvimbo zhinji dzerepublic, saka Fusarium wilt muna 2011 yakakanganisawo kudyara kwembatatisi - zvese mudiki-diki uye hukuru-hukuru kugadzirwa. Mvura yakanaya munaGunyana yakanyorovesa ivhu, asi panguva iyi zvirimwa zvaive zvatobatwa nechirwere ichi ndokusvava.
mupunga 1. Nevsky siyana tuber ine stolon kuora muna 2011
Mbeu dzakashandiswa kudyara muna 2011, yakawanikwa munharaunda gore rakanga rapfuura, yakanga isina kutapukirwa nevascular fusarium, sezvo mugore risingafadzi re2010, tuberization yakaitika munaSeptember-October pakupisa kwakadzika uye mumamiriro emvura.
Muna 2011, kuomeswa kwevhu mumakore gumi echipiri kana echitatu aChikunguru kwakabatana nenguva yetuberization pakati pekutanga kwakasiyana Nevsky, uye saka iyi yakasiyana-siyana yakaratidza zviratidzo zvakakomba zvekukura kwe stolon kuora pama tubers.
Pasi pemamiriro e2012, takaona nguva mbiri dzakaoma, dzaiperekedzwa nekuoma kubva muvhu uye dzaive nengozi yekukuvadzwa neFusarium wilt - kubva pamazuva gumi echitatu aJune kusvika pamazuva gumi ekutanga aJuly (mazuva makumi maviri), uye kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kune yechipiri mazuva gumi aAugust (mazuva makumi maviri).
Mbeu yakashandiswa kudyara muna 2012 yakazobatwa nevascular fusarium. Mune mamwe mapurazi, atove panguva yekuchengetedza, mbeu dzekutanga kuibva mbatatisi dzakasiyana Vitessa, dzakabva kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba kweRussian Federation, dzakaora zvachose. Pakupera kwaMay - kutanga kwaJune, mushure mekudzokorora kudzokorora, mbeu dzepakati pekutanga mbatatisi dzakasiyana Nevsky, dzakakura papurazi reruwa rweTukaevsky reRepublic of Tatarstan, yakaora zvachose. Mamwe marudzi embatatisi haana kuratidza kukuvadzwa kuri pachena nevascular fusarium payakarongwa, asi mushure mekudyara yakaratidza kuonda kwakanyanya uye kuderera kwekukura (yepakati-mwaka akasiyana Zekura papurazi mudunhu reElabuga).
Muna 2012, huwandu hwevhu hwehutachiona hweFusarium wilt hwakanyanya kumapurazi akadyarazve mbatatisi munzvimbo dzakadiridzwa dzakarimwa muna 2011. Yakanga iri muminda iyi iyo yakanyanyisa kuodza mwoyo mufananidzo wakaonekwa - kumera kwakanga kusina kupfuura 50%, uye zvinomera zvinomera zvakakanganiswa mukukura. Pakanga pasina kukohwa kana kuti yakanga yatapukirwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nestolon rot uye yakanga yakaora zvakanyanya panguva yekuchengetwa.
Nokudaro, kusanganiswa kwekusvibiswa kwevhu nekuda kwekushayikwa kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa uye kusvibiswa kwakavanzika kwembeu zvakakonzera migumisiro yakaipisisa.
a) b)
Fig.2. Zviratidzo zvefusarium wilt mumutambo wekuitisa (a), muvascular system ye tuber (b)
Mamiriro embatatisi aive nani mumapurazi airima mbatatisi pasi pekudiridza uye mukuchinjisa zvirimwa.Semuenzaniso, mhando yeArosa yakapa goho re30-35 t/ha mumapurazi ari mudunhu reArsky neTukaevsky; nekuwedzera, mbatatisi idzi dzakachengetwa. tsime, pasinei nokuti mumunda munaSeptember pakanga pane kupararira kukuru kweFusarium wilt zviratidzo pamashizha apical emiti uye kusvibiswa kwemidzi (Fig. 3).
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mhodzi dzembatatisi dzeArosa, Felox, Zekura, dzakaunzwa zvakananga kubva kuGermany, dzisina kukanganiswa nevascular fusarium, payakakura pasi pemamiriro ekudiridza, mukutevedzera kutenderera kwezvirimwa, zvisinei, yakaratidza kupararira kwakanyanya kwezviratidzo zvefusarium wilt. , kusanganisira pamidzi Ndiko kuti, mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka - kupisa kwepamusoro, kunyorova uye kuoma kubva muvhu - zvaive zvakakosha, chirwere chakatanga kukura kunyange pasina hutachiona hwakasimba hwembeu uye ivhu.
Muna 2012, nguva yekuoma kwevhu mumazuva gumi echitatu aChikumi uye nemazuva gumi ekutanga aChikunguru akabatana nenguva yetuberization yemhando dzekutanga kuibva, saka mapurazi ekurima akaona kuwedzera kwehutachiona hwema tubers ane vascular fusarium mukukohwa. yemhando idzi, kunyanya yeUdacha yakasiyana-siyana (Fig. 2 b).
Kuwanda kwevascular fusarium mu latent form yaivewo yakakwira mumhando dzekutanga Zhukovsky ranniy uye Rozara, yakaderera pakati pekutanga mhando Nevsky uye Radonezhsky, uye kunyange yakaderera pakati pemwaka akasiyana Ladozhsky.
Mukugadzirwa kwezvidiki-diki muna 2012, mhodzi dzekubereka dzakaderera, dzakakanganiswa neFusarium, uye ivhu rakasvibiswa zvakakonzera goho rakaderera, kunyangwe paivhu rakapfuma. Sezviri pachena, muvhu rinodzvinyirira, kupora kubva kuhutachiona hwakaunganidzwa muna 2011 kwakanonoka pane zvakafanira nekuda kwekushaikwa kwenguva yekumisa basa refungal.
Fig.3. Kukura kukuru kwefusarium wilt mumunda wembatatisi (epiphytoty)
Pasi pemamiriro e2013, kunaya kwakatonyanya kusaenzana kupfuura muna 2012. Kubuda kwembeu uye kuwedzera kukura kwembatatisi nekuda kwekushisa kwakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura muna Chivabvu-Chikumi kwakaitika nekunonoka kwemavhiki maviri; panguva yekukura, zvirimwa zvakashaikwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyoro muvhu uye kutonhora kwakanyanya kwemasikati. Kubva pamazuva gumi echipiri aChikunguru kusvika kumazuva gumi okutanga aGumiguru, nguva shanu dzine mazuva maviri gumi dzinodzokororwa imwe pashure peimwe - imwe ine mvura inonaya yakawanda uye imwe isina kunaya. Nguva nhatu dzekutanga dzakaitika panguva yekupisa kwemasikati uye zvakabatsira mukupararira kunoshanda kweFusarium wilt. Nguva mbiri dzakatevera dzekunaya kwemvura zhinji uye tembiricha yakadzikira zvakakonzera kuti fusarium vascular rot yemachubhu kuti ishanduke kuita kuora kwakanyorova muvhu kusati kwatanga kukohwa.
Mbatatisi yekudyara zvinhu muna 2013 yakakanganiswa nevascular fusarium, asi kune madhigirii akasiyana, zvichienderana nemhando uye mamiriro ekurima kwayo papurazi mugore rapfuura.
Muchirimo cha2013, takawana chimwe chimiro chekugadzirwa kwelatent vascular fusarium pakudyara zvinhu zvembatatisi tubers. Pasi pemamiriro ekugadzira, chinhu chimwe chete chakamera muchirimo pane tembiricha dzakasiyana uye mhedzisiro dzakasiyana dzakawanikwa. Mbatata dzakamera patembiricha ye15° C dzakapa goho re20-25 t/ha, uye machubhu aimera masikati makuru e25-30° C akaora asati adyarwa. Kucherechedzwa uku kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kutsanangura nyaya ye2006: ipapo takatumira chikamu chembeu mbatatisi kuAstrakhan yekudyara kwezhizha, asi zvinhu zvacho zvakave zvisingagoneke mumazuva mashoma. Panguva imwe cheteyo, mbatatisi dzakabva muboka rimwe chete muminda yeripabhuriki yedu dzakagovera goho rakanaka.
Sezviri pachena, pakupisa kwakanyanya, kwave kucherechedzwa muRepublic mumakore achangopfuura panguva yekumera kwechirimo, tinogadzira mamiriro akanakira kuvandudzwa kwevascular fusarium mumachubhu seAstrakhan panguva yekudyara kwezhizha.
Saka, tembiricha yepamusoro (pamusoro pe20-25 C) panguva yekumera kwechirimo inokurudzira kukura kwefungus mumachubhu akabatwa nevascular fusarium.
Pasi pemamiriro ekugara achiomeswa kubva muvhu muna 2013, marudzi ose embatatisi, kune imwe dhigirii kana imwe, akabatwa neFusarium wilt mumunda, uye tubers yakakanganiswa nevascular fusarium (Fig. 4).
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehunyoro hwemhepo uye tembiricha yakaderera panguva yekukohwa, mbatatisi dzaipinda munzvimbo yekuchengetera dzakanga dzisina kuomeswa, saka mumatura, kare mukudonha, kuwedzera kuora kwema tubers kwakaonekwa, chikonzero chacho chaiva vascular fusarium, iyo yakakanganisa. machubhu ari mumunda. Kuwanda kwevascular fusarium mune yakadzika fomu pambeu yembatatisi yemamwe marudzi akarimwa munharaunda avhareji ye2014-15% muna Kukadzi 20.
a) b)
Mupunga. 4 Zviratidzo zvefusarium wilt pamiti yembatatisi muna 2013:
a) anthocyanin mavara uye kupeta mashizha apical muchikepe,
b) kuora kwakaoma (kuora) kwechikamu chepasi pedzinde.
Summary
Mushure meiyo epiphytotic hutachiona hwembatatisi neFusarium wilt muna 2011, kupararira kwechirwere murepublic kwave kuenderera mberi nekubudirira kukuru kana kushoma kwemakore matatu. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti munyaya iyi maviri multidirectional maitiro anoenderera mberi panguva imwe chete. Yokutanga ndiyo kudzorerwa kwevhu uye mbatatisi kubva kuchirwere. Chechipiri hutachiona hutsva hunokonzerwa nemamiriro egore negore anodzokorora akanakira kukura kwefungus.
Maererano nekuona kwedu, mushure me100% utachiona nefusarium wilt yembatatisi muna 2011, pane zvishoma nezvishoma kupora kwevhu nembeu kubva kune vascular fusarium.
Sezvakaratidzwa nezvakaitika muna 2012, njodzi huru ivhu iro kukura uye kufa kwemiti yakakanganiswa neFusarium wilt yakaitika. Naizvozvo, mbatatisi inofanira kurimwa mukutenderedza zvirimwa. Muvhu rinodzvinyirira, zvitubu zveFusarium wilt zvinodzvinyirirwa, asi mushure meiyo epiphytoties yakaoma, senge muna 2011, chiitiko chevhu microflora chinogona kunge chisina kukwana kudzvinyirira Fusarium gore rinotevera; mamwe matanho anodiwa.
Fusarium yerudzi rweFusarium maparasite ane facultative kana saprophytes. Vanoshingaira kuparadza marara emiti yakafa inowira muvhu, uye nokudaro vanoita basa rinobatsira. Asi kana mamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa akaitika, zvirimwa zvisina simba (hafu-kurarama) zvinogona kukanganiswa.
Pazvirongwa zvemunhu, kushandiswa kwematsutso kwe organic fertilizer kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera saprophytic chiitiko chefungus mukuora organic masara, uye kushandiswa kwechirimo, kunyanya muchirimo chakaoma, kunogona, pane kudaro, kunobatsira pakuoma kwevhu. uye kuwedzera kweparasitic basa refungus.
Kudiridza kwakanaka, nguva dzose kunogona kutungamirira kuvhu rine utano nezvirimwa. Kudiridza zvisina kufanira, izvo zvinoita kuti ivhu riome mushure mekudiridza zvakanyanya, zvinogona kuwedzera chirwere cheFusarium wilt. Nehunyoro hwevhu hwakanyanya, Fusarium inokura zvakanaka, uye nekuzoomesa kunze, inorwisa zvidyarwa zvisina simba, sezvo vazhinji vevanopikisa fungal sezviri pachena vanofa mumamiriro akaoma.
Mbeu inobatwa nevascular fusarium inokwanisa kuburitsa goho risingakanganisike, kureva kuti, kutapurirana kwefusarium kuvana hakusi zana kubva muzana uye zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze aripo. Kupa zvirimwa mumunda mafetireza nehunyoro zvinoita kuti zvirambe zvirwere.
Hunhu hwemhando yembeu hwakakosha zvikuru: kubereka kwakakwirira, kusina zvirwere zvehutachiona, kukura zvakasimba uye kunowedzera kupikisa kukuvara neFusarium wilt.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kudzora kukura kwefusarium kana uchichengeta machubhu. Kunyanya kupisa kwekupisa kana kumera machubhu muchirimo kunogona kukonzera kukura kwefungus, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukuora kwakakwana kwembatatisi.
Zvinokwanisika kufanotaura kukura kwevascular fusarium zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzembatatisi - kana nguva yehuputi yayo ichiitika mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya uye kuoma kubva muvhu rakanyorova, ipapo hutachiona hwakavanzika nevascular fusarium huchapararira.
Kana uchichengeta machubhu ane kukuvara kwakavanzika nevascular fusarium, matanho ekutanga anonyanya kukosha - kuomesa, kurapa nguva, kutonhora. Izvo zvinodiwa kuomesa hunyoro hwepamusoro pamachubhu nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, sezvo nerubatsiro rwayo hutachiona hunowedzera, uye ipapo homwe dzekuora kwemvura dzinoonekwa. Kana machubhu akasvika mukuchengetedza akanyorova (semuna 2013), zvakakosha kuti uomese masikati neawa kusvikira unyoro hwabviswa zvachose kubva pamusoro pemachubhu.
Kuti ushandure zvakanyanya mamiriro nekuora kwemidzi uye kurwisa kukuvadzwa kweFusarium wilt kana ivhu raoma, zvakakosha kuwedzera kubereka kwevhu, kuunza zvirimwa zvakasvibirira manyowa mukutenderera kwezvirimwa, uye kugadzira mulch layer inoderedza hunyoro shanduko muvhu.
Mbeu inorimwa kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba inogona kunge iine hutachiona hwevascular fusarium nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya kunowanikwa munzvimbo idzi.
Forecast ye2014
Mune 2014 gore Mbatatisi yekudyara zvinhu zvichange zvisinganyanyi kukanganiswa nevascular fusarium nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwechirwere uye kubviswa kwemachubhu akabatwa atove mukudonha panguva yekukohwa. Kuwedzera kukura kwechirwere pazvirimwa mumunda kunoenderana nemamiriro ekumera uye mamiriro ekunze panguva yekukura. Kuti zvidyarwa zvirambe zvirwere, zvinodikanwa kugadzira mamiriro akakwana kwavari.
Mamwe mazano ekudzivirira mbatatisi kubva kuFusarium wilt:
- shandisa kubereka kwakakwirira kwekudyara (super elite, elite, kutanga kubereka), iyo ine simba rekukura uye inokwanisa kurwisa zvirwere;
-kura mhando dzine nguva dzakasiyana dzekuibva kuderedza njodzi yenguva yetuberization inoenderana nenguva dzakanakira kuvandudzwa kweFusarium wilt;
- machubhu anofanirwa kumera mushure mekusarudza pane tembiricha isingasviki 8-15 ° C, kudzivirira kuumbwa kwemafuro marefu;
- usadzika - iyo yakakura yekudyara kudzika haifaniri kudarika dhayamita ye tubers - 5-6 cm;
- cherechedza mamiriro ekushisa paunenge uchidyara - tembiricha yakakwana yevhu pakudzika kwekudyara i8 ° C (mazuva gumi echipiri aMay). Muchiitiko chevhu rakanyorova uye kamwe kamwe kudziya kwemhepo kusvika ku25-30 ° C, tinokurudzira kunonoka kudyara kwezuva rimwe chete kana maviri kuti tiise pfungwa yebasa refungus pane saprotrophic basa rekugadzirisa masara ehupenyu muvhu;
- kurima mbatatisi pamapurazi akakura mune 4-5 kutenderedza zvirimwa zvemumunda, uye paminda yemunhu - nekuchinjana kwezvirimwa uye nekushandisa organic fetereza;
- tarisa mamiriro epamusoro pevhu - ivhu rinofanira kunge rakasununguka pakadzika 20 cm;
- ita pre-kudyara kurapwa kwemachubhu (inowedzera kumera uye inomhanyisa kukura kwechirimwa, saka, inodzivirira kubva kuchirwere):
- microbiological kugadzirira - "Fitosporin MF", "Flavobacterin" + "Agrofil", "Extrasol";
- biologically inoshanda zvinodhaka - "Zircon", "Siliplant", "Epin-Extra", "Melafen", "Albit", humates, nezvimwewo;
– kuisa fetereza yakakosha muhuwandu hwakatarwa pagoho rakarongwa, zvichienderana nekuvepo kwemadiridziro, kuwanikwa kwevhu, uye nzira yekuisa nayo;
- munguva yebudding uye tuberization mumamiriro ekugadzirwa, ita kaviri foliar kudya ne "Aquarin" (Vakaratidza kushanda kwepamusoro, uye, izvo zvinonyanya kukosha kana mamiriro ekusanaya kwemvura akaiswa mukati, mhedzisiro yakaonekwa mukati maawa mashoma, saka "Aquarin" inogona kunzi "amburenzi" ; pasi pemamiriro ehunyoro hwemazuva ose uye kudiridza, kushanda kwemamwe mishonga yose ye biologically inoshanda yakakwirira;
- usabvumira ivhu kuoma pakudiridza mbatatisi;
- cheka misoro mazuva 7-10 isati yakohwa kuti ucheke matehwe echubhu;
- nyatsoteerera kuomesa machubhu paunenge uchiachengeta mumakore ane mvura inonaya;
- dzivisa kudikitira uye kuyerera kwemvura yemachubhu panguva yekuchengetedza.