Arthur Egorov, Nyanzvi yehunyanzvi paRSH, Agrotrade Boka reMakambani
Ichi chinyorwa kuyedza kuburitsa akakosha maficha emwaka wapfuura, fungidzira matambudziko einotevera uye utaure nezve izvo zvakasarudzika uye maitiro eazvino emiti ekudzivirira zvigadzirwa zvigadzirwa pamusika muRussia. Yese mibvunzo iyi inonyanya kukosha pakutanga kwegore idzva rekurima.
NYAYA DZESVONDO RAKANAKA 2019.
HAPANA CHEMA
Muna 2019, mapurazi mazhinji eRussia ekurima akazvifungidzira ega zvinokuvadza tupukanana tudiki, iyo mbatata stem nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), inogona kukonzera.
Dambudziko rawedzera, mumaonero angu, zvakanyanya nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze ezhizha rapfuura. Yeuka kuti kusvika pakati paChikunguru munzvimbo dzepakati dzeRussia neVolga dunhu raive rakadziya uye rakanyorova - hutongi hwakakwana hwekuvandudza matapiri hwakaramba huripo. Munguva iyi, zvirimwa zvinopinza phosphorus uye nitrogen yakawanda. Hafu yechipiri yezhizha yaitonhora. Panguva ino, mbatatisi dzinofanirwa kunge dzakagamuchira huwandu hwakawanda hwe potassium uye calcium, asi nekuda kwekushisa kwakaderera (isingasviki 10-12оC) mabhatiri aya haana kucherwa. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwe nitrogen uye kushaiwa potasium uye calcium, madziro emasero emapapu akave akaonda, akareba uye ainetseka zvakanyanya kune nematode.
Sezvaunoziva, iyo mbatata stem nematode rudzi rwehonye. Kukuvadza kukuru kune zvirimwa zvekurima kunokonzerwa nevakuru (vanhu vakuru vane hutano hwepabonde). Vakuru nerubatsiro rweimwe nhengo yakakosha - dhayeti (inoyeuchidza tsono yesirinji) - kuboora rusero rwechirimwa uye kunwisa zvirimo. Muchiitiko ichi, vanhu vakuru vanoisa ma enzymes amylase uye pectinase, ayo anokonzeresa hydrolysis (kushandurwa kwesitashi kuita shuga) uye nokudaro zvinowedzera mukana wehutachiona kutapukirwa nekunonoka kunaya.
Nematode larvae anoenda pamatanho mana ekuvandudzwa asati apinda mudanho revakuru, uye pasi pemamiriro akajairwa vanowana kugona kukonzera zvakakomba zvidyarwa chete kumagumo enzira iyi.
Asi muzhizha ra 2019, zvakatetepa maseru masero mbatatisi akashanduka kuve asina kudzivirirwa kune vakuru chete, asiwo kune wechitatu neyechina maruva maruva. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo kukura kweanokuvadza kumatabhula nematode aive makuru.
Izvi zvinogona kudzivirirwa nekupa hutano hwakakwana hwechibereko. Izvo zvaifanirwa kurwisa kushomeka kwecalcium nekuunza mvura-inogadziriswa calcium nitrate muivhu kaviri mune zvakajairwa 3 kg / ha.
Kushaikwa kwe potasium uye calcium kwakakonzera kudzikira muhunhu hwepamusi rezaizi: machubhu ainyanya kukanganisika nekukuvara, huwandu hwekuratidzwa kwe melanosis (kusviba kweputi) kwakawedzera, uye kuchengetedza kunaka kwakadzikira. Nezveizvi, zviri pachena kuti kurasikirwa kwezvakachengetedzwa muna 2019-20 kunenge kwakakwira kupfuura kwese.
Kutaura zvakananga nezvekurwisa stem mbatata nematode, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvipembenene zvakavakirwa thiamethoxam, fipronil, imidacloprid, nezvimwewo, zvinowanikwa mune argoritori yekurima murimi. kusakwanisa kuiparadza. Kubudirira kunogona chete kuwanikwa nematicides. Parizvino, mushonga unonyanya kushanda ndeye Vidat 5G, kazhinji kubva pa42 kg / ha. Zvakare, kuiswa kweanabolic ammonia kune chisina kunaka pamatode. Saka, mukuyedzwa kwaS.P.Safyanov (S.P.Spjanov, Kurwa kurwisa mbatata stem nematode kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweKazakhstan, 1966), kukundwa kweDitylenchus destructor mbatata dzemazizi pamitengo ye56-147-7 kg / ha pakurema kwomuviri kwakadzikira kubva pa0,02% mukutonga. kusvika pa1,5-106%, uye chirimwa chakawedzera kubva pa252 kusvika paXNUMX kg / ha.
ROKUFUNGA NEZVENYAYA ITSva
Hafu yechipiri yekumavirira uye mwedzi miviri yechando munzvimbo yeakanyanya enzvimbo dze "mbatatisi" yeRussia yaizivikanwa nekushisa kwakanyanya (kana ichienzaniswa neiyo yenguva dzose) uye kushomeka kwechando chando. Kana zvinhu zvikasachinja muna Kukadzi, varimi vekurima vanosangana nematambudziko matsva mumwaka mutsva.
- Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemasora. Yenguva refu yekuvhuvhu yakabvumidza masora kuti iunganidze huwandu hwakakura hwezvinhu zvinovaka muviri, kuitira simba rekukura nekusimba. Pangangoita tembiricha yakanakira kukura, masora anokurumidza kukura. Muna 2020, zvichave zvakakodzera kushandisa mashoma pane herbicides.
- Kuwedzera kwenhamba yechando yechando scoops. Autumn nemwaka wechando zvaipawo mamiriro ekunze ekubanda nguva yechando. Yeuka kuti chipukanana nguva yechando muvhu, pakadzika kwe10-25 cm.Vakuru vanoshivirira kupisa kusvika pa -11 оC.
- Yakawedzera njodzi ye nematode uye rhizoctoniosis maronda. Izvi zvichanyanya kukanganisa mapurazi arikuronga kurima mbatatisi mushure memapoto muna 2020. Kusatarisisa kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa (pamwe nekuunzwa kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona muvhu, kurima kazhinji kwevhu) kunotungamira mukusaenzana mukuyera kwehutachiona hwevhu muvhu, uye nguva yechando inodziya haimanikidzi kuita uku.
Ini handikwanise kutadza kucherechedza kukomba kwemamiriro azvino. Rangarira, kunyangwe makore gumi nembiri apfuura, iyo ivhu pathogen rhizoctonia yakange isina chakakosha mhedzisiro pachirimwa, kukura kwechirwere kwaigona kudzivirirwa nyore. Iye zvino rhizoctonia idambudziko kune varimi vembatatisi; kuti uve nehutachiona, unofanirwa kuedza nekudyara mari hombe. Potato stem nematode ravewo dambudziko kwete nguva pfupi yadarika, uye mamiriro ekunze akanaka uye kushomeka kweiyo inofungidzirwa-zvakanaka kutenderera chirimwa hurongwa zvinhu zvakakosha mukuparadzirwa kwayo. - Kushaikwa kwemunyoro wembeu. Sezvo isu takanyora pamusoro, mune mbatata tubers dzakakura muna 2019, hakuna kukwana potasiamu, nekuda kweizvi, mvura yemukati yemasero ezvokudyara zvinhu yakadzikira. Naizvozvo, nekutanga kwemwaka kusanaya kwemvura, kudyara kuchadikanwa. Muna 2020, amai tuber vachange vava kudiwa kwazvo kwevhu kunyorova.
NZVIMBO DZESVONDO DZESVONDO. COURSE ON BIOLOGIZATION
Iyo yekudzivirira yekudyara system ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvehunyanzvi hwekurima zvirimwa. Chinangwa chechero chekudzivirira ndechekuchengetedza hutachiona hwemuti. Panguva imwecheteyo, iro basa reazvino agronomist kugadzira mamiriro akakwana ezvirimwa nekushandisa zvine musoro kwemakemikari. Iyo yekudzikira tsika mukushandisa, semuenzaniso, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka (uye kunyangwe kubviswa kwayo) kunoonekwa munyika zhinji dzepasi.
Vamiriri vevakuru veRussia vanowanzotaurawo kuti zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvekumusha zvinofanirwa kukwikwidza mumusika wepasi rose, kureva kuti zviyero zvekugadzirwa kwayo zvinofanirwa kutevedzera zvinodiwa nenyika dzese (European).
Zvinoita here nhasi? Zvichida kwete. Isu tese tinonzwisisa kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu azvino basa rakakosha rebhizinesi kuwedzera huwandu hwezvigadzirwa uchidzikisa kudyara.
Kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chakapfuma kunoda mari hombe. Funga, semuenzaniso, masora kudzora. Kuti ubvise masora chaizvo uye pasina kushandisa mishonga yemakwenzi: kushandisa yakakwirira-yepamusoro kurima kwevhu. MaAuronomist ane mukana wekushandisa nzira dzakadai se "kupera simba" uye "strangulation."
Mumwe mubvunzo mutengo. Iko kushandiswa kwemaantibicides kune pundutso, kuri nyore uye kwakawanda mune zvehupfumi munguva pane kushandisa tillage. Kuti abhadhare, murimi anofanira kutengesa mbatatisi nemutengo wakakwira. Asi kuchine vatengi vashoma vari kuda kuwedzera mari ye "kuchena" munyika (kunyanya kana tikasataura nezvemaguta ane huwandu hwevanhu vanopfuura mamirioni).
Tsika yekushandisa zvakatipoteredza haisati yaumbwa. Nekudaro, padanho iri, kana nyika ikasasimudzira nekupa kurimirwa kwekudyara kwechigadzirwa chine hushamwari, kuramba kwevanogadzira varimi kuti vashandise zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvemakemikari hazvigoneke.
Kunyangwe zviri pachena kuti kutonga mumunda wekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira kwezvirimwa kuchasimbiswa. Kupesana neshure iyi, kufarira kuri kukura kwevazhinji varimi vekurima mukugadzirira kwekudzivirira kunonzwisisika.
Iyo yekudzivirira system inoenderana nekushandiswa kwechigadzirwa kugadzirira kwakachipa zvakanyanya pane iyo "kemikari" imwe.
Parizvino, kupomhodza kuchiri kushomekerwa mukubudirira kuzvirongwa zvakajairika, kunyangwe hazvo zvidzidzo zviri kuenderera mberi, uye zvinodhaka zvemunhu oga zvinoratidza zvakanaka.
Semuenzaniso, kuyedzwa kweKartofin biological chigadzirwa (SC uye SP) zvichibva padanho rakasarudzwa reBacillus subtilis-I5-12 / 23 zvine chekuita nekunetseka kwezvirwere zve mbatatisi panguva yekukura uye panguva yakareba yekuchengetedza tubers muchirimwa Sante yakaratidza hunyanzvi hwekuzvarwa nahwo pakurwisa hutachiona hwefungal nezvirwere zvebhakitiriya.
Zvinoenderana nekutsvagisa kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuAll-Russian Research Institute yeKuchengetedzwa Kwezvirimwa uye Yese-Russian Research Institute yePatato Kurima inonzi V.I. Lorkha ("Bulletin yekudzivirira kwezvirimwa" 4 (86) - 2015), panguva yekukura mwaka kushanda kwechirwere ichi pakurwisa kunonoka, rhizoctonia uye kuora kwakaoma kwakatangira kubva pa37.5 kusvika 100%. Biopreparation Kartofin, SK ine huwandu hwe3-5 g / l (5 l / t) mune inoshanda mvura yakanyanyisa kudzikisa huwandu hwehutachiona hwakakanganiswa, kwakaderedza kuratidzwa kwekuora kwakazara, marara emabhizimusi uye kurasikirwa kwehuremu panguva yekuchengetedza mbatatisi.
Iko kushanda kwehupenyu hwekushandisa kweiyo chigadzirwa chigadzirwa Kartofin, SK pakurapa kweiyo tubers isati yaiswa munzvimbo yekuchengetera yaive 78.9-86.9%, kemikari standard Maxim, SK - 52.1% zvine chekuita nekutonga.
Parizvino, mapurazi atove akaoneka anopa iyo inofarira kudzivirira kwemaitiro ekudzvara. Dzimwe nguva kusarudzwa uku kwevagadziri vekurima kunotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti zvakajairwa kugadzirwa kwemakemikari, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana, kurega kushanda muminda yavo.
Dambudziko nderekuti zvipembenene uye zvipembenene zvinoshanduka uye zvinokura kusadzivirirwa kumakemikari anoshanda (kuramba). Semuenzaniso, ma agrarians eVoronezh mudunhu vanocherekedza kuti Colorado mbatatata nyuchi iri mudunhu ravo inopokana neiyo inoshanda ingredient thiamethoxam. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapurazi, pamwe nekupfeka, anofanirwa kusanganisira mune yekuchengetedza system imwe kana maviri kurapwa kunopesana neColorado potato bhungwa panguva yemasora. Ipo muNizhny Novgorod mudunhu zvichiri kugona kubata imwe yekumira ne thiamethoxam.
Nhau dzeCHEMICAL SZR INDUSTRY
Nekudaro, iyo indasitiri yemakemikari ekudzivirira inogara ichinetsana nekupikiswa nekutanga zvinodhaka zvinodhaka pamusika. Mune rondedzero yavo, zvakakodzera kutarisisa kune anorapa mumubatisi Vybrans Max (mugadziri: Syngenta kambani). Rondedzero yacho inosanganisira mamorekuru matsva esedaxan.
Panguva yekunyoresa ndiwo mushonga wekuuraya mushonga Zorvek Enkantiya kambani Corteva Agriscience. Iyo ine iyo molecule oxathiapiproline. Ini ndoda kuona kuti zvinhu zvitsva zvinoshanda zvinokanganisa iyo pathogen mumatanho iwayo esero metabolism apo zvimwe zvinozivikanwa zvinoshanda hazvina kupa mhedzisiro. Ndokunge, njodzi yekupikisa munguva pfupi iri kutevera inoderedzwa.
Mishonga yakasanganiswa chiyero chinoshanda chekudzora zvipembenene, hosha uye masora. Iye zvino chinenge chechipiri chega chega chinzvimbo ichi. Iyi zvakare inzira yekurwisa kupokana, mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemishonga yakadaro kunoderedza mutengo wekuunza mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka.
Kupfupisa musoro wenyaya, ndinogona kutaura kuti, zvakanyanya, mumakore makumi maviri anotevera, kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekudzivirira zvigadzirwa muRussia kunoderera zvishoma. Gadziriro dzine ngozi dzehutano hwevanhu dzichisiya musika zvishoma nezvishoma. Nekudaro, kudhakwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinowedzera. Mabhizinesi mazhinji ezvekurima achavimba nebasa ravo pane musanganiswa wemakemikari uye zvipenyu zvekuchengetedza chirimwa. Zvigadzirwa zvezvisikwa zvinobatsira kudzikisa mutengo wechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Asi kunyangwe pasina "mhedzisiro" yemakemikari, hutachiona uye zvipembenene hazvigone kurwiwa. Kunyangwe pakupedzisira, kuvandudzwa kwezviitiko kunoenderana nekuti kana kwete inosimbisa iyo MPC paramita yemakemikari mune chikafu.
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