Sezvamunoziva, varimi havana mwaka wakareruka, asi gore rega rega rinounza matambudziko aro nematambudziko. Varimi vembatatisi muRussia vachayeuka sei kupera kwa2020?
Sekureva kwemagazini iyi, rhizoctoniasis yauya pamberi maererano nekuomarara kwezvirwere zvese zvinozivikanwa zve "mbatatisi" gore rino. Kunyangwe dambudziko harina kukanganisa matunhu ese eRussia.
Kupararira kwechirwere muhuwandu
Sekureva kweRussia Agricultural Center, kazhinji, mudunhu reRussian Federation muna 2020, kuratidzwa kweRhizoctonia kwakaramba kuri padanho ra2019, uye kukura kwakanyanya zvine mwero kwechirwere kwakacherechedzwa. Yeuka kuti munguva yezhizha ye2019, chirwere ichi chakaonekwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye23,30 mahekita Munguva imwecheteyo ye2020, kukundwa kwekudyara mbatatisi kwakanyorwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye21,47 zviuru mahekita.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwedzera kwemamiriro ezvinhu kwakacherechedzwa kumatunhu akati wandei.
Saka muCentral Federal District muna 2020, kupararira kwechirwere kwakanyorwa panzvimbo inosvika 5,59 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 4,90 zviuru mahekita). Iyo nzvimbo yenzvimbo yakarapwa inopesana ne rhizoctonia yaive 1,50 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 0,03 zviuru mahekita). MuNorthwestern Federal District, kupararira kwepathogen pakudyara mbatatisi kwakaonekwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye7,56 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 5,01 zviuru mahekita). Nzvimbo yakarapwa kurwisa chirwere yaive 1,79 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 1,30 zviuru mahekita). MuVolga Federal District, iyo nharaunda yakakanganiswa nepathogen yekudyara mbatatisi yaive 3,19 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 2,64 zviuru mahekita). Hapana kurapwa kwakaitwa kupokana nechirwere ichi (mu2019 - 1,4 zviuru mahekita).
Asi kwaivewo nenharaunda uko kupararira kwechirwere cheRhizoctonia kwakaderera.
Semuenzaniso, muSouthern Federal District, kuratidzwa kwechirwere pane kudyarwa kwembatatisi kwakanyorwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye0,31 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 1,20 zviuru mahekita). Iyo nzvimbo yekurapa kurwisa iyo pathogen yaive 0,01 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 1,08 zviuru mahekita). MuNorth Caucasian Federal District, hapana kukuvara kwakawanikwa pakudyara mbatatisi (muna 2019 - 0,30 zviuru mahekita). Hapana kurapwa kwepathogen kwakaitwa.
MuUral Federal District, pakudyara mbatatisi, chirwere ichi chakazviratidza pane imwe nzvimbo ye2,10 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 3,69 zviuru mahekita). Iyo nzvimbo yekurapa kurwisa iyo pathogen yaive 2,36 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 1,63 zviuru mahekita). MuSiberia Federal District, paminda yemapatatisi, kupararira kwepathogen kwakaonekwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye2,21 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 4,16 zviuru mahekita). Kwakange kusina kurapwa kwechirwere mu2019 uye 2020. MuFar Eastern Federal District, hutachiona hwehizoctonia hwekudyara mbatatisi hwakaonekwa pane imwe nzvimbo ye0,50 zviuru mahekita (muna 2019 - 1,40 zviuru mahekita). Hapana mishonga yekurwisa iyo pathogen yakaitwa (mu2019 - 0,06 zviuru mahekita).
Nyanzvi dzeRussian Agricultural Center yeRussia Federation dzinobatanidza kuderera kwenzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzekudyarwa kwembatatisi kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba, North Caucasian, Ural, Siberian neFar Eastern nemamiriro ekunze ekunze panguva yekukura kwezvirimwa. Uye zvakare, sekureva kwenyanzvi, kubudirira kwemapurazi mazhinji pakurwisa chirwere ichi kunokonzerwa nebasa rakarongeka rekugadziriswa kweminda ine zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa.
Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekuparadzirwa kwechirwere cheRhizoctonia pane kudyarwa kwembatatisi muCentral, North-Western neVolga Federal Dunhu kwakakonzerwa nenguva refu yehunyoro hwakanyanya, pamwe nekuderera kwenhamba yekurapa kwezvirimwa mugore rapfuura.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti hwepamusoro hutachiona hwehuwandu (hunopfuura zana) muzhizha ra100 hwakawanikwa muPerm Territory (muna 2020 - 2019). Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona kwakanyorwawo muRepublic of Karelia - 29,28 (muna 1,58 - isina kusangana), Vologda - 2019 (muna 6,30 - 2019), Kaluga - 4,90 (muna 0,24 - isina kusangana), Kostroma - 2019 (muna 1,58 - 2019), Tver - 1,29 (muna 0,04 - isina kusangana), matunhu eYaroslavl - 2019 (muna 0,03 - asina kusangana) , The Republic of Komi - 2019 (muna 0,84 - isina kusangana), Republic of Mari El - 2019 (muna 0,11 - isina kusangana), Sverdlovsk - 2019 (muna 0,78 - 2019) uye Chelyabinsk matunhu - 0,69 (muna 0,81 - 2019).
Iko kukurumidza kukurumidza kuwanda kwenhamba yemaronda ne rhizoctonia yakaonekwa muna Chikunguru naAugust. Kakawanda shanduko mumhepo tembiricha uye inonaya mvura zvakakonzera kushingairira kukura kwepathogen.
Vapepeti vanoda kutenda basa repepanhau reRussian Agricultural Center yezvinhu zvakapihwa
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Kubva pakuona kwesainzi
Maria Kuznetsova, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMbatatisi nemiriwo Zvirimwa Zvirwere zveFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Anodaidzwa nezveBiological Sayenzi
Sekureva kwekucherechedzwa kweAll-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology (VNIIF), kuratidzwa kwakanyanya kweRhizoctonia gore rino kwaive kweVladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov nedzimwe nharaunda dzenyika.
Zvinokonzera chirwere
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvekusimudzira kweRhizoctonia chirwere mumwaka iriko mamiriro ezvinhu emamiriro ekunze akanaka epathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Semuenzaniso, mudunhu reMoscow, mune yechipiri neyechitatu makumi emakumi emakore aMay, tembiricha yemhepo yaive pazasi pehunhu hunokosha hwetembiricha yenguva refu. Iyo inotonhorera snap yaisagona asi kukanganisa zvirimwa zvakarimwa: mbatatisi zvirimwa panguva ino zvakasara kumashure mukukudziridza, zvichienzaniswa neavhareji manhamba ezviratidzo, nemavhiki maviri, uye zvakashaiswa simba. Uye zvakare, kutanga kubva pagumi rechitatu raMay, pamwe nemuna Chikumi naJuly wegore rino, dunhu rakagashira rakakosha (pakatarisana neshure kweanoratidza pagore zviratidzo) huwandu hwemvura. Zvese izvi zvinhu zvakakonzera mukutanga uye nekuwedzera kwakasimba kukura kweRhizoctonia.
Panguva imwecheteyo, dambudziko reiyo rhizoctonia rinobatanidzwa kwete chete nemamiriro ekunze, asiwo nezviverengero zvezvikonzero zvakakosha zvakaenzana. Pakati pavo: yakaderera mhando yembeu zvinhu; kutyorwa kwemazuva ekudyara (isu tiri kutaura nezvezviitiko apo varimi vembatatisi vanotanga kudyara isina-vernalized mbeu yemidziyo muvhu rinotonhora), kusatevedzera kutenderera kwezvirimwa, kunonoka mukukohwa, nezvimwe.
Zviratidziro zvekunze
Zvinozivikanwa kuti fungus Rhizoctonia solani inokwanisa kutapura mbatatisi pamatanho ese egengenesis, kubva kumera kusvika pakukohwa. Chirwere ichi chinogona kuzviratidza muchimiro cheganda dema, net necrosis uye nekudzika kwakadzika pane tubers, kuora kwezvimera, kufa kwemastolon nemidzi. Pamusoro pezvo, zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kuora kwakaoma kwechikamu chepasi pehunde - muchimiro chezvironda zvebhuruu ("huni dzakaora") kana chena-chena "yakanzwa" chikwangwani ("gumbo jena").
Iyo fungus inokonzeresa kukuvadza kukuru panguva yekuvandudzika kwemashanga Mumvura inonaya uye inotonhorera, kana tembiricha yevhu isingasviki masere° C, pane yakasimwa tubers, sclerotia (iyo yakafa nhanho yefungus) inokura ne mycelium, iyo inopinda mukati memapundu uye inotungamira mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzakasviba dzakaora pavari. Zvirimwa zvinorwara dzimwe nguva zvinofa zvisati zvasvika pamusoro. Mumamiriro ekunze anodziya, mbesa dzinogona kukura kuita chirimwa chine shingle lesion pazasi pehunde, mashizha epamusoro akamonyoroka mutsinga.
Migumisiro
Mbatatisi rhizoctonia inokonzeresa zvese kuwanda kwegoho kurasikirwa uye kudzikira kweyekutengesa mhando yematubers. Zviratidzo zvekugadzira mbatatisi zvinodzikira nekuda kwekurasikirwa nembeu, kukuvara kwemadzinde, stolons nemidzi, izvo, zvinokanganisa saizi, huwandu uye kutengeswa kweiyo tubers.
MuRussia, kurasikirwa kwakananga kwegoho kubva kuRhizoctonia kunogona kusvika 25%, uye kuderera kwekutengeswa kwe tubers kunosvika 30%.
Matanho ekudzivirira uye ekudzivirira
Kuti unyatso kurwisa chirwere ichi, unofanirwa kushandisa ese matanho:
- Shandisa kudyara zvine hutano, kunyanya zvakasimbiswa zvekudyara zvinhu.
- Kukosheswa kwekutanga kwemhando yepakati uye yepakati-yekutanga mbatatari ine mwaka unokura wemazuva 60-80, pamwe nemhando dzisingapindiki uye dzinokanganiswa nechirwere ichi
- Kuteerera kutenderera kwezvirimwa.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti urangarire kuti iyo Rhizoctonia solani howa inogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba muvhu (makore 3-4), pane mbatatari tubers, vanozvipira vayo, uye marara marara. Iyo fungus inobudirira kushivirira nguva yechando muchimiro che sclerotia pane tubers uye muvhu, uye zvakare muchimiro che mycelium.
Uye zvakare, inofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti, pamusoro pembatatisi, R. solani anokwanisa kutapurira huwandu hwezvirimwa zvemuriwo (zvakaita semadomasi, beet uye manhanga), pamwe chete nemasora emusango (akadai sequinoa, rukato nemhashu).
Zviyo (oats, gorosi yenguva yechando uye rye, bhari, chibage), lupine, alfalfa, uye husingaperi huswa zvinoonekwa sezvakanakisa zvinotungamira izvo zvinoderedza hutachiona hweiyo rhizoctonia.
- Kudyara tubers muvhu rinodziya zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa pakadzika uye kuwanda.
Iyo yakadzama yekudyara kudzika inotariswa uchifunga nezve maratidziro uye hunyoro hwevhu (pane inorema ivhu - iyo kudyara haina kudzika, pajecha loam - yakadzika). Kana chigaro chikaumba pane ivhu rinorema, rinoyangarara, danho rinodiwa rebasa nderekutsemura munda mazuva mana kusvika mashanu mushure mekudyara uye pamichero, nekuti zvikasadaro mukana wehutachiona hwezvirimwa hunowedzera.
Iyo yakakwana sisitimu yekudyara kubva kune phytosanitary point yekutarisa ndeye makumi mashanu ezviuru machubhu pahekita. Kuwedzera kusvika zviuru makumi matanhatu-50 zviuru zvakanyanya kunatsiridza kukura kweRhizoctonia pane ese nhengo dzemiti.
- Kuunzwa kwekuwedzera kweiyo madhizaiza manyowa muvhu uye kushandiswa kwegreen manyowa.
Zvakaoma kuti R. solani akwikwidzane nehutachiona hwevhu, saka kuiswa kwefetiraiza manyowa kunogona kudzikisa huwandu hwehutachiona hwevhu.
Basa revasiderates zvakare rakaoma kufungidzira. Mumapurazi mazhinji, zvirimwa zvinobva kumhuri yakaroverwa - Brassica juncea (Sarepta mustard), Raphanus sativus (zvakajairika radish), Sinapis alba (chena masayadhi), Eruca sativus) - anoshandiswa se biofumigants kurwisa huwandu hwehutachiona hunogara muvhu (Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum , Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea) uye cyst nematato cyst nematodes. Panguva yemaruva (kana anopfuura makumi mashanu kubva muzana emaruva akazara), zvirimwa zvinochekwa, kupwanywa nekurimwa. Muvhu, chechipiri chirimwa chemetabolite (glucosinolates) zvakashatiswa kuita zvinhu zvisina kugadzikana (semuenzaniso isothiocyanates), zvine huputi hwehutachiona hwehutachiona nematato.
- Yakakodzera nguva uye yepamusoro yekuchenesa.
Kukohwa hakufanirwe kumbomiswa kweanopfuura vhiki mbiri mushure mekucheka; hazvigamuchirwe kusiya madiki uye akakuvara matubhu mumunda).
- Kushandisa fungicides kurapa mbeu tubers kana kuishandisa kana uchidyara mbatatisi.
Basa hombe remakemikari ekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa panguva ino ndeyekuderedza kukuvadza kweRhizoctonia nezvimwe hutachiona hwevhu.
Mhedzisiro yemiedzo yenguva refu yakaitwa paVNIIF pamusoro pechirwere chinotapukira neRhizoctonia solani inosimbisa kushanda kwakanyanya kwemishonga zvichibva paazonexystrobin, fludioxonil, penflufen, fluxapiroxade nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshanda mukudzivirira kurwisa rhizoctonia.
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