Evgeniy Simakov, Musoro weDhipatimendi reKuedza Potato Gene Fund, Chiremba weSainzi Zvekurima, Purofesa weFederal State Budgetary Institution Potato Research Center yakatumidzwa zita rekuti A.G. Lorja"
Parizvino, nekuda kwedambudziko rakawedzera rekupa vanogadzira zvigadzirwa nembeu dzakasimbiswa, kudiwa kwemhando dzepamusha dzechizvarwa chitsva zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvemusika wembatatisi maererano neseti yezvakakosha zvehupfumi hunhu hwawedzera zvakanyanya.
Kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunoda kuitwa kwemaitiro anoshanda ehurongwa ane chinangwa, chekutanga, pakuvandudza uye tekinoroji re-equipty yezvinyorwa uye tekinoroji yemasangano esainzi aripo. Kana kubudirira kwekuRussia kunoenderana neakanakisa ekunze analogue marudzi ari kudiwa pamusika wembeu nembatatisi dzekutengesa, kukurumidza kupararira kwemhando nyowani dzinovimbisa kuti uwane emhando yepamusoro inova chaiyo.
Mukati mehurongwa hwechirongwa chirikuenderera mberi "Kukudziridzwa kwesarudzo uye kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi muRussian Federation ye2017-2025," Ministry of Agriculture uye Ministry of Education and Science yeRussian Federation vakaratidza vatori vechikamu mumapurojekiti akabatanidzwa esainzi nehunyanzvi. (CSTP) uye zvirongwa zvakasanganiswa zvesainzi (CPRP) zvekugadzira uye nekukurumidza kusimudzirwa kwemhando nyowani dzinobereka zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwakavakirwa pamatekinoroji emazuva ano anoshanda ekurima emhando yepamusoro yembeu.
Mhedzisiro yekuyedzwa kweagroecological yemhando nyowani dzembatatisi dzakagadzirwa mukuita kwayo, kana dzakura mumabhizinesi ekurima mumatunhu mapfumbamwe eRussian Federation (Northwestern, Central, Volga, Ural, etc.) inoratidza kuti muvhu rakasiyana uye mamiriro ekunze. mhando itsva zhinji dzinopa goho rinogara riri repamusoro kwete rakaderera kune mamwe marudzi eanalogue ekunze. Kuti ugadzire kudiwa kwemarudzi matsva epamba, kufarirwa kwavo kwakakura kunodiwa kwete kubva kune vane patent chete, asiwo kubva kune vanovamba. Mukuita, zvinosuruvarisa, marudzi matsva akagadzirwa nevarimi veRussia, mushure mokunge apinda muRejista yeHurumende, anoramba asina kutorwa kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwekushaikwa kwembeu yakasimbiswa kune vanogona kutenga, iyo inonyatsoratidzwa nemashoko anowanikwa muTebhu 9.
Tafura 1. Mhando dzinotungamira pamusika wembeu yeRussian mbatatisi (data kubva kuFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", 2020)
Sorta | Muvambi | Mbeu yakadyarwa | ||
matani | % | |||
Nevsky | FITs mbatatisi ivo. A.G. Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Rombo | - / - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
Aurora | - / - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
Zhukovsky mangwanani | - / - | 936 | 1,26 | |
Gulliver | - / - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Nhare | - / - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Charoite | - / - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Kolobok | - / - | 289 | 0,37 | |
Meteor | - / - | 242 | 0,31 | |
Unofarira | - / - | 194 | 0,25 | |
Pennant | - / - | 173 | 0,22 | |
Sineglazka 2016 | - / - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Grandee | - / - | 117 | 0,15 | |
Фиолетовый | - / - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadoni | - / - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - / - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Kushamisika | - / - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Fritella | - / - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - / - | 25 | 0,03 | |
Runako Meshchera | - / - | 21 | 0,02 | |
ZVAKAWANDA: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
Tsvuku tsvuku | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
Gala | Norika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Colombo | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
Innovator | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
Newton | Frito Aive North America | 2590 | 3,2 | |
Arizona | Agrico UA | 2475 | 3,1 | |
ZVAKAWANDA: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
Mumamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino, kuwedzera kushanda kwesarudzo yemumba uye kuiendesa kune imwe nhanho itsva inogona kuwanikwa chete pahwaro hwehukama hweveruzhinji uye hwega (Fig. 1). Tichifunga nezve chokwadi chekuti masangano mazhinji ekupfuya, masangano ehurumende uye mabhizinesi ekurera uye ekugadzira mbeu haana hukama uye anoramba achishanda akazvimirira, zvinodikanwa kuti ubatanidze mauto ekugadzira hurongwa hwemazuva ano hwekurera mbatatisi uye kugadzirwa kwembeu pamisimboti yeruzhinji-yakavanzika. kudyidzana.
Kuita chirongwa chekuunza kunze kwembeu mbatatisi, mumakore gumi apfuura, marudzi anopfuura makumi maviri akasarudzwa uye akaiswa muRejista yeHurumende yeRussian Federation. A.G. Lorha, pakati peiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa marudzi ekutanga ndeaya: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; pakati pekutanga: Ariel, Krasa Meshchera, Sadon, pamwe chete nezvigadzirwa zvitsva: Sprinter, Flagman uye Mirage. Mazhinji emhando idzi ndedzekushandisa patafura.
Imwe yemhando dzakajairika dzekutanga kuibva dzakagadzirwa mushure me2010 ndeye Meteor (yakatenderwa kushandiswa munzvimbo zhinji dzeRussia). Iyo inosiyaniswa kwete chete nekutanga kwekutanga kwe tuberization, asiwo, iyo inonyanya kukosha, nekutanga kuumbwa kwechirimwa chinotengeswa. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakodzera kukura pamarudzi ose evhu, asi zviri nyore kuwana hunhu kunyange, kutenderera chimiro che tubers muvhu rine chimiro chakanaka. Kuti uwane kugadzirwa kwekutanga, zvinokurudzirwa kudziyisa machubhu, uye zviri nani kumera kwakareruka (mbeu inosvika 1 cm kureba). Kudiwa kwekudya kwemamineral kunowanzoitika kune marudzi ekutanga. Kana mbatatisi dzakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza, kushandiswa kwenitrogen kunofanirwa kuve kwakaderera: 70% isati yadyarwa, 30% isati yatanga tuberization. Paunenge uchikura zvigadzirwa zvekutanga, imwe application inokurudzirwa. Mitemo ye phosphorus uye potassium fertilizer inotarwa zvichienderana nemigumisiro yevhu rekuongorora. Kupindura kwakasiyana-siyana kune kumwe kushandiswa kwe magnesium uye manganese kwakacherechedzwa. Mapfuti anoonekwa nekukasira uye zvakafanana; mitsetse zvakare inovhara munguva pfupi, saka kurapwa kwenguva uye nguva dzose kurwisa blight kunonoka kunodiwa. Kuchinja kwemazinga ehunyoro hwevhu kunogona kutungamirira kumutsidziro wakajeka wekukura kwe tuber uye kuonekwa kwe "makwenzi" pamashizha makuru. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinopikisa kukanganisa kwemagetsi, asi zvinotora masvondo maviri kusvika matatu mushure mokubvisa misoro ye "yakaoma" peel kuti iite. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana inokodzera kuchengetedza kwenguva refu pane yakakwana tembiricha ye + 4оC.
Nhare - imwe yekutanga yakasiyana-siyana, isingasviki yakapararira munzvimbo dzeRussia. Inokodzera kukura pamhando dzose dzevhu, zvisinei, migumisiro yakanakisisa maererano nenhamba uye kufanana kwema tubers inowanikwa pane yakaorera medium loam ivhu. Nguva yekurara ipfupi, mushure mezvo kumera kwemachubhu kunoitika nekukurumidza kana kutonhora kuchikwira. Ichi chimiro chezvakasiyana-siyana chakakosha kucherechedzwa kana zvichidikanwa kurima chechipiri mbatatisi chirimwa munzvimbo dziri kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Kuti uwane zvigadzirwa zvekutanga, zvinokwanisika kudziya kana kumera zvishoma machubhu (anomera kusvika 1 cm). Kune iyo yakasiyana-siyana, yepamusoro-yepamusoro-pre-kudyara tillage uye kugadzirwa kwevhu rakatsetseka-yakaomeswa chimiro chakakosha, izvo zvinozoita kuti zvirinani kuumbwa kwe tuber. Huwandu hwenitrogen inodiwa hunoverengerwa zvinoenderana neyakajairwa yemhando yekutanga, uye phosphorus uye potasium inoverengerwa zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuedzwa kwevhu. Paunenge uchikura zvigadzirwa zvekutanga, imwe application inokurudzirwa. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana inopindura zvakanaka pakudiridza, sezvo hunyoro hwevhu hwakakwana hunoita kuti tuberization yakanaka uye kutengeswa kwepamusoro. Iko kukura kwakasimba kwepamusoro-pasi uye kuvhara nekukurumidza kwemitsara kunofanirwa kuverengerwa pakugadzira nzira yekurapa fungicidal yezvinomera. Kana yaibva, zvakasiyana-siyana zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoomesa ganda rayo, uye ma tubers anoparadzaniswa nyore nyore kubva kune stolons. Kukohwa kunotanga pasina kutanga kwemavhiki matatu mushure mekubvisa misoro; dzimwe nguva kudzokororwa kudzokororwa kunodiwa. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvine avhareji yekupikisa kukuvara kwemagetsi. Microdamage panguva yekukohwa inogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwehunyoro kubva kumachubhu uye kumera nguva isati yakwana. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirwa kwekutanga (kuchengeta kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu kunobvumirwa). Iyo yakasiyana-siyana inoratidzirwa nechinguva chidiki chakanyarara, tembiricha yakakwana yekuchengetedza mhodzi mbatatisi ndeye + 4-5.оC. Kuti udzivise kurasikirwa kwehunyoro kubva kumachubhu, zvakakosha kuti kana kutonhora panguva yekurapa, musiyano pakati pekushisa kwembatatisi nemhepo inotonhora zvishoma, uye kuderera kwezuva nezuva kwekushisa kwema tubers mukati me 0,5. -0,7оC.
Gulliver (muState Register yeRussian Federation kubvira 2018) inosanganisirwawo muboka rekutanga tafura mhando. Multi-tuberous, inoda nzvimbo yekugadzira mbesa: kana yakarimwa nechinangwa chekutengesa, inokurudzirwa kudyara inosvika zviuru makumi mana zvemachubhu pahekita. Miyero yefotereza inobva pamatani makumi mana ekukohwewa kwechubhu pahakita imwe zvichienderana ne(a.v./ha) N:P:K:Mg muchikamu 40-40:1-170:180-100:110-310. Nitrogen inonyanya kukosha - 320 kg / ha, zvichienderana nehuwandu hunoshanda, uchifunga nezvehuwandu hwevhu; shandisa zvishoma 70/80, kunyanya pavhu rakareruka - panguva yekudyara uye munguva yekukura nechirimwa chakareba masendimita 170. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana: kukwegura kwepanyama kwepamusoro kunotanga kare munaAugust, saka, kuti uwedzere nguva yekukura, zvakakosha. kuisa fetereza panguva yakafanira pamwe chete nemishonga yefungicidal kubva kunonoka blight pamwero we50 -50 N/ha (maererano nea.i.). Izvo zvinodiwawo kutarisira kunaka kwemachubhu nekuwedzera K uye Mg. Paivhu rine njodzi huru yekukura zvakajairika goko, kudiridza kunokurudzirwa pakarepo mushure mekutanga kwe tuberization.
Pakati pekutanga tafura dzakasiyana Ariel Nyanzvi dzinoidza iyo inonyanya kuchinjika mumutsara wevarietal. Nekuda kwepurasitiki yayo yakakwirira, inoratidza mhedzisiro yakanakisa munzvimbo zhinji dzeRussia. Mugore rakaoma ra2021, payakarimwa pasina kudiridzwa, yaipa goho repakati kubva pa43,4 kusvika pa55,5 t/ha. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana ine zvese zvinotarisirwa kuti zvibatanidzwe mune yepamusoro seti yevagadziri veRussia. Chekutanga, dzinza remhando dzakasiyana-siyana rine vabereki vanobereka zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoreva kuti ine yakanaka genetic kugona; chechipiri, inodzivirira kusanaya kwemvura, kunyange nekushaya unyoro, inoisa zvakasimba kusvika ku15 tubers uye "inotambanudza" kusvika pakukura kwekutengesa. Imwe mukana ndeyekuwedzera kupikisa kukuvadzwa kwemagetsi kunyangwe pakuchenesa pakupisa kwe +8-10оC. Kuchengeteka kwemachubhu kwakakwira zvakanyanya.
Pakati pekutanga tafura dzakasiyana Sadoni yakapinda muState Register yeRussian Federation muna 2020, uku ndiko kubudirira kwakabatana kwevapfuri kubva kuPotato Federal Research Center yakatumidzwa zita. A.G. Lorch uye kambani yeFAT-AGRO. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakodzera kukura pamarudzi ose evhu, asi migumisiro yakanakisisa inowanikwa pavhu rakanyatsorongeka rakajeka. Paminda yekudiridza yekambani yeAFG National muna 2021, goho rekodhi rakawanikwa - 83,3 t/ha. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana ine nguva yakareba yakarara, asi hapana apical dominance panguva yekumera. Usati wadyara, zvinokurudzirwa kubata tubers nemishonga inorwisa rhizoctonia. Iyo nitrogen inodiwa ndeye 10-15% yakaderera pane yakajairika kune yepakati-yekutanga siyana. Kuiswa kwe nitrogen kwakaganhurwa: 75% isati yadyarwa, 25% isati yatanga tuberization. Chiyero chekushandiswa kwe phosphorus uye potassium fertilizer inotarwa maererano nemigumisiro yekuedzwa kwevhu. Kushandisa organic fertilizer hakukurudzirwe nekuda kwekugona kukuvadzwa kwemachubhu neyakajairwa scab. Shoots inooneka zvishoma nezvishoma, uye kukura kwepamusoro-pasi kunoitika nekukurumidza, izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa pakuita fungicidal kurapwa kwezvinomera. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kumira kusanaya kwemvura uye dzinoshingirira zvakanyanya kukuvadzwa kwemagetsi kana matop abviswa pachine nguva (masvondo maviri asati akohwewa). Kuchinja kwekushisa panguva yekuchengetedza kunogona kukonzera kumera kusati kwasvika kwe tubers.
Pakati pekutanga tafura dzakasiyana Runako Meshchera yakabatanidzwa muState Rejista yeRussian Federation muna 2020. Chibereko chakakwirira, nhamba ye tubers pagwenzi ndeye 14-18 zvidimbu. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakodzera kukura mumarudzi ose evhu. Iwo machubhu akatenderedza-oval; kana akura, anowanzoita sepear. Nguva yekuzorora ndeyepakati penguva. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana ine apical dominance, saka usati wadyara zviri nani kubvarura apical sprout uye kukurudzira kumera kwe lateral buds uchishandisa mhepo inodziya nemhepo inodziya (+20-30оNE). Iyo peculiarity yekushandisa fetereza ndeyekuti zviri nani kuisa nitrogen muzvikamu: 70% usati wadyara, 30% isati yaitwa tuberization. Kushandiswa kumwe chete kwenitrogen kunogonekawo. Phosphorus fertilizer inoshandiswa ichifunga nezvemhedzisiro yekuongorora ivhu, uye potassium fetereza inoshandiswa 10-15% kupfuura iyo yakaverengerwa dose kuitira kudzivirira matambudziko nekusviba kwetuber pulp kana yabatwa. Mapfuti anooneka nekukurumidza, sezvinoita kukura kwepamusoro-pasi uye kuvharwa kwemitsara, iyo inofanirwa kuverengerwa pakuita fungicidal kurapwa. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana ine mwero inobata kukuvadzwa kwemichina, saka zvinodikanwa kubvisa kumusoro mavhiki maviri vasati vakohwa kuti uve nechokwadi chekusimba kweganda. Zvimiro zvezvakasiyana-siyana panguva yekuchengetedza - zvinogona kukurumidza kuumba apical shoots; inonzwa nekuvhunduka kana uchiburitsa kubva mudura (kusviba kwepulp kunoonekwa): kudzivirira kurasikirwa, zvinokurudzirwa kupisa machubhu. Nesangano rakakodzera rekuchengetedza, zvinokwanisika kudzivirira nekukurumidza physiological "kuchembera" uye kupera simba kwemachubhu.
Ndinoda kukwevera pfungwa dzevaverengi kune zvimwe zvichangobva kuitika zvekupfuya.
Mid-mwaka tafura dzakasiyana Flagship maererano nehunhu hwayo hwemhando uye saizi tuber, inoenderana neanalogue siyana Arrow. Early siyana Sprinter yakagadzirirwa kugadzira mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro. Vaviri vanga vari pasi pekuyedzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kubva muna 2021.