Mamiriro ezvinhu anovimbisa emhando yepamusoro machubhu akachengeterwa kuchengetedza.Tekinoroji yekugadzira mbatatisi inogona kumiririrwa muchimiro chezvivharo zviviri: chivharo chebasa remumunda uye chekuchengetedza. Panyaya iyi, kuwana goho repamusoro ihafu yehondo chete; zvakakoshawo kuti ugone kuichengetedza. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika kune mbeu mbatatisi, iyo inochengetwa kwenguva yakareba kana ichienzaniswa nembatatisi yekudya. Iyo yakanyanya kuoma uye ine mutoro ndeyekuchengetedza muchirimo, sezvo zvichidikanwa kuchengetedza yakakwirira yekudyara hunhu hwema tubers, kudzivirira kumera kusati kwasvika.
Kurasikirwa panguva yekuchengetera kunosanganisira kurasikirwa kwechisikigo, marara ehunyanzvi (machubhu anokanganisa zvishoma nekuora, kunyanya kuoma), kuora zvachose (machubhu akaora zvachose - kuora kwemvura) uye nhungirwa. Munzira dzakawanda, zviratidzo izvi zvinoenderana nemhando yekutanga yemachubhu, iyo inotaridzawo hunhu hwekudyara mbatatisi. Mbeu dzembatatisi dzinofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zveGOST 33996-2016, maererano nezviri mumbeu zvinhu:
- Kuvapo kwemachubhu ane zviratidzo zvekudzipwa, nechando, nekutsva, kushata, nekukura uye nyore kuputsa kukura, kucheka, kupwanyika, neganda rakasvunurwa (kupfuura 1/4 pamusoro peiyo tuber) hazvibvumidzwe;
- kuvapo kwepasi uye kusvibiswa kwekunze kunobvumirwa, kwete kupfuura 2% nekurema muzvikamu OS, ES, RS1-2;
- kuvapo kwemachubhu anobvumirwa, muchikamu:
- kusasangana nehukuru hunodiwa - kwete kupfuura 3%;
- mamwe marudzi ebhotani - kwete anopfuura 0,5% (chete yePC chikamu);
- yakakanganiswa nemhete yakaora - isingasviki 0,5% (chete yechikamu PC);
- yakakanganiswa ne stem nematode - isingasviki 0,5% (chete yechikwata PC);
- ine glandular spotting uye kusviba kwepulp (kana inopfuura 1/4 yechikamu chelongitudinal che tuber chinokanganiswa) - kwete kupfuura 5% (muzere);
- ne mechanical kukuvara kunopfuura 5 mm yakadzika uye inopfuura 10 mm kureba (kucheka, misodzi, kuputika, kuputika mu tuber tissue) - kwete kupfuura 5% (pamwe chete);
- nekukuvadzwa nezvipembenene zvekurima pasina kukuvadzwa kwemeso (wireworms - anopfuura matatu mafambiro, makonzo, zvipembenene uye cutworms) - kwete kupfuura 2% muhuwandu.
Hunhu hwembeu zvakanyanya hunoenderana nehunyanzvi hwekurima, kugadzirisa mushure mekukohwa uye kuchengetedza machubhu. Chekutanga, panguva yekukura (maererano nemamiriro ekunze, panguva yakakodzera uye muhuwandu hunodiwa), zvirimwa zvinofanirwa kurapwa nekusangana, systemic uye translaminar kugadzirira kurwisa kunonoka blight, alternaria, anthracnose nezvimwe zvirwere zvefungal uye mabhakitiriya. Kuti udzikise kushushikana kubva kumishonga yezvipembenene, zvinodikanwa kusanganisira zvinomera zvinokura muhurongwa hwekudzivirira. Chechipiri, kudzivirira kuvhuvhuta kwevhu kwakakura kwemachubhu, gadziriro yekugadzirira ivhu kusati kwadyarwa uye ne inter-row tillage inofanira kuona kusamira zvakanaka kwevhu mumitsetse nepakati pemitsara kusvika pakukohwa. Munzvimbo dzakati wandei, kudyara nemitsara ye90 cm kwakazviratidza zvakanaka.Chetatu, kubviswa kwepamusoro nemakemikari kusati kwakohwewa (Reglon Super 2,5 l/ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l/ha, Basta 2,0 l/ ha), michina kana nzira dzakasanganiswa, zvichienderana nemamiriro uye kukura kwepamusoro, mazuva gumi-10 asati achera machubhu. Chechina, kuchenesa kunofanira kuitwa pamhepo tembiricha inosvika +12 0C, kana zvisina kudaro chikamu chemachubhu akakuvadzwa nemagetsi uye akakanganiswa neFusarium kuora inowedzera zvakanyanya.
Kusarudzwa kwemidziyo yekuchenesa. Parizvino, mbatatisi inokohwewa pachishandiswa masanganisi kana diggers uye kunhonga machubhu nemaoko. Yechipiri sarudzo inosanganiswa nemari yakakosha yebasa remaoko uye kudiwa kukuru kwemabhegi kana mambure ekurongedza mbatatisi. Zvisinei, kana zvichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kwezvibatanidza, kushandiswa kwevanochera kunopa zvakanyanya kuderera kwehutano hwemagetsi kune tubers. Zvichipa kusimba kwekushanda kwepamusoro, kukohwa nemucheri kunofanira kushandiswa kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga (munyaya iyi, mbatatisi inokura, sekutonga, munzvimbo duku). Sezvimwewo, kushandiswa kwemichina kunobvumirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, apo kukohwa kwekubatanidza hakugoneki nekuda kwevhu risina kunaka uye mamiriro ekunze.
Kucheka misoro nemusanganiswa panguva imwe chete nekuchera machubhu (yepamusoro crusher yakaiswa munzvimbo inogashira yemasanganisi) haigamuchirwi munzvimbo zhinji dzeRussia, sezvo chinangwa chikuru chekuparadzwa kwayo chakarasika: nguva yekuibva nekuoma. ye peel haina kubatanidzwa; hapana kudzikisira mukana uye chiyero chekukuvadzwa kwetuber nekunonoka blight. Kushandiswa kweiyi nzira kunogoneka chete kana uchikohwa mbatatisi yekutanga inokurumidza kutengeswa.
Kana uchienzanisa inozvifambisa uye inoteedzerwa michina yehunyanzvi (vacheki, vanochera, vanotakurisa), sarudzo yekugadzira mbatatisi yakakura inofanira kupihwa kune anozvifambisa. Pasinei nemutengo wavo wepamusoro, ivo vanowanzopfuura pamusoro pezviratidziro zvekushanda uye zvehupfumi.
Technologies yekuchengetedza mbatatisi yekuchengetedza. Kukohwa kunoteverwa nedanho retekinoroji rekuchengeta mbatatisi kuti dzichengeterwe. Kune matatu akaradzika matekinoroji - kuyerera, transshipment uye yakananga-kuyerera, imwe neimwe iyo inosarudza inowirirana nhanho yekukuvadzwa kwemagetsi kune tubers (Table 1).
Tafura 1. Mechanical kukuvadzwa kumachubhu zvinoenderana nekuchengetedza tekinoroji,%
Mhando dzekukuvara | Technology | ||
in-line | transshipment | kuyerera kwakananga | |
Peel kusvika ½ ye tuber pamusoro | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Peel inodarika ½ yetuber pamusoro | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Kutsemuka, misodzi uye kuchekwa mu pulp ye tubers | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Kusviba kwepulp nehukuru uye kudzika kweanopfuura 5 mm kubva kune zvinokanganisa | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
ZVIMWE kukuvara | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Kurasikirwa kwese kwe8 mwedzi yekuchengetedza,% | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Marara kubva mukuchenesa tuber,% | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Kuyerera - Mbatata inokohwewa nemusanganiswa kana digger inotumirwa kunzvimbo yekusarudza kuti iparadzanise tsvina uye igoita zvidimbu, zvichiteverwa nekuchengetedza. Kuenzaniswa nemamwe matekinoroji, izvi zvinokonzeresa huwandu hukuru hwekukuvadza kwemagetsi kumachubhu. Nokudaro, inofanira kushandiswa chete munyaya yekutengeswa kwematsutso kwembatatisi kana apo mbatatisi yakakohwewa nemusanganiswa inobva kumunda nemusanganiswa wevhu rinopfuura 25-30% uye nemasara emiti. Zvakare, kushandiswa kwemichina iyi kunotenderwa kana tichitaura nezvekukohwa machubhu akaibva zvakakwana, ane matehwe akasimba uye asina kubatwa nezvirwere.
Kuchinja - Usati wachengeta kana kurongedza pane imwe nzvimbo, machubhu anochengetwa mumirwi yenguva pfupi. Sarudzo yekufarira tekinoroji iyi inofanirwa kuitwa kana paine kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kumachubhu nekudzitirwa, kunonoka blight, kuora kwemvura, kana mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kukohwa kunoitwa mukutonhora uye kuchinaya mamiriro ekunze, kunyanya nemasanganiswa paivhu rinorema.
Yakananga-kuyerera - Mbatata dzinosvika kubva kumunda dzinobva dzachengetwa pasina kurongwa kwematsutso. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kuchenesa kunogona kuitwa muzviitiko zviviri. Kana musanganiswa wevhu mumurwi usingapfuure 10-15%, uye zviri mukati madiki machubhu anosvika 30 mm muhukuru muhuwandu hwechirimwa haana kukosha, anokohwewa maererano neyakapusa "combine-storage" chirongwa. , i.e. Mbatata kubva musanganiswa inotorwa kunochengeterwa uye inoburutswa muhopper yeTZK-30/60 mhando conveyor-loader, iyo inoisa machubhu mugomo. Kana iyo ivhu yakasanganiswa inopfuura 20% uye chikamu chediki machubhu chakakwira, ipapo mbatatisi dzinobva musanganiswa dzinodzikiswa muhopper yemazuva ano yekugamuchira (somuenzaniso, yakagadzirwa neGRIMME), yakaiswa pamberi pegedhi rekuchengetedza. Iyo bunker inoshongedzerwa nemurwi wekuchenesa, iyo inoparadzanisa ivhu uye madiki machubhu, uye chikamu chikuru chembatatisi inodyiswa nehurongwa hwevafambisi (conveyors) kunzvimbo yekuchengetedza, uko murwi stacker uripo. Pamaconveyors, non-standard tubers, mapundu, matombo uye kumwe kusvibiswa kunosarudzwa nemaoko. Mbeu dzembatatisi dzakadyarwa uchishandisa tekinoroji iyi dzinochengetwa kusvika muchirimo, uye zvidimbu zvinoyerwa panguva yekugadzirira kusati kwadyarwa; panguva imwecheteyo, machubhu anobatwa nemhinduro yeMaxim, Prestige, Aktara, nezvimwewo, kana pakudyara mukudyara. opener.
Kubva pane data iri muTable 1 zvinotevera kuti kana pasina kutengesa kwematsutso, mbatatisi papurazi inofanirwa kuchengetwa uchishandisa yakananga-kuyerera tekinoroji, uye mumamiriro akanyanya - uchishandisa transshipment tekinoroji. Iine in-line tekinoroji, mukuwedzera kune yakakwira mwero wekukuvadzwa kwemechini kune machubhu, iyo muzana yekusviba kwepulp kubva kune zvinokanganisa inowedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvinotungamira kuwedzera kwemarara pakuchenesa machubhu - zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kaviri nekuda kwekudzikira kwese. kunaka kwembatatisi zvichienzaniswa neakananga-kuyerera tekinoroji.
Mhando yenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mbatatisi. Bin-type yekuchengetera nzvimbo ine mugero wepakati kana kuti ine zvikamu zvega inonyatsokodzera kuchengetedza mhodzi dzembatatisi. (Mufananidzo 1).
Kune ware mbatatisi, nzvimbo dzekuchengetera dzakareruka dhizaini (kunyanya rudzi rwemhando) dzinoshandiswa, dzine chiyero chepamusoro chekushandiswa kwenzvimbo. Mhodzi dzembatatisi, kunyanya mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzekutanga, dzinochengetwawo mumidziyo (Mufananidzo 2).
Mufananidzo 2. Tekinoroji yemidziyo yekuchengetera mbatatisi:
a) air-pressure makabati anopa mweya kuburikidza nezvigadziko zvakamira pamusoro pemidziyo; b) kurongedza midziyo muzvikamu zvishanu
Iyi inzira inodhura, asi inopa mafambiro epamusoro ebasa panguva yekugadzirira uye kuronga kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana uye kubereka.
Yenguva refu yekuchengetedza tekinoroji algorithm. Tekinoroji yekuchengeta, iyo inovimbisa kushomeka kwekurasikirwa kana ichinyatsoteedzerwa, inosanganisira mishanu nguva huru: inoteedzana kuomesa machubhu ari mukuita kurodha mbatatisi mudura nekuda kwekuenderera kufefetera nemhepo yekunze pamwero we100-200 m.3/t paawa; nguva yekurapa - kwemazuva 20-25 pane tembiricha ye18-20 0Ne cyclic ventilation nemhepo yemukati uchishandisa nzira yekudzokorodza kwe30-40 maminetsi pazuva; nguva yekutonhora nesimba 0,5 0C pazuva; main period panguva yekuchengetedza tembiricha 4-5 0Ne periodic ventilation ye40-50 maminitsi maviri kusvika katatu pavhiki uye spring period - iyo inonyanya kuita basa uye yakaoma, sezvo zvichidikanwa kudzivirira kumera kusati kwasvika kwemachubhu, kunyanya kana mazuva ekudyara kana kudyara pachako kunononoka nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemamiriro ekunze. Basa nderekubvisa kupinda kwekunze kwemhepo inodziya yekunze mudura uye kuchengetedza tembiricha munzvimbo yekuchengetera pamwero wakapihwa kuburikidza nekufefetedza kwenguva pfupi munguva inotonhora zvakanyanya yezuva, semuenzaniso, mumaawa mambakwedza.
Hunyoro hwemhepo mudura panguva yekuchengetera mbatatisi, kunze kweiyo nguva yekuomesa, inofanira kunge iri padanho re90-95%.
Kushandiswa kwemakemikari uye zvinokurudzira kukura. Mumakore achangopfuura, kunze kwenyika uye muRussia, tekinoroji yekuchengetedza mbatatisi yembeu, pamwe nekushandiswa kwemishonga inodzivirira uye inokurudzira (Maxim 0,2 l / t, nezvimwewo), iri kuwedzera kusanganisira nzira yakadai secarbonation ne phytohormone ethylene. Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuFederal State Budgetary Institution VNIIKH muna 2015-2017, kuchengetwa kwembeu mbatatisi munzvimbo ye phytohormone ethylene kubva munaNovember kusvika Chivabvu pane tembiricha ye4. 0C yakabatsira mukuwedzera kwenhamba yemaziso akacheneruka (kunyanya nekuda kweanotevera kunze kweapical dominance), kare (nemazuva 3-5) uye kubuda kweyunifomu yembeu, kuumbwa kwenhamba yakawanda yemadzinde pagwenzi. ne 19,9-36,0% zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana), kuwedzera kwechirimwa kureba ne 2-3 cm, kuwedzera kwenhamba yemachubhu pagwenzi (ne6,3-19,0%) nekutanga kwekutanga kwe tuberization, kuwedzera kwegoho. (yakazara - ne 9,9-19,0% , inotengeswa - ne 7,0-23,9%, kunyanya kana uchishandisa kudiridza), kuumbwa kwechimiro chakafanana chezvirimwa (Table 2).
Tafura 2. Biometric zviratidzo uye goho rembatatisi uchishandisa muenzaniso wepakati-yekutanga Gala akasiyana kana uchishandisa ethylene, zvichienderana neanotevera mamiriro ekukura (avhareji ye2015-2017)
Kukura nzvimbo | Sarudzo yekuchengeta machubhu embeu uye kushandisa madiridziro | Nhamba yemadzinde, pcs./bush | Nhamba ye tubers pcs./bush | Kugadzira, t / ha | |
general | inotengeswa (tubers chikamu> 50 mm) | ||||
Lyubertsy (sandy loam ivhu) | kuzvidzora | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
pamwe ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
Ozersky (ivhu rakaoma) | kuzvidzora | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
pamwe ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
kudzora (kudiridza) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
ne ethylene (kudiridza) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Kwemakore akati wandei, mushonga Vist 10 g/t (thiabendazole active ingredient) yakagamuchira ongororo yakanaka yemhedzisiro yayo pakuchengeta mhando yembeu dzembatatisi. Kushanda kweRhizoctonia sclerotia mushure mekuputirwa nemushonga uyu nemhepo inoshanda kwakaderera ka14. Mukuedza kwekugadzira (nharaunda yeMoscow), kurasikirwa kwebhubhu kwakadzikira pamhando yeAmadeus ne8,7%, Asterix - ne9,4%, Udacha - ne17,3%, Nevsky - ne25,8%. Kukohwa kwembatatisi dzine hutano kwakawedzera ne9,4-11,8%. Mutengo wekugadzira wakadzikira ne 1,2 nguva, uye purofiti nhanho yaive muhuwandu hwe49,6-75,5%.
Stanislav Maltsev, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences; Vladimir Zeyruk, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences;
Sergey Andrianov, mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza; Sofya Shishkova, muongorori wechidiki,
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "FRC yePotato yakatumidzwa zita reA.G. Lorcha"