Parizvino, kudyara helminthiases inokonzerwa nehonye (nematodes) idambudziko rakakura mukugadzirwa kwekurima. Kurasikirwa kwepasirese kwekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa kubva kumatatode kuri paavhareji 7-10%, nehutachiona hwakasimba, varimi vekurima vanorasikirwa kusvika pamakumi masere muzana echirimwa.
Mbatatisi inobatwa nemhando dzinoverengeka dzematode. Pakati pavo pane stem (Ditylenchus destructor), nduru yekuchamhembe (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), pale (Globodera pallida Stone) uye goridhe (Globodera rostochiensis). Iyo hunde (tuber) nematode inokuvadza zvikamu zvepasi pevhu zvezvirimwa (zvese panguva yekukura uye panguva yekuchengetedza), zvichikonzera chirwere chine njodzi che ditylenchiasis. Muzvinyama zve tubers pasi peganda, madiki machena machena ane maburi ari pakati chaipo anogadzirwa. Nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzinova dzakapfava uye dzinoonekwa nekurova. Yakabatwa tubers inopera uye kuora. Kazhinji kazhinji, hutachiona hwezvirimwa hunoitika mumunda, uye munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, chirwere chinotanga kufambira mberi.
Izvo zvisinganyanye kukuvadza ndeye yekuchamhembe rootworm nematode, iyo inokanganisa midzi uye tubers yembatatisi uye zvinobatsira mukuvandudza melodyynosis. Pamidzi yeDitylenhoz, inokonzerwa nematato nematode emiti, thickenings (galls) inogadzirwa. Chipembenene chinodzivirira mvura nezvinovaka muviri kuti zvisvike pamadzinde ezvirimwa, izvo zvinoitisa kudzikira kwehuwandu uye kunaka kwechirimwa. Iyo pallid nematode zvakare inokwanisa kukonzera kurasikirwa kwakakosha kwehupfumi hwembatatisi. Chipembenene chinogara munzvimbo dzinotonhora uye dzakadzikama, chakapararira munyika dzeEurope, uye chinoiswa kune vamwe vekunze.
Yambiro - CYST
Imwe yezvipembenene zvakakomba ndeye cyst-inogadzira mbatatisi yegoridhe nematode, iyo inokonzeresa chirwere chine njodzi - mbatatisi globoderosis (zvimwe zvirimwa zvemhuri yeSolanaceae zvinokanganisawo izvozvo, asi padiki padiki).
Goridhe mbatatoti nematode inosanganisirwa mune runyorwa rwezvipembenene zvekuisa kwakakosha kukosha kweiyo Russian Federation.
KOYESI YEMAHARA NEMATODES ANOGADZWA SEI?
Vakadzi veiyo cyst nematode vanoumba ma cysts ane mazai pamidzi ye mbatatisi. Mushure mekudyara mbatatisi mukati megore, maruva anopinda anobuda kubva kuma cysts kwemavhiki matatu kusvika matanhatu ari pasi pekukanganisa midzi yekuvhara uye kutapudza midzi. Iyo larva inopinda mumudzi kuburikidza nemudzi chivharo uye kwemazuva akati wandei inofamba pamwe nemidzi conduction system, mushure mezvo inomira yoita nzvimbo yekudyira yemasero mahombe akati wandei. Zvichienderana nekupisa kwevhu, vanhukadzi nevarume vanoumbwa kubva kumaruva mukati memwedzi 3-6. Mazuva mashoma mushure mekukwikwidzana, mukadzi anotanga kuunganidza mazai mumuviri mhango. Vechidiki vakadzi vechena chena nematsutso vanowana goridhe ruvara uye mune ino mamiriro kuenda kuchando. Kusvika kumagumo ehupenyu, muviri wechikadzi wakazara zvizere nemazai, ichichinja kuita sekapisi, yakafukidzwa negobvu rakadzika - cyst.
Ma cysts anogara muvhu, achikanganisa midzi yezvirimwa zvirimwa panguva inotevera yekukura kutenderera, uye inogona kuchengetwa kwenguva yakareba (angangoita makore gumi) kunyangwe pasina chiripo chinogashira chirimwa.
Zvakaoma kubata nema cysts - nzira dzechinyakare (kupisa ivhu repamusoro uye kutenderera kwezvirimwa) hazvishande, dzinenge dzisingatariswe nemakemikari.
Parizvino, masayendisiti mazhinji uye vezvekurima vari kubheja pane mikana yekugadzirira zvipenyu (zvichibva pazvipembenene zvinodya dzimwe mhuka), musimboti wayo wakavakirwa pazvinhu zvakasikwa "zvinodya". Mishonga yakadai, kuwedzera mukubudirira mukugadzirisa dambudziko hombe, rine zvimwe zvinobatsira: hazvina huturu, hazvikonzere kupindwa muropa nechipembenene.
NZIRA YOKUDZIDZA NEMATODA
Iyo nematoda idiki diki honye (0,5-1 mm muhukuru) uye inonetsa kuona neziso rakashama. Asi chirimwa chinotapukirwa chinogona kuzivikanwa neakawanda akasiyana maficha. Iwo ekutanga maficha anoonekwa atove masvondo 3-4 mushure mekubuda kwemashanga: zvirimwa zvakasara kumashure mukukura, zvinotanga kushanduka yero nguva isati yakwana (kunyanya kubva kune yepazasi tier), ivo vane mashoma mashoma madzinde, anosiya curl.
Maruva kazhinji haapo kana kushomeka zvakanyanya. Makwenzi akazara kwazvo anofa nguva refu kukohwa kusati kwatanga, zvichigadzira tubers tudiki kana kusatomboita. Midzi yemidziyo ine hutachiwana yakasviba, idiki pane zvakajairwa uye ine mizhinji mizhinji yekupedzisira. Pakazosvika pakati paChikunguru, mabhora egoridhe anoumbwa pamidzi yezvirimwa zvematatisi - mucherechedzo wega wakanangana nekuonekwa kwematato egoridhe nematode.
Kuti uwane kuongororwa kwakanyatsojeka, nzira dzekumisikidza mutoro unopinda dzakagadziriswa uye dzakatsanangurwa zvakadzama mune nyanzvi mabhuku. Nekudaro, mumunda, mazhinji acho - nekuda kwekuda kwekushandisa yakakosha michina - haawanikwe.
Naizvozvo, varimi vanokurudzirwa zvikuru kuti vange vachiongorora ivhu kumatema gore rega rega. Kana ikakurumidza dambudziko rikawanikwa, zvichave nyore kuribvisa.
Nematode hutachiona
Tsime rekuparadzirwa kwematode rine utachiona hwembatatisi uye ivhu rine hutachiona (panguva yekukohwa, cysts inodonha kubva pamidzi uye inoramba iri muvhu). Iwo ma cysts anoshanda sosi sosi yekutapukira kwenzvimbo dzese nyowani, nekuti dzinogona kuendeswa pambesa mbesa, nemidziyo, uye kunyangwe neshangu.
Nzira huru dzehutachiona:
• paunenge uchidyara tubers ine hutachiona;
• paunochengeta tubers tune hutachiona pamwe nehutano mune yakanyanya mwando mamiriro;
• kana uchishandisa zvishandiso zvisina kurapwa izvo zvakasangana nevhu rakashatiswa;
• kana uchidyara tubers muvhu maimborimwa mbatatisi dzakatapukirwa kare.
Mamiriro akanakisa kwazvo eiyo yegoridhe mbatata nematode inogadzirwa munzvimbo dzinorimwa mbatatisi gore rega rega, pasina kuteedzera mitemo yekutenderera kwezvirimwa.
Kugoverwa muRUSSIA
Zvinoenderana neRosselkhoznadzor dhata kubva munaNdira 1, 2018, iyo nzvimbo yakatarwa yekuparadzirwa kwegoridhe mbatatisi nematode muRussia ingangoita mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu emahekita, uye iyo nzvimbo yekuisa yega nzvimbo yehutachiona hwechipembenene ichi inodarika miriyoni imwe mahekita.
Iyo nzvimbo yekuparadzira yegoridhe mbatatati nematode parizvino inosanganisira matunhu makumi matanhatu nematanhatu emunyika (kusanganisira mafoci muUrals, Siberia neFar East), mumatunhu e64 matunhu.
Kupararira kwegoridhe mbatatoma nematode kune zvinokanganisa kukudziridza kwekurimwa kwembatatisi uye kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu chenyika.