Mhando inoshanda kwazvo yekubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvebudiriro yedunhu, iyo inobvumira kushandisa zvese zviripo uye kutora mukana weiyo nzvimbo, pamwe nekuzadzisa chinodiwa chinhanho chekuzvimiririra pakudya, idanho.
Nikolay Smirnov, Mudzidzisi Mukuru weDhipatimendi "Kugadziriswa, Sangano reZvekufambisa uye manejimendi mune Zvekufambisa", State Budgetary Educational Institution Yedzidzo Yepamusoro "Nizhny Novgorod State Injiniya neUniversity University"
Kurima mbatatisi nderimwe remapazi akakura ezvekurima muRussia, iro rinoita basa rakakura mukugadzika kwekudya kune nyika. Iyo nyika yeiyo inokura mbatatisi subcomplex uye chinzvimbo chematapiri pamusika wezvokudya chinotambirwa mukuita kwepasirese seakanyanya kuratidza kuchengetedza kwekudya, nekudaro, kukosha kwembatatisi mune hupfumi hwenyika ipi neipi haigone kufungidzirwa.
ПMaitiro ekugadzira mbatatisi kubatana kwakabatana kwehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi, sangano uye manejimendi. Tekinoroji yekugadzira inozivikanwa nehumwe huwandu hwemitengo yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira pachikamu chimwe nechimwe chechigadzirwa chiri kugadzirwa. Iyo tekinoroji inopa zvakanakisa mhedzisiro, inowanikwa mukati meyakaenzana chiyero uye chikamu chezvinhu zvekugadzira, imwe hunyanzvi hwechigadziko uye sangano rekugadzira.
Munyaya ino tichaedza kuzviparadzanisa uye kurongedza zvinhu zvine chekuita nekubudirira kwekugadzira mbatatisi (Fig. 1).
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, bhizinesi rega rega rinogara richimanikidzwa kutsvaga uye kushandisa izvo zviripo kuchengetedza hunyanzvi hwehupfumi hwekugadzira. Uyezve, zvakakosha kwazvo kuti isangano rakakodzera rebasa kuti uwane matura uye uongorore zviripo zvekugadzira zvinhu, zvichienderana nezviri kuitika mudzimba nekune dzimwe nyika.
Parizvino, mukukura kwembatatisi, semamwe maindasitiri, pane mamiriro ezvehupfumi umo bhizinesi rega rega rinofanira kugara richiona huwandu hwemakwikwi ezvigadzirwa zvawo kuitira kuti igadzikane nzvimbo yakatsiga mumusika wekutengesa. Chiitiko chemasimba epasirese epasi rose chinoratidza kuti fomu inoshanda kwazvo yekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvekuvandudza nharaunda, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kushandisa zviwanikwa zvese uye kushandisa zvakanakira nharaunda, pamwe nekuzadzisa mwero unodiwa wekusununguka kwezvokudya, isumbu.
Nechimiro ichi chekubatanidza masangano ehupfumi, iyo inonzi "yemukati" makwikwi inomuka, iyo inobatsira mukuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwemhando yezvigadzirwa zvezvose zvekupedzisira uye zvepakati basa. Panguva imwecheteyo, masango anoita kuti zvikwanisike kuwedzera kwakakwikwidzana kwemasangano avo, kusimbisa kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuvandudza, kuderedza mutengo wekutengesa, kuvaka uye kusimbisa hukama pakati penzvimbo dzekugadzira, sainzi, dzidzo, hurumende pamwe nemasangano eruzhinji izvo zvinopa kubatana zvisirizvo pakati pevatori vechikamu vese nevatengi vebatata. .
Kuumbwa kwekudyidzana kwakabatana uye kwakabatana mune imwe ndima kwazivikanwa kubva panguva yekugadzirwa kwemabasa emaoko, mune izvi, kuvapo kwechikwata sechinhu chehupfumi chekubatanidza chakaratidzirwa nenguva. Panguva ino iripo, zvinowanzo zivikanwa kuti matunhu umo masumbu anoshanda anowana chinzvimbo chehutungamiriri uye ane hukosha hwakanyanya pakukwikwidza kwezvakagadzirwa.
Kubva mukufunda kwemabasa pamasumbu, izvi zvinotevera zvakakosha izvo zvakakosha mukugadzira mubatanidzwa wakadai zvinogona kusiyaniswa: nzvimbo, danho rehunyanzvi hwekugadzira, huwandu hwevatori vechikamu (mabhizinesi ebhizinesi), nhanho yemakwikwi mukati mehukama, danho rehupenyu hwehukama uye chinangwa chayo chikuru ( mabasa), mutsva nemagariro zviitiko. Iine hunyanzvi hwekubatanidza, izvi zvinhu zvinopa synergistic athari, iyo muhuwandu uye mazwi anodiwa anopfuura nyore kapikisi yakanangana nemagariro ezviitiko zvakasiyana zvechinhu chimwe nechimwe (hupfumi).
Kuverenga ruzivo rwekushandisa masumbu akasimba mukudyara mbatatisi, vanotsvaga vanoteerera runyorwa rwezvinhu izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kana zvichitarisa nyaya iyi.
Bhizimusi rine chekuita nekugadzirwa nekutengesa mbatatisi rinosanganisira nhanho dzinoverengeka dzakakosha, kusanganisira: kupa danho rembeu, kukura, kuronga kuchengetedza uye nezvimwe zvakawanda, izvo zvinotaridza hwakaomarara hierarchical chimiro chechisimba chinogona kuitika. Zvingangodaro vatori vechikamu mudunhu rembatatisi clatter vangave: mhodzi dzemapurazi; masangano ekutsvagurudza akabatanidzwa mukudzidza kwezvematambudziko; masangano edzidzo ezvikamu zvakasiyana uye nzvimbo dzekudzidzira; vamiriri vehurumende vanomiririrwa nedare redunhu uye vatariri vematunhu; mbatatisi vanozvigadzira ivo pachavo, vachipa huwandu hunodiwa hwezvigadzirwa zvezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana uye unokwanisa kuzvichengeta; kugadzirisa mabhizinesi (yepakati yakadzika yekugadzirisa); vamiriri vecheni dzekutengesa; masangano ezvekutakura, nezvimwe.
Zvine musoro kufunga kuti iwo anotanga kugadzirwa kwemasumbu anofanirwa kuve, kutanga kwezvose, mitumbi yehurumende yakagadzirira kupa rutsigiro rwakakosha kune vanogadzira. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti chisumbu mune zvazviri zvazviri hachigone kugadzirwa nenzira dzekutonga, izvo zvinosimbiswa nemienzaniso yakawanda yenyika. Masango akarongeka chete kana zvinangwa zvepamberi zvichimuka zvinogonesa kusimba kwehupfumi hwekudzamisa hukama hwehupfumi pakati pemapurazi emapato uye kuvaka chigadzirwa chakafanana uye ruzivo. Padanho redunhu, urwu rudzi rwehukama ruchatarisa seinotevera (Fig. 2).
Mumuenzaniso wakatsanangurwa, "element" yakakosha kurima mbatatisi. Anobatsira - iyo International Innovative Ruzivo neKubvunzurudza Center yekuona kuitwa kwekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzekumaruwa (kuve nesainzi kugona uye zvinhu uye hunyanzvi hwaro hwakakosha mukuvandudza kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira matapira ari kukura). Mikana yekudzidzisa vashandi vane hunyanzvi uye rutsigiro rwesainzi uye nzira yekushandisa nzira itsva dzekugadzira mbatatisi dzakarangarirwawo. Maitiro acho pachawo anotariswa neiyo nyowani uye yekubvunza nzvimbo yeiyo agro-indasitiri yakaoma yenharaunda yeNizhny Novgorod.
Iyi mhando (sumbu) inoita kuti ikwanise kupa imwe nzira yekushandisa kweiyo sainzi uye yekugadzira inogonesa yedunhu uye kuderedza kuwanda kweiyo basa rekugadzira mbatatisi uye zvigadzirwa zvavo zvakarongwa, uku zvichikwira mwero wekubudirira kwekugadzira.
Tichipiwa zvese zvakataurwa pamusoro, tinogadzira tsananguro yekapu yemazizi.
Mukati merimugadziriro yekrisimasi, kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvakaumbwa kwakanangana nekuchinjana kwemashoko, zvigadzirwa, matekiniki ekugadzira uye nzira dzekutengesa mbatatisi. Zvakare, kushandiswa pamwe chete kwezvivakwa, kushambadzira uye kushambadzira kushambadzira zvigadzirwa, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi vane hunyanzvi hwakawanda muhuwandu hunodiwa kuitira kushanda kwakagadzikana kwamabhizinesi akabatanidzwa mumubatanidzwa kunoitwa. Chinangwa chikuru chechikwata chejekerere mukukura mbatatisi kuwedzera bhizimusi nekusimbisa kushandira pamwe pakati pemabhizinesi nenyika.
Parinhasi, kusikwa kwekutanga kweRussia mbatatisi (pamwe neye yekutanga yezvekurima) sango rakarongwa mudunhu reYaroslavl.
Dunhu reYaroslavl rine mikana yose yekuronga musangano wakadai: yakanaka mamiriro ekunze ekudyarwa kwembeu nembatata zvetafura, nharaunda yakanyatsogadzirwa (vachifunga nezvekuvakwa kwenzvimbo yekugovera), uye kuwanikwa kwemaitiro akasimudzirwa ekutsigira kwenyika kune varimi vekurima. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhirizhonga iyi inosanganisira gumi emapurazi mapurazi, nzvimbo inowanzotengeswa nzvimbo, yekutsvagisa uye dzidzo dzidzo.
Mhando yakafanana yekudyidzana iri kuitawo mudunhu reNizhny Novgorod. Maumbirwo enharaunda ino anosanganisira akati wandei mapurazi emapurazi ane nzvimbo dzakafanana dzakadyarwa uye chirongwa chebudiriro chakawanda, chekuti: kuwedzera mari kuti uwane mugumisiro wakanaka. Sekemichi, ichi chimiro chinoratidzwa muPiy. 3.
Mamiriro akakosha ebasa rakabudirira, maererano nevamiriri vepurazi rega rega, ndeyekudzora chinhambwe kubva kunzvimbo yekudyarwa kusvika kuchinhu chekuchengetera uye kugadzirisa mbatatisi, pamwe nekuvapo kwenhengo yega yega yekubatana kwehunyanzvi hwekuita zvechizvino.
Nyika inotora chinzvimbo chakatsiga mukutsigira chirongwa chekuumba masango: mari yemubhadharo pamari inokweretwa (chikamu chemubhadharo wekugadzira nekuvandudza zvivakwa zvekurima, zvekutora nekurenda (kubvumidza) michina uye michina, kusanganisira kuvandudza tekinoroji-inoshanda uye tekinoroji-yekuponesa uye kutakura mitero, nezvimwe.
Mari inodikanwa (masididiyani) ekuvandudza masikirini matsva uye maindasitiri akagoverwa neBazi reUkuvandudzwa kwehupfumi kweRussian Federation uye Ministry of Viwanda neRusununguko yeRussia. Nekuda kwekubatsira kwenyika, iyo mbatatisi sumbu inogona kugamuchira anenge mamirioni mazana maviri rubles. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti matunhu akati wandei eRussian Federation akatoshandisa zvirongwa zvesangano remasango (mune mamwe matunhu) uye aratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka yebasa remasangano aya.
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzinokura mbatatisi pamatunhu padunhu ndiyo imwe yemamiriro akakosha ekuwedzera makwanisiro emakwikwi emabhizinesi ezvekurima ezvekurima uye kuwedzera kwehurongwa hwekudyidzana kweveruzhinji nevezvakavanzika. Inonyanya kukosha isangano uye kukura kwehukama pakati pemapurazi emapato, masaiti ekutengesa, masangano ekutsvagisa, masangano ekudzidzisa, nezvimwe. Kuwana iyi nzira yekudyidzana, uchifunga zvese zvinodiwa uye maficha ekukura mbatatisi, chiyero chakaringana chezvinhu zvese zvekugadzira, zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya basa rekugadzira uye kuzadzisa chinodiwa chikamu chemari chemabhizinesi.