Mbatata inokura yedunhu reSverdlovsk
Mwaka wadarika, mabhizinesi ezvekurima eSverdlovsk dunhu akarima mbatatisi pane nzvimbo inosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri. Ivhareji goho rakagadziriswa pa13,9 c / ha. Huwandu hwekukohwa kwakakura pakupera kwegore hwaisvika mazana mazana mazana manomwe nemakumi manomwe nematanhatu ematani.
Territory: 194 sq. km, kureba kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba 307 km, kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva - 660 km.
Population: 4 325 256 vanhu, vacho 84,78% vanogara mumaguta. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo: iri padanho rekumabvazuva kweUral Mountains uye yakaganhurwa neWest Siberian lowland. Ku maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero, iyo nzvimbo inosvika kumatope ekumadokero epakati peUral.
Mamiriro okunze: makondinendi, asi nekuda kwehurefu hwenzvimbo pamwe nemamidhiya anodarika mazana matanhatu emakiromita uye kusiyana kwekuyamurika, mamiriro ekunze akasiyana siyana anoonekwa mudunhu iri.
Pamapani, avhareji Tembiricha tembiricha yakatarwa pa -20 ° С kuchamhembe uye -16 ° С kumaodzanyemba. Ivhareji tembiricha muna Chikunguru inosiyana kubva pa16 ° С kuchamhembe kusvika 19 ° С kumaodzanyemba. Paunosuduruka kubva pamukwidza uye uchienda kumaodzanyemba, huwandu hwetembiricha yakanaka hunowedzera uye huwandu hwemvura yekunaya inoderera. Nharaunda huru yemapani iri munzvimbo ine hunyanzvi, uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye zvimwe zvikamu zvekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenharaunda zvakatove zvakabatanidzwa munzvimbo ine mwando nemamiriro ekunze akanakisa ekurima. Mamiriro ekunze ebhanhire rine makomo ishoma kondinendi, iine tembiricha yakaderera yezhizha uye yakanyorova kupfuura mapani. Avhareji ekunaya kwemvura pagore ndeye 350-400 mm kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva uye 500 mm kuchamhembe, uye munzvimbo dzemakomo ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero inodarika 500-600 mm. Nekuda kweaya mamiriro ekunze, avhareji yekukura mwaka muSverdlovsk dunhu rinenge mazuva zana nemakumi matatu.
Relief: chikamu chekumadokero kwedunhu iri mukati meCentral neNorth Urals, uye chikamu chekumabvazuva chiri kumucheto kumadokero kweWest Siberian Lowland. Dunhu reMiddle Urals rinenge rakafanana nebani - kumadokero, kukwirira kwemakomo kuri kubva pamamita mazana matatu kusvika mazana mashanu, uye kumabvazuva nzvimbo iyi ine zororo rakakora nehuremu hwepakati kubva pamamita mazana maviri kusvika mazana matatu. Nzvimbo yepamusoro mudunhu iri Konzhakovsky Kamen peak (kureba 300 m).
Denga: 35 magene emhando dzevhu akaonekwa mudunhu renharaunda - kubva kumakomo-tundra uye podzolic ivhu kuchamhembe kwedunhu kuenda kune chernozems uye chernozem-meadow kumaodzanyemba. Podzolic uye soddy-podzolic ivhu rinotonga (33,2% yeiyo yakazara ivhu revhavha), rakasviba grey ivhu rakapararira pamusoro pe20% yenharaunda. Grey uye ivhu jena grey inogara 13,1%. Chernozems inowanikwa mune madiki maturakiti kumaodzanyemba uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenharaunda. Muchikamu chemakomo, makomo-taiga uye makomo-tundra ivhu akapararira.
Yekurima ivhu: 4082,6 ha (21,0%) ..
Mbatatisi yakakosha chirimwa cheMiddle Urals. Dunhu reSverdlovsk kwemakore akawanda rakachengeta nzvimbo yakagadzikana mumatunhu gumi epamusoro embatatisi muRussia.
Nekudaro, zvinoenderana nezvokutanga mhedzisiro yeYese-Russian Yezvekurima Census yakaburitswa naSverdlovskstat, kubvira 2016, nzvimbo yekurima mbatatisi mudunhu iri yaderera kubva pa2006 kusvika 50,3 zviuru mahekita. Huwandu hwacho hwakadzikira zvakanyanya nekuda kwekudzikiswa kwenzvimbo muzvirongwa zvevaridzi vevanhu.
Asi mumasangano makuru ezvirimwa uye mapurazi pamusoro penguva ino, huwandu hwenzvimbo hwakagoverwa mbatatisi, pane kudaro, hwakawedzera. Zviratidzo zveExpress zvakawedzerawo zvakanyanya: mumapurazi vachishandisa tekinoroji dzazvino, zviverengero izvi nhasi zvakafananidzwa nezvakaitwa kuEurope.
Kunyangwe mune mamwe makore, kufarira tsika pakati pevagadziri vekurima ichiri kuderera. Nekudaro, muna 2016, mumaindasitiri mudunhu, kuderera kwemapapu ekudyara mbatatisi (kana tichienzanisa na 2015) akanyorwa neanoda kusvika chiuru mahekita. Mazhinji mapurazi (kunyanya madiki uye epakati) airamba kushanda nechirimwa, sezvo mutengo wemaziroti wakaramba wakadzikira zvakanyanya nguva dzinoverengeka dzakateerana.
Mwaka wadarika, mumapurazi emadhiza yedunhu reSverdlovsk, mbatatisi dzakarimwa panzvimbo ye13,9 zviuru mahekita. Gohwo repakati rakatemwa pa180,4 c / ha. Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yegore, gohwo rakakura raisvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu nemapfumbamwe ematani.
Sarudzo uye SEEDING
Mupiro wakakura mukuvandudza kusarudzwa pamwe nekudyarwa kwembeu mbatatisi mudunhu uye nyika yacho yese inogadzirwa neFederal State Budgetary Science Science Institution Ural Sayenzi Yekutsvakurudza Institute of Agriculture. Kwemakore, chiitiko chikuru chakaunganidzwa mukudyarwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dze mbatatisi. Mazhinji marudzi akasiyana anosanganisirwa muNyika Kunyoresa kweVakaberekera Zvakabudirira zveRussian Federation, kusanganisira vanozivikanwa kwete chete veUral mbatatisi varimi Mayak, Otrada, Amur, Bravo, Gornyak, Lux, Start, nezvimwe.
FSBI Ural Sayenzi Yekutsvagisa Institute of Agriculture yaive imwe yekutanga muRussia kuitisa genetic certification yeyavo mhando uye inonyanya kuvimbisa ma hybrids: nenzira iyi, kusarudzwa nekusarudzwa zvinoenderana nehunhu hwakakosha hunhu hunoitwa nenzira yakatariswa uye yakanangwa. Pane iyo saiti yekuedza pagore yakaedzwa kupfuura zviuru makumi maviri genotypes.
Kubva 2013, iyo Ural Research Institute yezvekurima, pamwe neAIC AO Belorechensky, vanga vachishanda mukuitwa kwechirongwa chakabatana cheUral Potato Mbeu Inoberekesa Center. Vanopfuura mamirioni zana maRubles akatoiswa mari muchirongwa ichi, emamiriyoni makumi maviri nematatu emari yekutsigirwa nenyika.
Basa reSeed Breeding Center kuita zviitiko zvekudyara mbeu: shanda nemhando gumi neshanu dzemakumi maviri embatatisi, idzo dzinosvika makumi matanhatu muzana idzo dzakasarudzika uye kusarudzwa kweUral Research Institute, imwe 15% - mhando dzekubereka kweRussia nekune dzimwe nyika.
Parizvino, chikamu chekutanga chehoro yacho chapedzwa: nzvimbo yepamusoro yebasa yekushambadzira microclonal mbatatisi uye diagnostics yakavhurwa (Ural Potato ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo dzazvino dzekuberekesa dzekushandisa marabhoritari), nhanhatu dzimba dzekudyira dzakavakirwa vanokurira mamitubers.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti muna 2018 70 zviuru zviuru zvichagadzirwa munzvimbo yekuberekera mbeu. zvirimwa mu vitro uye 560 zviuru zvidimbu zvakawanikwa. minitubers, mu2019 - 200 matani embeu dze "yekutanga munda chizvarwa" chikamu, mu2020 - 1400 matani embeu dze "super elite" chikamu. Uye kubva muna 2021, zvakarongerwa kutanga kuburitsa zviuru gumi zvematani embeu dze "vepamusoro" kuti vape varimi vekurima mudunhu nemamwe matunhu eRussia. Uyezve, mbatatisi dzinotengeswa dzicharimwa zvakananga mumapurazi (kutanga kubereka).
VARIETI ZAPOTATO KUSVIRA FGBNU "URAL NIISH"
MINER. Pakati wepakati, govera kusvika 62 t / ha; starchness 14-19%; palatability 4,3-4,8 mapoinzi; murombo digestibility (mhando B).
Anopesana nekenza uye goridhe cyst-inogadzira mbatata nematode (RO1). Takaneta kubatwa nekunonoka blight uye ganga.
Igwenzi rakareba, rakagadzika; inoyerera yakawanda, yakareba. Iyo inflorescence iri kupararira, yakawanda-inoyerera. Iyo whisk yakachena. Berry dzidzo haina kujairika uye sekondari.
Midzi yacho inotenderera, yero; maziso mashoma; mesh peel; nyama yakajeka yero.
Iyo inoratidzirwa neyakajairika yakakwira tuber goho uye yakaderera nitrate zvirimo mavari, uye kuramba kusanaya.
AMUR. Pakati wepakati, govera kusvika 48 t / ha; starchness 12-14%; palatability 4,0-4,4 mapoinzi; kati digestibility (mhando B).
Kuramba cancer. Zvine mwero zvinokanganiswa nekunonoka kwengozi pamusoro pemusoro. Vasina simba neshungu.
Igwenzi rakareba, rinomera; inoyerera pakati, pfupi-pfupi. Iwo inflorescence iri kupararira. Corolla mwenje wepepuru. Berry dzidzo haina kujairika.
Iyo machubhu ndeye oval, tsvuku; tsoka yakatetepa, maziso madiki; peel yacho inotsvedza; nyama yakachena yero, kwete kusviba panguva yekubheka.
Iyo inosiyaniswa nekutanga tuberization uye nekukurumidza kuunganidzira kwezvirimwa muhafu yekutanga yemwaka wekukura, kutengesa kwakanyanya uye kutaridzika kunoratidzika.
Bravo. Pakati wepakati, govera kusvika pa 57 t / ha; starchness 12-14%; palatability 4,0-4,2 mapoinzi; murombo digestibility (mhando B).
Anopesana nekenza uye goridhe cyst-inogadzira mbatata nematode (RO1). Zvine mwero zvinokanganiswa nekunonoka kwengozi pamusoro pemusoro. Vasina simba neshungu.
Igwenzi rakareba, rinomera; inoyerera pakati, pfupi-pfupi. Iyo inflorescence ndeye compact. Corolla mwenje wepepuru. Kuumbwa kwaBryry hakuwanzo.
Midzi yacho inotenderera, tsvuku; maziso mashoma; peel yacho inotsvedza; nyama yakachena yero, kwete kusviba panguva yekubheka.
Iyo mhando rudzi rwakakomba, inoratidzirwa neyakajairika chigadzirwa, uye inodzivirira kusanaya.
LUX. Pakutanga, govera kusvika pa49 t / ha; starchness 13%; palatability 17,0-4,2 mapoinzi; murombo digestibility (mhando B).
Anopesana nekenza uye goridhe cyst-inogadzira mbatata nematode (RO1). Zvine mwero zvinodzivirira kusvika pakunonoka kwanyanya Vasina simba neshungu.
Igwenzi rakadzika, rinomera; inoyerera isina kusimba, ipfupi-pfupi. Iyo inflorescence ndeye compact. Corolla mwenje wepepuru. Kuumbwa kwaBryry hakuwanzo.
Iyo machubhu akareba marara, tsvuku; tsoka yakatetepa, maziso madiki; peel yacho inotsvedza; nyama yakachena yero, kwete kusviba panguva yekubheka.
Iyo inosiyana mukukwira kwepakutanga kugadzirwa, kuenzanisa tubers; chitarisiko chinotaridzika. Inoteerera kuunzwa kwemhando dzakakwirira dzemaminerari mafetiraiza.
KUTANGA. Kutanga, kugadzirwa kunosvika 50 t / ha; starchness 13-17,7%; palatability 3,9-4,6 mapoinzi; kati digestibility (mhando B).
Anopesana nekenza uye goridhe cyst-inogadzira mbatata nematode (RO1). Kuneta nehusiku nekunetseka kwanyanya mashizha. Medium inodzivirira kune yakajairika ganda. Kupikiswa kwakanyanya kune hutachiona Y, X, S, M, L.
Igwenzi rakareba, rinomera; inoyerera inova yakawanda, yakawanda-inoyerera. Corolla red-violet. Berry kugadzirwa pakati.
Midzi yacho inotenderera, tsvuku; maziso mashoma, akatsvuka; peel yacho inotsvedza; nyama yakajeka yero.
Iyo inosiyaniswa nehupfumi hwepakutanga hunotengeswa, hombe klabhu; yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zvevhitamini C (26 mg /%).
KUKUNDWA
Kunyanya kutarisirwa kunobhadharwa kune sangano rekuchengetedza miriwo uye mbatatisi mudunhu: storages yemazuva ano inobvumira varimi vekurima kuti vape vagari vemuno nezvigadzirwa zvemuno kusvika mwaka unotevera.
Muna 2014, dunhu rakatanga chirongwa chedunhu chekuvakwa kwezvitoro zvemiriwo. Kwemakore maviri ebasa rechirongwa mudunhu iri, mafiriji ekuchengeta miriwo yeUral nehuwandu hwematani zviuru makumi maviri nezvitanhatu yakavakwa.
Nhasi, kugoverwa kwezvitoro zvemiriwo mudunhu reSverdlovsk kunosvika makumi masere neshanu muzana.
KUDZIDZISA SYSTEM
Kurovedzwa kwevashandi kwemaindasitiri ari kukura indasitiri munzvimbo yeSverdlovsk inoitwa mune imwe yemayunivhesiti makuru mudunhu iri - iyo Ural State Agrarian University (Ural State Agrarian University). Kwemakore makumi manomwe neshanu ekushanda, iyo Ural State Agrarian University yakadzidzisa vanopfuura zviuru makumi matatu nezviviri zveavo vangangoita ese matavi eiyo agro-indasitiri yakaoma.
Nhasi, vanopfuura zviuru zvinomwe zvevadzidzi vanodzidza kuyunivhesiti, zvirongwa zviri kuitwa munzvimbo makumi matatu nembiri dzekugadzirira dzidzo yepamusoro, uye nzvimbo gumi neshanu dzedzidzo yekusekondari.
Kukohwa kwegore rekutanga kunoitiswa kunzvimbo dzinosvika 947 bhajeti (muna 2018, kutora nzvimbo dzehunyanzvi hwakadai seinjiniya yekurima, mishonga yezvipfuyo, kurima zvipfuyo, kutarisirwa kweminda uye cadastres, nezvimwewo) zvakawedzerwa. Uye zvakare, gore rino Mugove wevanotarisana-nehunyanzvi hwekurima hwakawedzera (kubva pa30% kusvika makumi mashanu muzana). Nekudaro, Ministry of Agriculture yedunhu inoronga ku “kurima” nyanzvi dzinoshomeka mumaruwa uye kudzoreredza zvakare vashandi muvashandi vekurima.
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 22-23, mudunhu reSverdlovsk (musha weKechnevskoye, dunhu reCoyyarsky), pahwaro hweBelorechensky agro-indasitiri yakaoma, iyo All-Russian Potato Field Day ichaitwa, iyo, sevagadziri tariro, ichava zororo kune vese vanorima mbatatisi munyika.
Izvo zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa zvichishandisa media media uye zvakavhurwa zvinyorwa.