Mumakumi emakore ari kuuya, kupa vanhu vari kuramba vachiwedzera chikafu munyika zvichada kuti kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima zvapetwa nekaviri. Pamwe chete nechibage, mupunga negorosi, mbatatisi ndiyo chirimwa chekudya chinorimwa zvakanyanya pasi rose. Zvakanakira: kukwanisa, kukosha kwekudya kwakanyanya, kukodzera kwekuchengetedza kwenguva refu uye goho guru. Inoshanda sehwaro hwekugadzirira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvokudya zvose kumba uye muhurongwa hwekudya kwevanhu, uye zvakare inoramba iri chinhu chakakosha chekugadzirisa.
Asi mbatatisi chirimwa chakaoma mune akawanda ehupfumi uye biological paramita. Kushandiswa kwaro kwehupfumi kwemvura uye kugadzirisa kumamiriro ekunze anotonhorera kunosanganiswa nepamusoro zvinodiwa zvekusununguka kwevhu uye kusavapo kwematombo. Nechikonzero ichi, kugovaniswa kwenzvimbo dzekurima mbatatisi munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi hakuna kuenzana zvakanyanya (Fig. 1).
Mufananidzo 1. Kugoverwa kwenzvimbo yembatatisi pasi rose (FAO 2016)
Kurimwa kwakasimba kwechirimwa chine goho re40-50 t/ha kunoda kushingaira kutonga kwezvirwere zvakawanda uye tupukanana, saka makemikari akawanda ekudzivirira chirimwa anoshandiswa, ayo anogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya zvakatipoteredza. Semuyenzaniso, ingangoita nzvimbo yese pasi pembatatisi mumatunhu eUS ane nguva refu uye yakanyanya hunyanzvi (Idaho, Washington, North Dakota) nguva nenguva inobatwa nefumigation. Izvi zvinoreva kuwedzera 500 kg/ha yemishonga ine simba, yakaita semetham sodium kana chloropicrin, muvhu. Pasina sterilization yakadaro, hazvibviri kuwana chigadzirwa chepamusoro-soro ipapo, sezvo ivhu rine utachiona hwakanyanya. Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, goho pahekita rakaderera (15-20 t/ha) nekuda kwekushandisa zvinhu zvemhando yakaderera uye nzira dzekurima dzisina kunyatsokwana. Pamepu yenyika, Russia inosanganiswawo pakati penzvimbo dzakadaro (Fig. 2).
Mufananidzo 2. Kugoverwa kwepasi rose kwegoho rembatatisi (t/ha), FAOSTAT, 2014-2016
Nekudaro, isu hatifanirwe kukanganwa kuti iyo manhamba data yeRussian Federation ichiri kufunga nezve goho rembatatisi padzimba dzevagari venzvimbo, iyo chero zvipi zvayo haigone kunge yakakwira senge mumabhizinesi akasarudzika ekurima, ayo ave asvika padanho repamusoro. 30-40 t/ha. Avo. Nharaunda yeRussia inonyatso kuratidzwa pamepu iyi kwete muorenji, asi mune yakasvibira yakasvibira kana, mune zvakanyanya, yero.
Maererano nefao yeFAO, nzvimbo iri pasi pekurimwa mbatatisi mune ramangwana ichawedzera zvakanyanya muAfrica, Latin America, uye Southeast Asia (Fig. 3).
Mufananidzo 3. Ramangwana rekugadzira mbatatisi. Bhuruu bar - data ra2015, orenji - fungidziro ye2030, yero - fungidziro ye2050
Nzvimbo dziri kuNorth America neChina dzicharamba dziri padanho rimwe chete, ukuwo kuEurope dzichiderera. Zviripachena, fungidziro iyi yakajairika. Nyika dzakafanana dzeEurope dzinogadzira mbatatisi NWEC-05 (Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium neEngland) hadzisi kuzoderedza, asi dzichangowedzera kugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Ongororo yakadzama yebhizinesi yenyika, mamiriro uye mikana yekuwedzera kusimudzira indasitiri yekurima mbatatisi munyika idzi ichangobva kuburitswa (Tafura 1).
Tafura 1. SWOT ongororo yekugadzirwa kwembatatisi munyika dzeNWC-05
Strengths: ivhu rakanaka kwazvo uye mamiriro ekunze ekurima mbatatisi, izvo zvinotungamira kune yakanyanya goho rembatatisi pasi rose; varimi vembatatisi vane ruzivo rwakanyanya uye/kana vane ruzivo; yakagadzira cheni dzakabatanidzwa dzekugovera kubva mukuuchika nekugadzirwa kwembeu kusvika kumusika wekupedzisira; yakagadzira indasitiri yekugadzira, kunyanya yekugadzira chikafu chakaomeswa nechando; kuwanikwa uye kuwanikwa kweazvino matekinoroji ekugadzira mbatatisi, kuchengetedza zvirimwa uye kuchengetedza; tsvakurudzo yepamusoro-soro uye yenharaunda kugadzirisa matambudziko muchikamu chembatatisi; kuvapo kwerutsigiro/kugovera mbatatisi masevhisi muNWC yose-05; kuvapo kwemasangano epasi rese mbatatisi akadai seEuropatat (trade), EUPPA (processors) uye NEPG (vagadziri); yakanyatsogadzirwa kutengeserana network yekutumira kunze kwezvitsva uye zvakagadziriswa zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi.
Mativi asina simba: Kudiridza mbatatisi kunoburitsa huwandu hweCO2 maererano negoho rakaoma; kushandiswa kwemishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene kudzivirira zvirwere/zvipembenene/sora; midzi midzi ine yakaderera N kunyatsoshanda, inotungamira kune yakakwira N mutengo uye njodzi kubva kuN leaching; chinodiwa chepamusoro-soro tekinoroji inoshandiswa; Mikova yevhu inokonzera kuyerera kwemvura uye kudya kunoyerera nekukukurwa kwevhu muminda yakatenuka; kusimba kwakanyanya mumitengo yembatatisi zvichienzaniswa nemitengo yakawedzera yekugadzira; kushaikwa kwemwero wepamusoro wekubatana kweveruzhinji pakati penyika kugadzirisa pamwe chete nyaya dzekugadzira; matambudziko ehupfumi pakati pevatambi muketani yekukosha kwembatatisi; mufananidzo wakashata wechikamu chembatatisi munhau.
Zviratidzo: matekinoroji matsva ekurera kukurumidzira kusikwa kwemhando dzakasiyana; kusimudzirwa kwekurima chaiko uye kuona kure; kuvandudzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvebiocontrol kurwisa zvirwere zvembatatisi, zvipembenene, uye masora; kuvandudzwa kwemichina inotsiva mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yezvirwere/zvipembenene/sora; mukana wekuwedzera kubatana mukugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzembatatisi mukati meiyo NWEC-05; kukura kudiwa kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi; kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kukonzera mwaka wekurima wakareba uye mwero wepamusoro wekukura negoho; kuwedzera nzira dzenguva pfupi dzekutengesa mbatatisi; kukura kudiwa kweruzivo, machubhu embeu, zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi munyika dzichiri kusimukira.
Kutyisidzira: kuderedza kushandiswa kwembatatisi muEurope; zvirwere zvitsva uye zvinetso zvezvipembenene; matambudziko ezvirimwa uye tuber kudzivirira nekuda kwekurambidzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda; kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakanyanya; kukanganisa kwekuwedzera kurimwa kwembatatisi pakuorera kwevhu repasi rose uye hutano hwevhu (chirwere/kushanduka kwezvipembenene, kuyerera kwemvura, kukukurwa kwevhu, kuumbika kwevhu); mune dzimwe nzvimbo (F, D, England) kudiridza kunodiwa kuchengetedza kana kuwana goho guru; Imba isina musoro kana zvinzvimbo zvekushambadzira zvine chekuita nekukura maitiro (semuenzaniso No Residue mushandirapamwe uchipesana nepamusoro pezvigadziro zvezvisaririra); kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya kwekugadzirisa mbatatisi.
Russia ine ese mamiriro uye mikana yekuve inotungamira mugadziri wemhando yepamusoro yekutengesa mbatatisi uye zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi pasi rose. Mazhinji chete eakasimba akasiyana maficha eEuropean mbatatisi kukura ndiwo achiri hunhu hwekusasimba kweRussia imwe. Indasitiri yekurima mbatatisi muRussian Federation ichangobva kuumbwa uye yasvika nharaunda ye300 zviuru mahekita uye mavhoriyamu ekugadzira anosvika 8 miriyoni matani (yakaenzana mbatatisi dzekutengesa dzinogadzirwa muNetherlands). Iyo inoshaya kugadzikana uye mazhinji eanoshanda uye ekutsigira masangano akanyorwa muTafura 1. Asi kune zvakanakira zvisingarambiki maererano nekugadzirwa kwakakura, yakaderera mwero wemushonga wezvipembenene unoshandiswa (ivhu fumigation, semuenzaniso, haina kushandiswa zvachose), biologization, yakaoma yechando mamiriro ekunze anobatsira kudzora matambudziko ephytosanitary. Iwo maitiro akafanana ekukwira kwekushisa uye kuoma, kuwedzera kwemamiriro ekutapukira, kubva kuWestern Europe varimi vembatatisi vanonyanya kutambura, vachimanikidzwa kuendesa, semuenzaniso, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi kune mamwe matunhu, kunofanirwa kuongororwa sekushanduka kwakanaka kwemamiriro ekunze. mbatatisi inokura muRussia yose. Zviripachena kuti zviri kuwedzera kuoma kurima mbatatisi pamusika wemwaka mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba, asi zvinokwanisika kugara uchiendesa mbatatisi kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe.
Panguva imwecheteyo, iyi chete nhanho yekukura mbatatisi yeRussia inovimbisa kuti ichange ichikwikwidza kana ichienzaniswa neWestern Europe neAmerica, pamwe nekumashure kwekugadzirwa kwezvimwe zvirimwa zvakakosha zvekudya (gorosi, mupunga, chibage) , uye ichabvumira kuwana goho rakakura muvhu rakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ekunze. Dambudziko guru remangwana richava rekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvine zviwanikwa zvakafanana kana zvishoma uye nekurasa kushoma. Izvo zvakachengetwa uye zvinotarisirwa zveRussian Federation mune izvi zvakakura. Kana zviwanikwa zvenyika zvichingotanga kushandiswa mukusimudzira hupfumi hwayo, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi muRussia kunobva kwaita makwikwi, kuita pundutso uye kuita pundutso kupfuura mune mamwe matunhu epasi. Asi nekuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuti mafuta, magetsi, gasi, simbi nefetereza zvipihwe kumisika yemunyika nemitengo inokwana mudzimba isingatadzisi kusimukira kwemamwe hupfumi. Iranian peturu muIran inodhura 10 rubles / litita (maererano nekutendeuka, hongu), uye mutengo weBelarusian potassium chloride 60% muRepublic of Belarus muchirimo chegore rino yaive 6 rubles / t, nepo Russian muRussia. Federation yaive 000 rubles / t.
Muchidimbu mamiriro ekurima mbatatisi pasi rose anopiwa zvakananga nekuti mhedzisiro yekugadzira mbatatisi (P) inotarwa nechigadzirwa: P = G × E × M × S, uko G ndiyo genotype kana akasiyana, E ivhu uye mamiriro ekunze, M manejimendi kana mwero wetekinoroji uye S - macroeconomic nharaunda. Ivhu rakanaka uye mamiriro ekunze akakosha pakushandisa mikana yemhando, hutsva hwetekinoroji uye kubatsira mukubudirira kwechikamu chembatatisi. Kuvandudzwa kwemabasa emari uye asiri emari (mari yechikwereti, kukweretesa, inshuwarisi, mari yebhajheji yekugadzirwa uye zvivakoti, nezvimwewo) zvakare zvikamu zvinokosha zvekuona kushanda kwebhizimisi (Fig. 4).
Kudhirowa. 4. Mhedzisiro (P) yemaruwa uye maindasitiri mbatatisi agri-chikafu masisitimu zvichienderana nekusiyana pesvedzero ye genotype (G), nharaunda (E), manejimendi zvinhu (M) uye zvinodiwa munharaunda nemasevhisi (S)
Kubereka kana kugadzira mhando dzembatatisi itsva - chinhu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kunobudirira kwembatatisi, iyo inongowedzera kukosha kwayo mune ramangwana. Nekuda kwekududzirwa kweiyo mbatatisi genome uye kugona kwehunyanzvi hwekuberekesa tekinoroji, inoratidzika kunge iri nhamba yekutanga yekuchengetera kuwedzera kukura kwembatatisi. Mhedzisiro yemhedzisiro yenzira huru dzekusarudza pakuwedzera kugona kwekurima mbatatisi inoratidzwa muchidimbu muTafura 2.
Tafura 2. Pesvedzero yenzira dzekuberekesa pakuwedzera kugona kwekugadzira mbatatisi
Sarudzo dzakakosha dzekutsvagisa dzekuvandudza kushanda kwemaitiro ekugadzira mbatatisi | Mamiriro ekuchengetedza chikafu | ||||||
Mupiro wekuwedzera kugadzirwa | Mari yemurimi | Kubudirira kwecalorie uye kugadzirwa kwezvinovaka muviri | Kuderedza kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza | ||||
Kushanda kwemvura | Kushandiswa kwevhu kushanda zvakanaka | Nitrogen uye phosphorus kushandisa zvinobudirira | Kubudirira kwekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene | ||||
Kusarudzwa uye kubereka kwemarudzi (G - genotype) | |||||||
Kugona kwegoho repamusoro | ** | *** | *** | Kwaakarerekera/Negative | *** | ** | - |
Pathogen kuramba | - | *** | * | *** | ** | ** | *** |
Kuramba kusanaya kwemvura/kupisa/munyu | *** | *** | * | - | ** | ** | * |
Precocity | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
Biofortification (semuenzaniso iron uye zingi) | - | - | - | - | * | ** | - |
Yechokwadi hybrid marudzi F1 uye TPS, gene editing | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
Kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi (M - Management) | |||||||
Kugadzirwa nekugoverwa kwembeu dzemhando yepamusoro | - | ** | * | * | *** | * | Neutral/negative. |
Kuberekesa mbatatisi kune chinangwa chekuwana zvakaoma uye zvakaoma kubatanidza zvinangwa. Kubatanidza kushivirira kwekushushikana uye kunyura kwekudya kwakanaka kuri kuita chinhu chekutanga kupindura zviri nani mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Genotypes inopikisa mavhairasi, nematodes, bhakitiriya wilt uye huwandu hwakawanda hwekushushikana kweabiotic sekupisa, kusanaya kwemvura uye salinity mamiriro anogona kuvandudza goho uye kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mumatunhu matsva. Kugadzira mhando dzembeu dzekutanga nedzinopa goho repamusoro uye dzinopesana neP. infestans chave chinangwa chenguva refu chekupfuya mbatatisi. Kupokana nechirwere chave chinangwa chikuru chezvirongwa zvekuberekesa zveEU nguva pfupi yadarika, apo nharaunda yezvemamiriro ekunze yakawana zvirambidzo pakushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene nemamineral fetireza, pamwe nekurambidzwa zvachose kwekushandiswa kweakawanda akajairika uye akaoma-kutsiva makemikari anoshanda zvinosanganisa. . Genetic biofortification (kuwedzera kukosha kwekudya) inogona kubatsira kukunda kushomeka kwemicronutrient mukudya kwevanhu uye kuchengetedza huwandu hwehuwandu hwekunwa kwehupfu hunovaka muviri.
Zvese zvakasimbiswa uye zvakatsvakwa-kubudirira mukupfuya mbatatisi zvinobva pakusanganiswa, i.e. kuyambutsa vakasarudzwa vabereki vaviri vaviri. Kubudirira kubatanidzwa uye kusanganiswa kwemajini maitiro evabereki mumwana kunowanikwa kashoma nekuda kweiyo tetraploid genetics yembatatisi yakarimwa. Uyezve, ese mana seti emachromosome anosiyana mukuumbwa kwemajini. Nechikonzero ichi, zvirongwa zvakabudirira zvekupfuya mbatatisi zvakavakirwa pamavhoriyamu makuru ezvinyorwa (angangoita zviuru zana genotypes) uye yenguva refu (angangoita makore gumi) maitiro ekusarudza nekuongorora mhando dzemhando yepamusoro. Kubudirira kwechinyakare kusarudzwa hakupfuuri 100%. Paive netarisiro dzakawanda dzekuwedzera mwero uye kugona kwekubereka kuburikidza nekushandiswa kure hybridization, mutagenesis, kusarudzwa kwesero, somatic hybridization, trait marking, nezvimwewo, asi nzira dzese idzi hadzina kutungamira mukusikwa kwemhando dzakabudirira dzembatatisi. Parizvino, tekinoroji yekugadzira genome iri kuedzwa nesimba, uye masayendisiti echiDutch akatanga nzira yekuberekesa mbatatisi yekugadzira uye kushandisa mbeu dzakasanganiswa dzebhotani (Table 10).
Tafura 3. Technologies yekugadzira mbatatisi marudzi
Tekinoroji dzekugadzira mhando dzembatatisi
Sei kushanda? | Kuvandudza hutano hwembatatisi | Kutengesa mbeu | Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzeEurope | Kodzero dzekutengeserana | |||
Ronga | gadzira | ||||||
Kusarudzwa kwechinyakare | Mhando mitsva inogadzirwa nekuyambuka marudzi aripo, achiteverwa nemakore ekutsvagisa kubereka. | Kuiswa kwehunhu hutsva kunotora makore angangoita gumi. | Haina kukodzera kutengeswa nekuti yega yega tuber ine maitiro ega. | Vapfuri vacho vakarurama, mari yevagadziri: makumi ezviuru zveeuro. Vauchiki vanogona kunyorera patents emhando itsva dzechirimwa. | Kuyambuka mhando inzira yechisikigo uye haisi pasi peEU GMO patent mutemo. | VeDutch General Inspectorate vanoisa mhodzi dzembatatisi sekirasi yemhando yepamusoro. Nyika imwe neimwe ine zvido zvayo zvehutano hwembeu yembatatisi. | |
Kusarudzwa kweHybrid | Mhando mitsva inogadzirwa nekukurumidza nekuyambuka mitsetse yevabereki yakachena iyo inongova nejene imwe chete yemajini ese, ichiteverwa nemakore ekutsvagisa. | Vanovimbisa kuti zvitsva zvinogona kuunzwa mukati memakore asingasviki mashanu. Nekudaro, zvinotanga kuve zvakakosha kutora mitsara inoenderana neakakodzera maficha. | Ehe, mhodzi dzembatatisi kubva kumitsara yevabereki yakachena dzine hunhu hwakafanana uye inogona kushandiswa sekudyara. | Vapfuri vacho vakarurama, mari yevagadziri: makumi ezviuru zveeuro. Vauchiki vanogona kunyorera patents emhando itsva dzechirimwa. | Kuyambuka mhando inzira yechisikigo uye haisi pasi peEU GMO patent mutemo. | Mitemo yembeu yembatatisi yakasimbiswa ichiri kugadzirwa. Nyika zhinji hadzisati dzava nemirau. | |
Kugadziriswa kweGenetic kunosanganisira CRISPR-cas9 | Kugadziriswa kwemhando dziripo kuburikidza nekupindira kwakasimba mune genetic material, inoteverwa nemakore ekutsvagisa hunhu uye kugadzikana. | Kunyangwe kana DNA tampering ichingotora mazuva mashoma, maitiro ese kubva pakuzivikanwa kwemajini kuenda kutsvagiridzo yemumunda anotora nguva yakareba. Iyo DuRPH purojekiti, umo mhando dziripo dzakapihwa kupikisa kwakawanda kunonoka blight yembatatisi, yakatora makore gumi. | Haina kukodzera kutengeswa nekuti yega yega tuber ine maitiro ega. | Zvichienderana neEU GMO mirau. Kuti zvakasiyana-siyana zvibvumirwe kushandiswa, mugadziri anofanira kuratidza kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa. Mutengo: miriyoni euros. Vauchiki vanogona kunyorera patents pahunhu hutsva hwechirimwa. | Kugadziriswa kweGenetic hakusi kwechisikigo uye kunogona kuve pasi pekushandiswa kwepatent. | VeDutch General Inspectorate vanoisa mhodzi dzembatatisi sekirasi yemhando yepamusoro. Nyika imwe neimwe ine zvido zvayo zvehutano hwembeu yembatatisi. |
* Kodzero dzemukurisa dzinogona kutorwa kana mhando yacho iri nyowani, yakasarudzika, yakafanana uye yakagadzikana. Nekodzero dzevaridzi, musayendisiti ane kodzero yega yekutengesa mbatatisi nembeu (chaiyo) (Louwaars et al., 2009)
Kuwana mhodzi dzebhotani kubva pakuyambuka ndiyo nhanho yekutanga mukuberekesa kwechinyakare. Zvadaro, machubhu anowanikwa kubva kumbeu, uye mhando dzembatatisi dzinochengetwa uye dzinoparadzirwa chete muchimiro chechubhu. Asi vapfuri veDutch vane chinangwa chekuendesa mbatatisi kuchikamu chembeu yembeu kuitira kuti mbatatisi igone kurimwa nenzira yakafanana nedzimwe zvirimwa zvakapararira zvemiriwo (karoti, kabichi, hanyanisi, beet), i.e. kubva kumbeu dzebhotani, uye kuti mbeu dzine zvese zveF1. Panyaya iyi, pane kusanzwisisika mune izwi rekuti "hybrid mbatata". Mbeu dzembatatisi dzemabhodhoro dzakaiswawo mahybrids, nekudaro mamwe mazita ekuti F1 neTPS akaiswa pambeu yembatatisi yebotanical = seed material. Iri zano rakakura rebhizinesi rakagadzirirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti Netherlands inochengetedza chimiro chayo uye mari semutungamiri wepasi rose mukugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi kana kukawedzera kudziya kwemamiriro ekunze kusingabvumidze kurimwa kwemhando yepamusoro yembeu yetuber.
Tarisiro yehybrid F1 (TPS) kubereka mbatatisi vachiri vasina chokwadi zvikuru. Kuvimbika kwekutanga kwe2015-2016 kutanga kugadzira kutengeserana tafura-giredhi musanganiswa mumakore maviri kusvika matatu zvishoma nezvishoma kwave kushandurwa kuita chivimbiso chekugadzira yekutanga-yakanyanya-starch mahybrids panosvika 2028. Kutsanangurwa kwechinangwa chekugadzira mahybrids ane starchy hakusi netsaona - kune akadaro mbatatisi hapana zvinodikanwa zvekufanana kwechimiro, kudzika kwemaziso, hunhu hwepeel, kuibva kwekutanga uye zvimwe zvakawanda hunhu uye zvimiro izvo zvazvino tafura mbatatisi inofanirwa kuve nazvo. Zvakanyanya kuoma kuwana kufanana kwembeu dzebhotani dze tetraploid dzakarimwa mbatatisi mune ese majini, uye, maererano, muhunhu uye zvivakwa, asi izvi hazvisati zvave kuitika. Hazvisi pasina chikonzero kuti mukirasi yekuberekesa mbeu imwe kubva kubheti yembatatisi ndeye genotype yakasiyana uye inogona kuva yakasiyana-siyana yeramangwana yakasiyana, asi imwe mbeu kubva kune berry imwe chete inogona kuva yakasiyana, yakasiyana zvachose kubva kune yekutanga. Sezvingatarisirwa, yekutanga kuwana budiriro chaiyo mukugadzira hybrid tafura mbatatisi yakanga isiri mbatatisi, asi makambani ekurera miriwo ane hunyanzvi hwepamusoro uye ruzivo rwakakura mukurera mahybrid. Vapfuri veBejo vakapedza makore anopfuura gumi nemashanu vachigadzira yekutanga tetraploid hybrid mbatatisi, Oliver F15, iyo yakagadzirwa uye inowanikwa pamusika wepasi rose kubvira 1.
Zvichakadaro, basa rekutengesa mhodzi dzebhodhorosi riri kuenderera mberi zvine simba, nemari yakakura yakaiswa mariri. Mbatatisi yakasanganiswa yakawana chimiro chenyika muNetherlands, uye nzira yekuberekesa inodzivirirwa neEU patent. Misika yese yechinyakare yembeu dzeDutch mhodzi yakatanga kutora mhodzi dzebhotani kare. Chokutanga pane zvose, munyika dzeAfrica, Central uye Southeast Asia - semina, mharidzo, kudyara kwekuratidzira. Zvinonzi machubhu embeu chinhu chekare, uye mbeu yebhotani ndiyo ramangwana reindasitiri yembatatisi pasi rose. Uye panzvimbo ye 2-3 t/ha yekudyara zvinhu, zvinokwanisika kupfuudza ne 30 g/ha chete (kwete shoko pamusoro pekuti mbeu dzinofanira kurimwa uchishandisa seedling technology, uchishandisa basa remaoko). Iyi ihurongwa hwehurumende uye yakarongeka, purogiramu yakarongeka iyo yose yekutengeserana neyehurumende zvivakwa zvakabatana.
Sezvazvakazoitika, mhodzi dzembatatisi dzebhotani dziri kutoedzwa zvisiri pamutemo muRussia. Mbeu dzeBotanical heterosis chinhu chakanaka asi chinodhura zvakanyanya. Vatengi vayo vakuru, sezvakafanotaurwa, vanofanira kunge vari mapurazi madiki munyika dzichiri kusimukira, dzine vanhu vakawanda vanorima mbatatisi nemaoko uye avo, noruremekedzo rwose rwakakodzera, vanorangarirwa zvisina mufungo kuva vakapfuma uye vane hutsva. Izvo zvakakosha kuti vanogadzira tekinoroji yekuberekesa iyi vasanganise varimi vembatatisi vekuRussia vane rupo uye parizvino vanobhadhara zvakapetwa kaviri kupfuura veEurope ivo pachavo, yeEuropean mhodzi mbatatisi, pakati pevatengi vembeu yeF1.
Nhanganyaya yembatatisi genomic editing technologies - imwe nzira inovimbisa yekuwana zvakanakira mbatatisi yeramangwana. Genome editing ndiko kwakanangwa uye nemaune kuwedzera, kudzima, kutsiviwa uye kutamiswa kwezvikamu zveDNA yechisikigo. Iyi nzira yakavakirwa paruzivo uye kunzwisisa kwebasa uye mabasa emajini chaiwo. Kana ruzivo rwakadaro rwuripo uye hunhu hunodiwa huchikwanisa kuwanikwa kuburikidza nekwakanangwa kugadziridzwa, genome editing inova nzira inoshanda yekuita shanduko idzi kana ichienzaniswa nehumwe matekinoroji ekupfuya. Iyo yakaunganidzwa nhanho yeruzivo rwe genetics inokutendera iwe kugadzirisa mbatatisi marudzi.
Nzira dzekugadzirisa dzakagadzirwa uye dzichiwedzera kushandiswa mumakore mashoma apfuura kuita chaiyo uye inofanotaura genome shanduko muzvirimwa pasina kuwedzera DNA yekunze. Nzira yeCRISPR/Cas9 yaratidza kuti inoshanda kudarika mamwe maenzayimu masisitimu (zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), uye meganucleases (MNs). CRISPR-Cas parizvino ndiyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kushandisa genome kugadzirisa uye yakagamuchirwa mukutsvagisa nekusimukira pasirese, kugadzirisa kwegenome kunogona kuvandudza kusashanda kana kunetsa mhando pasina kuunza ruzivo rwekune dzimwe nyika kana rwekuwedzera genetic muchimiro cheDNA, zvichibvumira kunyatso uye kufungidzira kugadziridzwa kuti kuitwe zvakananga mujenome rakatogadzirwa. mhando.Uyu ndiwo mutsauko unokosha uripo pakati pekugadzirisa genome yechirimwa uye transgenosis yayo, kureva kuwedzera kwakanangwa kwemajini ekunze kune genome.Zvipenyu zvinochinja zvinoonekwa nyore nekuti transgenosis inogadzira mutsva, akasiyana uye atypical seti yemajini.
Kuchinja kwemajini kunoitwa uchishandisa tekinoroji yeCRISPR-Cas haina kusiyana neshanduko dzinogona kuitika nemasikirwo kana semugumisiro wekubereka kwakajairika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pasina ruzivo rwekare, hazvibviri kuziva kana shanduko yemajini inokonzerwa nekugadzirisa genome. Kana zvigadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa genome zvichibva murabhoritari, zvinova zvakaoma kudzora kupararira kwavo kwakawedzera. Ichi ndicho chimiro chiri kutadzisa zvakanyanya kutengeswa kwemhando dzakagadziridzwa - maitiro emajini anodhura uye anoda kudzoserwa kana uchishandisa mhedzisiro; vanogadzira vari kutsvaga mikana yekudzivirira patent yezvigadzirwa zvekugadzirisa.
Genome editing yakashandiswa kune dzakasiyana siyana zvirimwa uye hunhu, uye yekutanga mhando dzakadai dzakatounzwa mukugadzirwa chaiko kwekurima muUnited States neJapan. Mishumo yekuchinja mune zvinopfuura makumi matanhatu emhando dzezvirimwa zvakaburitswa muzvinyorwa zvesainzi. Mienzaniso yakananga yemajini akagadziridzwa anosanganisira: bhanana - kubviswa kwebhanana vein virus; kutanga maruva mupunga nemafuta akagadziridzwa kuumbwa; carotenoid-yakapfuma mupunga; muzambiringa unopesana nezvirwere zvefungal; soya bhinzi ine mafuta akawanda uye mapuroteni; mastrawberries anotumbuka kakawanda; chibage chine goho rakawedzerwa pasi pekusanaya kwemvura; mustard nekunatsiridza kuravira ine yakakwira lycopene yemukati mematomatisi amylopectin; mbatatisi yakakwirira muGABA; mbatatisi pasina glycoalkaloids nevamwe vakawanda.
Parizvino, kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvegenomic kunodzorwa zvakasiyana pasi rose. Munyika dzeAmerica, pamwe neChina, Australia, India neJapan, kurimwa kwemarudzi akagadziridzwa genome hakuenderane nemutemo we genetically modified organism (GMO). MuEU, genome editing yakazivikanwa semhando yeGMO uye nokudaro yakarambidzwa muna 2016, asi kushandiswa kwekombiyuta iyi hakuna kumira kwezuva rimwe chete, marabhoritari akabva aendeswa kune dzimwe nyika. Kuitwa kwakabudirira kwepasirese kwenzira uye nhaurirano pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi chakarongwa nebhizinesi rekupfuya nembeu zvakakonzera kubviswa kwechirambidzo cheEU chekugadzirisa genome muna 2023.
Tichipesana nemamiriro ekuvandudza kwakakosha muhunyanzvi hwekupfuya huri kuitika munyika, mamiriro edu akaita seanotevera:
- Genome editing muRussian Federation inorondedzerwa seGMO; kushandiswa kweiyi tekinoroji kwakarambidzwa kubvira 2016. Uye hapana nhaurirano pamusoro peizvi mubhizinesi rekuberekesa nembeu uye munharaunda yesainzi. Nekudaro, nyika nekukurumidza (inononoka muEU) yakaongorora mikana mitsva uye yakasimudza zvirambidzo. Kuramba matekinoroji matsva ekupfuya kunozongotungamira kune imwe kusarira kumashure kwebudiriro yesainzi neyetekinoroji.
- Kusikwa kwemahybrids F1 mbatatisi Sezvineiwo chinangwa chinonakidza uye chinoyedza, asi mhodzi dzebhotani hadzifanirwe kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukukura kwembatatisi muRussian Federation, nekuti kudzoka kubva padanho rakakura, rakazara michina yekugadzira kusvika kumichero inokura nekushandiswa kusingadzivisike kwevashandi vemaoko hazvina musoro. uye zvisina musoro. Kuti uderedze zvakanyanya mwero wekusiyana kweiyo morphological uye economic-biological parameters yehybrid botanical mbeu, shanduko kune iyo diploid level uye inodzokororwa inbreeding yemafomu evabereki inoitwa. Michinjikwa yehybrid yakabudirira inoda mitsetse yakaorera, ine simba uye homozygous inbred. Dambudziko rekuwana zvibereko zvakakwirira zvemhodzi yeheterotic inofanira kugadziriswa mechanized, pasina kushandiswa kwechinyorwa chekunyora, i.e. nenzira imwechete iyo inoitwa kune zvimwe zvirimwa zvekurima (chibage, sunflower, shuga beet, miriwo). Izvi zvinoreva kudiwa kwekushandisa maturusi emajini akadai secytoplasmic murume sterility, kuzvibata uye kusapindirana, uye kuve nechokwadi chekubereka kwakanyanya. Uye kana pane nyaya dzekuberekesa, introgression of hunhu, kuongororwa kweheterosis yezvinyorwa, nezvimwe. Pazvinhu zvekubatsira nzira, zvinyorwa zvesainzi inzira inoenderera, asi pane tekinoroji yekugadzira mavhoriyamu ekutengesa eTPS - kwete imwe chete. Nekuti iyi inzvimbo yekuziva-sei, iyo ichapa kudzoka kweramangwana pamari inoiswa mukuvandudza uye kugona kwehunyanzvi uhu. Kuwana goho guru rembeu yembatatisi yeheterotic hakuna kana kumbofanana nekuwana goho rembeu machubhu. Mari inodiwa mukusimudzira mbatatisi heterosis yakakura zvekuti makambani mashoma ekupfuya pasi rese anogona kuitenga. Iko hakuna zvinhu zvakadaro muRussian Federation parizvino.
- Kuuchika mbatatisi pachivanhu muRussian Federation iri pachinhano chinogona kutsanangurwa senguva yerumutsiriro runogona kuitika. Kuvapo kwemazana akawanda emhando dzeRussia murejista yehurumende haifaniri kutsausa, nokuti kushanda uye chiyero chekusarudza kunoongororwa nehuwandu hwechikamu chechipiri chekusarudza - kugadzirwa kwembeu, iyo inowanzonzi nenzira yakarurama inotsigira kusarudzwa. Mavhoriyamu ekugadzirwa kwembeu anoreva nzvimbo yekurimwa kwembeu, chikamu icho mukugadzirwa kwakazara chinoratidza kushanda uye kukwikwidza kwebasa rekupfuya. Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwekugadzirwa kwembeu, zvinodikanwa kusabvisa mazhinji emhando dzakambogadzirwa dzeRussia kubva kurejista uye kungokanganwa nezvazvo. Mitemo yakagamuchirwa pari zvino pane rejista yemhando dzakasiyana dzeRussian Federation inopa izvi: kana pasina kugadzirwa kwembeu kwemakore maviri apfuura, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofanirwa kubviswa kubva murejista.
Kumutsiridzwa kwekuberekesa mbatatisi dzeRussia, pamwe nezvimwe zvirimwa zvakawanda zvekurima, zvakagoneka makore mashoma apfuura, mushure memakore makumi maviri emakore eRussia yakava musika mukuru pane zvese, kusanganisira mbeu kubva kune ekunze kuberekesa nemakambani embeu. Kushatiswa kwacho kwakavakirwa pavimbiso dzevadyidzani vekunze uye tariro isina ruzivo yekugona kwekubatana kwakaenzana, vanoti, ikozvino varimi veRussia vachakwanisa kushandisa zvakanakisa zvakabudirira zvekusarudzwa kwenyika. Nzira yekugadzira mbeu yakarongwa yakasunungurwa kuti iyangamire kuti irarame uye yakakurumidza kuparara. Masangano ekutsvagisa, uko kwaiitwa basa rekusarudza uye riri kuitwa, vakakurumidza kuzvisunungura kubva kumhando yemabhizinesi ekurera uye ekugadzira mbeu - kubva kumabhizinesi akazvimirira anoita kugadzirwa kwembeu chaiko. Pakatanga 2000, mavhoriyamu ekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yembatatisi akave mashoma. Uye kusarudzwa kwekunze kwakauya, uye pakarepo muchimiro chemhodzi dzakakura kwazvo, izvo zvaidiwa nemabhizinesi makuru ari kubuda ekugadzira mbatatisi yemhando nyowani. Mugove wemhando dzekunze muminda yeRussia wakawedzera zvakanyanya, kwete nekuti mhando dzeRussia dzakaderera, asi nekuti mafemu ekuEurope ekupfuya akakwanisa kupa huwandu husingagumi hwembeu. Kwenguva refu zvinhu zvese zvakanga zvakanaka - mbeu dzembeu dzaitengwa kunze kwenyika dzaipihwa zvakawanda, nemitengo inokwanisika uye yemhando inogamuchirika, makambani ekunze anopfuya mhuka akagovera marezinesi uye akatanga kugadzirwa kwembeu dzemhando yepamusoro nedzemhando dzadzo munyika.
Uye "kuenzana" mumunda wekusarudza kwakakurumidza kupera sezvo kugadzirwa kweRussia kwakaderera. Mitengo yembeu dzembatatisi dzakatengwa kunze kwenyika yakakwira, uye hunhu hwadzo hwatanga kudzikira zvinooneka. Asi chete mushure mechikamu chekutanga cheanopikisa-Russian zvirango muna 2014 padanho rehurumende kwakauya kunzwisisa kwengozi huru yekutsamira kwakakwana pakusarudzwa kwekunze. Muna 2016, Mutungamiriri weRussian Federation akaraira kugadzirwa kwechirongwa chekutsigira kusarudzwa kweRussia uye kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi (FNTP) kuitira kuti iwedzere mavhoriyamu ekugadzira uye kuvandudza mhando yembeu dzembatatisi kuitira kubvisa kutsamira kune kunze kwenyika. Saka sei tichishandisa izwi rekuti "nguva yerumutsiriro runogona kuitika" pane nguva yekuzvarwa patsva? Asi nekuti mukuita rutsigiro runopiwa zvisinganzwisisiki.
Sekuona kwedu, zvingave zvine musoro kutungamira matanho makuru uye mavhoriyamu emari (inenge 50%) yeFSTP kukurudzira kuwedzera kwakananga kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi uye kuvandudza kunaka kwayo. Matanho akadaro anosanganisira:
- kubhadhara mutengo wembeu inotengeswa yemhando nyowani dzeRussia dzemhando dzese;
- kupa rubatsiro kutorwa nemabhizinesi ari kuita uye kuwedzera huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembeu nehuwandu hwemhando nyowani dzeRussia, nzira dzakashongedzerwa dzekugadzira, kuvandudza uye kuvaka kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetera;
- kurongeka uye kupihwa kwezvivakwa zvenzvimbo yakasarudzika yechikamu che "High Giredhi" mumatunhu ekuchamhembe kweRussian Federation yekugadzira mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro dzemhando yepamusoro pamusika wepamba uye kutumira kunze kwenyika;
- inosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemukati kwemakemikari ekudzivirira emidziyo;
- kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemidziyo yakasarudzika yekugadzira mhodzi yembatatisi.
Hunhu hwakarongeka uye kubatana kwemasimba ese enyika uye zviwanikwa kuti zvigadzirise matambudziko aya arikumanikidza indasitiri uye kufambira mberi kwakakosha muhuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembeu uye kurima kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeRussia sarudzo haisati yaonekwa. Makambani ekuberekesa kune dzimwe nyika anofarira zvikuru kuona kuti nguva nemari zvakaraswa, asi hapana kuvandudzwa kwakakosha mukusarudzwa kweRussia. Ivo havadi kurasikirwa nemusika wekutengesa wakadaro une capacious uye undemanding.
Zvinogoneka here kuve nechokwadi chekukwikwidza kwekurera mbatatisi yeRussia mune yazvino macroeconomic mamiriro? Hongu, pane, asi chete pahwaro hwehupo huripo hwemabhizinesi ega. Kuti uite izvi, zvinodikanwa kushandisa panguva imwe chete uye kudzora akati wandei zvikamu zvekukwikwidza kwakanyanya:
Kutanga: gadzira mhando dzepamusoro-soro (yepasi) nhanho, rombo rakanaka pane chimwe chinhu uye mumwe munhu wekuenzanisa nekukwikwidza naye. Kusarudzwa kwepamusoro-soro kwembatatisi, kusanganisira inotsigira, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu emunharaunda nguva dzose inokunda, kana nekuda kwechikonzero chekuti mbatatisi inorema uye yakaoma chigadzirwa kutakura.
Chechipiri: Kushandisa chimiro chebhizinesi rekuberekesa nekugadzira mbeu ndicho chinhu chakakosha uye mamiriro ekuvimbisa kukwikwidza kwekurera mbatatisi muRussian Federation. Munyika dzakabudirira, mafemu anopfuya mbeu ari kuita kugadzirwa kwembeu, anodzora kugadzirwa kwembeu nenzira dzese uye anozviona semhedzisiro yesarudzo. Kusarudzwa kwakasiyana uye kugadzirwa kwembeu kwakasiyana isarudzo isina tariro.
Chetatu: shanda padanho razvino, repasi rose, shandisa zvizere zvinhu zvese zvekukwikwidza munzvimbo iyi: nyanzvi; ivhu rakanaka uye mamiriro ekunze; kushongedzera neakanyanya emazuvano akakosha zvinhu uye technical base; nyanzvi dzakanyatsokwanisa; kutevedzera zvinosungirwa zvesangano, methodological uye tekinoroji zvinodiwa nemitemo.
Chechina: dzora nekudzivirira njodzi pabasa (mwaka mupfupi wekurima; kupisa kwemhepo nevhu; kushaikwa kwemwando; kudiridza; kubva kunze kwenyika tuber material; musanganiswa wembeu nekurima mbatatisi).
Chechishanu: chengetedza huwandu hwepamusoro hwemhando yembeu inogadzirwa (zvinoreva varietal, zviratidzo zvekudyara uye zvivakwa zvegoho). Kudyara hunhu uye goho zvivakwa ndiwo akanyanya kukosha matura ekufambira mberi kweRussia mabhizinesi ekurera.
Mukupedzisa, tinosimbisa kuti tinogona kutaura pamusoro pekukwikwidzana mumusika wepamba weRussian Federation uye nekunyatsoitwa nehurumende yezviyero zvakakosha zvekusimudzira nekutsigira hupfumi hwepamba.
Sergey Banadysev, chiremba wezvekurima. Sciences, LLC "DGT",
Elena Shanina, chiremba wezvekurima. Sayenzi, Ural Research Institute of Agriculture