Kukwira kwakanyanya kwemitengo yemaminerari mafetiraiza kwakakonzera kukurumbira kukuru kwemaoriki analogues. Pekutanga, tine manyowa ezvipfuyo akakwana uye matoto ehuku. Tora uise fetereza! Asi pasina kutevera yakakosha algorithm yezviito, kushandiswa kwayo kunotyisidzira nefaindi dzakakomba. Izvi zvinogona kuchinja kana chirimo ichi, kana mutemo wemubatanidzwa wemhuka ukatanga kushanda.
Zvitsva zvinhu
Zvinoenderana nemutemo weRussia, manyowa uye madonhwe anorondedzerwa semarara emaindasitiri emakirasi ane njodzi 3-5. Kushandiswa kwavo sefetiraiza kunobvumirwa, asi pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Izvo zvinodikanwa kugadzira pasipoti yekurasa, inoratidza kirasi yenjodzi mugwaro, kuita ongororo yezvakatipoteredza, uye kuwana yakakosha rezinesi. Mabasa ese aya anodhura anoita kuti mutengo wezvinhu zvine hutano ukwire zvakanyanya.
Chiremba weBiological Sayenzi, Mutungamiriri weAll-Russian Research Institute yeOrganic Fertilizer uye Peat, bazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Ndine chivimbo chekuti shanduko dziri kuuya dzichabvisa kusava nechokwadi kwemutemo munzvimbo yemanyowa nemarara. Federal Law No. 14-FZ yaChikunguru 2022, 248 "Pamusoro pezvipfuyo ne-zvigadzirwa uye pakugadzirisa kune mamwe maitiro emutemo weRussian Federation" inotanga kushanda musi wa1 Kurume. Mitemo yaro inocherekedza manyowa nendove semichero yezvipfuyo inogona kushandiswa kuvandudza kuorera kwevhu.
Sezvinotsanangura Sergey Lukin, Mutemo mutsva haubvise zviyero zviripo mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, hutsanana uye hutano hwakanaka hwehuwandu hwevanhu uye mishonga yemhuka. Nekudaro, ikozvino zvakwana kune masangano emutemo, mabhizinesi ega uye mabhizinesi (mapurazi) kuti vaunze zvirongwa zvavo kumubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa uyo unoshandisa mabasa ekutonga mumunda wemishonga yezvipfuyo uye mutemo wevhu. Chiziviso chakanyorwa chinodiwa kuzivisa nezve kukamurwa kwemupfudze uye madonhwe sezviwanikwa zvekurima zvipfuyo, kuratidza mavhoriyamu, zuva rekuumbwa, marongero akarongwa ekushandisa kana kuendesa kune vamwe varimi vekurima.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kushandiswa uye kutengeswa kwemhuka ne-zvigadzirwa kunofanirwa kuitwa pahwaro hwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwakabvumidzwa nemugadziri. Vanotsanangura maitiro makuru, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa nzira, mamiriro ekushandiswa, nzira dzekudzora uye kuchengetedza zvinodiwa. Hazvibvumirwi kushandisa mhuka dzisina kugadziriswa, dzisina kushandiswa ne-products.
Kana ari mabhizinesi anotamisa kana kutengesa mupfudze uye madonhwe kune vagari vezhizha uye kune zvinodiwa zvezvivakwa zvega zvega, zviitiko zvakadaro zvichiri kuitika. Asi chete kana marudzi aya efotereza, maererano neFederal Law yaJuly 19, 1997 No.
Sergey Lukin anotenda kuti mitemo yenyika yedu yakagadzirirwa kuunza kurongeka kwekushandiswa kwe organic fertilizer. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutemo wehurumende unobatanidzwa nehurefu uye mari yakakwirira yezvizhinji zvinosungirwa maitiro. Asi hazvigone kuve neimwe nzira, nekuti tiri kutaura nezve chengetedzo yezvakatipoteredza, hutano uye hupenyu hwevanhu.
Kubva mufudze kusvika kuphosphogypsum
Zvinoenderana neiyo genesis yavo, kuumbwa uye zvivakwa, organic fetiraiza inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei: mafetiraiza emhuka nechirimwa mabviro, organic zvicherwa, marara emaindasitiri uye emanisipala, multicomponent manyowa kana manyowa.
Chiremba weBiological Sayenzi, Musoro weLabhoritari yeAgrochemistry yeOrganic, Lime Fertilizer uye Chemical Reclamation yeAll-Russian Research Institute yeAgrochemistry yakatumidzwa zita rekuti D. N. Pryanishnikov Natalia Akanova inocherekedza kuti, chekutanga, manyowa emombe, manyowa ebhiza nenguruve, uye madonhwe eshiri anogona kutorwa sefetiraiza.
Industrial by-zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswawo kune izvi zvinangwa. Semuenzaniso, hupfu hwe limestone hunowanikwa nekuda kwemakemikari synthesis, phosphogypsum uye mamwe masara efosfate.
Organic fetiraiza inosanganisira peat uye anonzi mafetiraiza akasvibira, anosanganisira akasiyana-siyana ezviyo-legume musanganiswa, masara ezviyo nezvimwe zvirimwa. Chikamu chimwechete chinosanganisirawo mamwe marudzi etsvina yetsvina yakarapwa yakakosha.
Maererano ne Natalia AkanovaMhando dzose idzi dzefetiraiza uye manyowa anogadzirwa kubva kwavari ane mhedzisiro inobatsira pakubereka kwevhu, kubereka kwayo uye, pakupedzisira, pamhando uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Sezvimwe zvezvinhu zvekurima organic, zvinogona kushandiswa zvinobudirira zvese muindasitiri-chikero kugadzirwa kwekurima uye mune zvega zvega.
Chiremba weBiological Sayenzi, Mukuru weLabhoritari yeAgrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science uye Agrochemistry SB RAS. Vladimir Yakimenko zvakare inosimbisa huwandu hwezvinhu zvakanaka zve organic fetereza. Vanobatsira kuvandudza agrochemical uye mvura-physical properties yevhu uye kupa zvirimwa zvinovaka muviri. Nekuda kwezviri mukati me nitrogen, phosphorus, potasium uye zvimwe zvinhu, hurongwa hwekudya kwevhu muagrocenoses hunovandudzwa zvakanyanya. Uye varimi vanogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya goho.
Asi, maererano nesainzi, organics zvakare ine zvisingarambike zvakaipa. Zviri mukati mezvinhu zvinobatsira mumafetireza akadaro zvakaderera, uye kuti uwane mabhenefiti, anofanirwa kushandiswa mune yakakura madhisi: mumatani uye makumi ematani pahekita. Pamusoro pazvo, pane njodzi yekupinza muvhu nemupfudze mhodzi dzesora dzakawanda dzinodyiwa nemhuka pamwe chete nekudya. Uye mune dzimwe nguva kune ngozi yehutachiona ne helminths.
Vladimir Yakimenko inokurudzira kushandiswa kwemamineral fertilizer. Izvo zvinodikanwa mune zvidiki zvidiki, zviri nyore kuzviendesa kumunda uye kuzviisa kune ivhu, uye kushanda zvakanaka kunozopedzisira kwakakwirira. Muchiitiko ichi, organic matter inogona kuwedzerwa nenzira yemasara emiti. Semuenzaniso, unodyara munda neuswa, kurima biomass yakura, uye ikozvino fetireza yatova muvhu.
Tsika Dzinoteerera
Tsvagiridzo inosimbisa kuti organic fetereza ine yakazara yakanaka mhedzisiro pazvinhu zvakakosha zvevhu. Vanoita kuti zvikwanisike kudzorera zvinhu zvinenge zvasiyana negoho idzva rega rega mukutenderera kwezvinovaka muviri mukurima.
Sergey Lukin inocherekedza kuti nekuda kwekurimwa kwemakanika kweminda yembatatisi, intensive mineralization yevhu organic matter inoitika. Uye inofanira kuripwa nokuwedzera mupfudze, marara, mupfudze, nezvakasara zvemiti; kurima kwegreen mass yegreen manyowa nema legumes.
Mune tani yemubhedha wemombe, chikamu cheNPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) inenge 13 kilograms, manyowa enguruve - 8, hukuku - 40. Mukuwedzera, zvipfuwo ne-zvigadzirwa zvine organic matter uye calcium, magnesium, sulfur inofanirwa. zvezvirimwa , microelements.
Kana yakashandiswa nemazvo, tani yemanyowa inopa kuwedzera kwegoho rembatatisi ye100-120 kilogiramu pahekita, uye tichifunga nezvemhedzisiro, mugore rechipiri nerechitatu, kusvika 200-250 kilogiramu. Muchiitiko chekushandisa madonhwe eshiri, goho remachubhu rinowedzera ne2-2,5 nguva.
Iyo All-Russian Research Institute yeAgrochemistry yakatumidzwa zita rekuti D. N. Pryanishnikov ine mhedzisiro ye network yakakura yekuyedza nefetereza pazvirimwa zvemuriwo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeRussia. Sezvandakuudza Natalya Akanova, munzvimbo idzo dzakaiswa organic fertilizer, goho guru rakawanikwa.
Kana tikataura nezve mbatatisi, vanopindura zvakanaka kune ese mafetireza, kusanganisira organic. Chiyero chezvikafu mavari zvinonyatsoenderana nehunhu hwehupenyu hwetsika iyi. Mhinduro yakanaka yembatatisi pakushandiswa kwemupfudze inogona kuonekwa pamhando dzose dzevhu. Panoshandiswa organic matter, chirimwa hachinyanyi kukanganiswa negwegwe, goho nderemhando yepamusoro uye rinochengetwa kwenguva refu. Zvakadaro, mhedzisiro yakanakisa yakanyorwa muminda umo organic fetireza yaiiswa pamwe chete nemamineral fertilizer. Iyi ndiyo nzira inovimbisa kuti zvirimwa zvine hutano hwakanaka.
Natalia Akanova inoomerera pakukoshera kwe "mutemo wechina" unozivikanwa kwenguva refu, kubva kwaunotevera kuti nzira, nguva, maitiro ekushandisa uye marudzi emafetereza akakosha zvakanyanya. Kana ikateverwa chaizvo, mhedzisiro yakanaka haizotore nguva yekuuya.
Hupfumi hwakapindira
Mumakore achangopfuura, tsika yekushandisa organic fetereza yembatatisi munyika yedu yakadzikira zvakanyanya. Mutungamiriri weAll-Russian Scientific Research Institute yeOrganic Fertilizer uye Peat, bazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Verkhnevolzhsky FANC" Sergey Lukin Kana muna 1990, pahekita yembatatisi, masangano ezvekurima akashandisa matani makumi matatu nemana eorganic uye 34 makirogiramu echinhu chinoshanda chemineral fertilizer, zvino muna 265 - 2021 matani uye 2,3 makirogiramu, zvichiteerana. Ndokunge, mugove weiyo organic matter muhuwandu hwekupihwa chikafu nemafetiraiza embatatisi yakadzikira kubva pa472 kusvika 64 muzana.
Chimwe chezvikonzero kuderedzwa kwenhamba dzezvipfuyo uye, semhedzisiro, kubuda kwemupfudze. Kunyangwe tichifunga nezvekuti indasitiri yezvipfuyo iri kushingaira kukura, ichiri kure kwazvo nenhamba yapfuura yezvipfuyo.
Hunhu hwefetireza yepasi hwashandukawo. Iye zvino inenge 70 muzana yemapfudze nendove zvinogadzirwa apo mhuka dzinochengetwa dzisina zvokuvata uye dzine 5-14 muzana bedzi yezvakaoma. Huwandu hwemaindasitiri ne-zvigadzirwa huri kuwedzera, uye kuwanda kwezvinhu zvinobatsira mukuumbwa kwavo kuri kuita kushoma. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, maererano Sergei Lukin, organic matter inonyanya kushandiswa kune vatangi vembatatisi: uswa hwegore negore, mbeu yechando, zvirimwa zvakasvibirira manyowa.
Vladimir Yakimenko anoyeuka kuti kunyange munguva dzeSoviet, kushandiswa kwemupfudze sefetiraiza kwainzi kune pundutso kana zvaive zvakafanira kufamba makiromita anopfuura 5-10 kubva kupurazi kuenda kumunda. Zvikasadaro, mari yekufambisa inoderedza purofiti kusvika zero. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, nekuda kwemitengo yakakwira yemafuta edhiziri, kuwedzera organic zvinhu kuminda kazhinji hazvigoneke mune zvehupfumi. Somugumisiro, unogona kuwana goho richava "goridhe" maererano nemari.
Multi-industry Agriculture Holdings inokwanisa kuchengetedza pundutso yekugadzira kana uchishandisa organic matter.Asi hakuna mapurazi akadai munyika yedu., kusiyana nenguva isati yasvika ma1990, kwete zvakanyanya.
Sergey Lukin inoreva mienzaniso yakanaka yebasa remabhizimusi ekurima munzvimbo dzeBelgorod neNizhny Novgorod. Vaine mapurazi ehuku uye vachibatanidzwa mukurima zvirimwa, vanobudirira kushandisa manyowa sefotereza muminda yavo. Uye munharaunda yeVladimir, uko purazi yehuku yemunharaunda inoendesa mupfudze kune vamwe varimi vekurima pasina muripo, varimi vanoitakura makiromita 30-40 kumapurazi avo pasina kukanganisa kukuru kune bhajeti.
Tarira mune ramangwana
Iko kugamuchirwa chaiko kweFederal Law No. Asi vatengi vavo vakuru vanogona kuramba vachirima gadheni, dzimba dzezhizha uye mapurazi akazvimirira.
Mukuru weLabhoritari yeAgrochemistry, Institute of Soil Science uye Agrochemistry SB RAS Vladimir Yakimenko anotenda kuti kana marudzi akasiyana-siyana emafetiraiza akagadzirwa, akaomeswa uye akaiswa mumapakeji madiki akatanga kutengeswa muzhinji, kudiwa kubva kuvagari vezhizha, varimi vegadheni nedzimba dzepamusha kuchagadzikana. Asi kana ari mapurazi makuru ari kurima zviuru zvemahekita evhu, zvipenyu hazvina ramangwana. Kubva pakuona kweagrochemistry, nokuda kwekubereka kwevhu, manyowa akadaro akanaka. Asi muhupfumi hwemusika, kushandiswa kwavo hakusi mukuda kwebhizimusi rekurima.
Vane maonero akasiyana Natalia Akanova и Sergey Lukinavo vanotarisira kukurumidza kutangazve kweHurumende Yakakwana Chirongwa cheKuvandudza Ivhu Kubereka muRussia. Nechisarudzo chezviremera, haina kuwedzerwa kupfuura 2020, izvo zvine kukanganisa paindasitiri yese yekugadzira zvirimwa mudzimba.
Sekureva kwevasayendisiti, pasina mafetiraiza hazvibviri kudzorera kubereka kwemamiriyoni emahekita eminda yekurima munyika yose uye kuvimbisa goho guru kwemakore anotevera. Uye kiyi yebasa rinobudirira munzira iyi inofanirwa kuve yakasimba uye yakavimbika system yekurima - organomineral.
Irina Berg