Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Mukuita kwepasirese, zvirwere zvekuchengetedza mbatatisi zvinosanganisira izvo chete zvinogona kufambira mberi zvakanyanya munguva yekukohwa, uye kukura kunoenderana nemamiriro ekuchengetedza: kunonoka blight uye pink rot, anthracnose, bhakitiriya kuora (mhete, dikea, pectobacterium, tuberous. scab), oosporosis , ronda remvura (pithy) kuora - typium, sirivha scab, phomosis, fusarium.
Zvirwere zvekuchengetedza zvinokonzera kukanganisa kukuru kwehupfumi, sezvavanowedzera kurasikirwa uye kuderedza kunaka kwema tubers nekudyara mbatatisi.
Musika uri kukura wembatatisi dzakagezwa dzakaiswa mupepa unoisa zvichemo zvakakwirira pane zvirema zvinoonekwa pamachubhu akachena (scab,
phytophthora, yakaoma uye yakanyorova kuora, kukuvara kwemagetsi), saka kutaridzika kwemamwe matambudziko nemhando yemachubhu panguva yekuchengetedza zvakanyanya kusingadiwi.
Chirwere chimwe nechimwe chine chaiwo biological features, mamiriro ekukura uye nzira dzekudzora.
kuora nyoro panguva yekuchengetedza kazhinji inokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya emhando Pectobacterium uye Dickeya. Soft rot infection inopinda mumachubhu mumunda kuburikidza nema stolons ane utachiona emiti yaamai. Mukuchengetedza, bhakitiriya rakapfava rot rine mukana uye rinogona kukonzera
matambudziko akakomba pamwe chete nezvimwe zvirwere.
Kuratidzira kwekunze kwekukuvara kwakapfava kuora: nzvimbo dzine hutachiwana dzinoita rima (kusvika kune yakasvibira), ine impregnated
mvura peel texture.
Iyo yemukati yakapfava putrefactive tissue ine munyoro, mushy kana creamy manyorerwo, ane chena kana greyish-brown.
slime. Nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzinotsanangurwa nemuganhu mutema uchivaparadzanisa kubva kune hutano. Mushure mekunge kuora kwaoma, nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzinova chena sechoko (mufananidzo 2). Kana hutachiona hwakafukidza huwandu hukuru hwema tubers, hunhu hweammonia hunoonekwa mudura.
Boka remachubhu rinobatwa zvakanyanya nechirwere ichi rinogona kunge riine chimwe kana anopfuura eanotevera maitiro: vhoriyamu yekamuri inoratidzika.
kuderedza; mvura yakasviba yakasviba iri kubuda kubva mumidziyo kana madhiraini emhepo, tembiricha yakakwira uye/kana kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi kunoonekwa mukamuri.
Zvikonzero zvekukura kwechirwere:
• kunyorova kwakanyanya panguva yekukura nekukohwa;
• kusashanda kwesora (sora rinowanzounganidza chirwere ichi);
• mbeu dzine utachiona (dzinowedzera mikana yekuvandudza chirwere muvana tubers);
• kukohwa machubhu asina kusimba;
• kukohwa patembiricha iri pamusoro pe20°C;
• Kuwedzerwa kwemhepo kunoputika muvhavha, pamwe chete nevhavha dzisina kunaka;
• unyoro hwakasununguka pamachubhu (condensation, mhepo yakashata / mhepo);
• yakawanda yevhu muboka re tubers;
• zvimwe zvirwere zvakadai semvura uye yakaoma kuora.
Nhamba huru ye "mavanga" pamachubhu uye kuporesa maronda asina kufanira kunobatsirawo kune hutachiona hwekuora.
Kudzora: ruzivo rwazvino rwepamutemo runosimbisa kushandiswa kwebhakitiriya kana mishonga yekuuraya utachiona
zvishoma zvakananga kutonga kwebhakitiriya yakapfava kuora mukuchengetedza. Asi zvinozivikanwa, semuenzaniso, kuti synthetic antibiotic streptomycin inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munyika dzinozivikanwa nekupisa kwakanyanya uye hunyoro (India, China), pamwe neUSA.
Kuora kwakaoma (fusarium) chirwere chefungal chinokonzerwa neFusarium sambucinum uye imwe Fusarium spp. Iyo fungus inopinda mumachubhu kuburikidza
maronda nemavanga anokonzerwa panguva yekukohwa nekubata mabasa. Dry rot zviratidzo zvinowanzotanga kuoneka zvakapoteredza maronda anenge mwedzi mushure mekunge machubhu achengetwa. Munyama une hosha unova mushava kusvika kutema muruvara. Zvindori zvakakura, zvakadzika, zvakadzika zvinoputika pasi pekumanikidzwa kwechiedza zvinogona kuumba pane chero chikamu chetuber.
Machubhu akaora zvachose anosvava uye anomira. Makomba ari pasi penzvimbo yakaora anowanzo kutenderedzwa nechena, pink, kana bluish Fusarium mycelium. Machubhu anogona kunge akapfava uye akanyorova kana kuora kwakapfava kuripo zvakare. Mukati, nzvimbo dzine hutachiwana dzemachubhu dzakasvibirira uye dzakachena, dzine crumbly mass (mufananidzo 3).
Kune nzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa zvakasiyana pakati penyama ine hutano neyakakanganiswa. Huso hwadzo hwekunze hunogona kunge hwakanyura uye hwakaunyana.
Dzimwe nguva fungi chena kana pink inogona kuonekwa kunze. Dry rot kukura kunogona kukonzera yechipiri bacterial soft rot.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kupararira kwechirwere: mamiriro okunze akaoma uye anodziya. Ramba uchifunga kuti chirwere chinogona kupararira nokukurumidza kana mbatatisi isingabatanidzwi zvakanaka mumavhiki ekutanga e2-3.
Muchinyorwa chezvakakosha zvekurudziro pakudzivirira utachiona hwechirimwa
soft rot inosimbisa pfungwa dzinotevera:
- Nyatsochenesa chengetedzo uye midziyo isati yashandiswa (uye disinfecting kana mbatatisi dzine chirwere dzakambochengetwa ipapo).
- Chengetedza mbatatisi dzakarimwa kubva kumbeu dzakasimbiswa dzine hutano, nekudiridza kunodzorwa uye kudya kunovaka muviri, mumamiriro ekudzivirira kwakanyatso kudzivirirwa kubva kumasora, tumbuyu nezvirwere.
- Kuve nechokwadi chekuumbwa kweganda uye kuibva kwechirimwa. Chenesa nekuchenjerera uye udzivise mavanga, usachenese mumvura inonaya. Kana utachiona hwakapfava huchifungidzirwa, isa mabhechi padyo nemikova yekupinda kuitira kuti akwanise kubviswa nekukurumidza kana akatanga kuipa. Kana chirwere chikaonekwa nguva isati yakohwewa, shandisa mwando wakaderera uye mhepo isingaperi panguva yekurapwa/kukasika kuchengeta.
- Rongedza kuratidzwa kwakaringana kwembatatisi dzine hutano kwemavhiki maviri-2 pane tembiricha ye3-10 ° C uye humidity ye13%. Chengeta tembiricha huru yekuchengetera iri pasi pe95°C. Usashandise moisturizer. Kana chirwere ichi chikaonekwa mushure mekurapa, ipapo kuderera kwekushisa kumamiriro ekubata kunofanira kukurumidza, nemhepo yakawanda yemhepo. Kudzivirira kuumbwa kwe condensation pa tubers. Ventilation masisitimu anogona kupa inoenderera asi yakaderera velocity mhepo inopa inodzivirira yemahara mwando kuvaka-up. Shandisa mhepo inopfuurira pasina humidification kune nzvimbo dzakakanganisika zvakanyanya. Itai mapati akadaro, kana zvichiita.
Nzvimbo yakanaka yekukura kwechirwere inogadzirwa munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kana ivhu rakawandisa rinopihwa ipapo pamwe nembatatisi. Mavanga embatatisi panguva yekukohwa nekugadzirwa anoita kuti utachiona huve nekukurumidza.
Kudzora: Deredza mavanga panguva yekukohwa nekubata. Dzivisa kukohwa kana tembiricha yenyama yadzikira nekuti mbatatisi inotonhora inobatwa nemavanga. Musati makohwa, ivai nechokwadi chekuti mbatatisi dzasvuurwa zvakanaka uye dzaibva. Bvisa tsvina yakawandisa uye mavhinga evhu panguva yekuchenesa uye nguva isati yasvika. Inokurudzirwa kuita kurapwa pa13 ° C uye 95% hunyoro hunoenderana, hunokurudzira kuporesa maronda. Kuporeswa kwemaronda kunofanira kupedzwa mumavhiki 2-3. Mushure mekupedza kurapwa
nguva, zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza kutonhora pamwero we 0,5 ° C pazuva kusvika pamwero wekuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
Pink rot chirwere chitsva chine njodzi chakakonzerwa neoomycete Phytophthora erythroseptica. Zviratidzo zvekunze zvekukuvadza: kusvava kwezvikamu zvemuchadenga zvezvirimwa, zviratidzo zvechlorosis pamashizha.
Machubhu embatatisi anotapukirwa kuburikidza nenhungirwa, nyemba uye maronda, kazhinji mumunda. Yakakanganiswa yekunze tishu pane tuber inogona kuva
brown discoloration, kunyanya yakatenderedza mazaru echisikigo (lentils) uye mumabukira. Mukati, nzvimbo ine utachiona inopararira mumutsara unenge wakatwasuka kuburikidza nenyama yembatatisi. Kana machubhu akabatwa akachekwa, nyama yemukati inova spongy uye inoshanduka pink mushure memaminitsi makumi matatu (mufananidzo 30). Mumatanho anozotevera, nyama yakabatwa inogona kubuda mvura yakachena, isinganhuhwi, ine mvura kana yakatsikirirwa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera kupararira kwechirwere: kunyorova kwakanyanya muminda pakupera kwemwaka wekukura uye mamiriro okunze ekupisa (kupisa kwemhepo kunopfuura 35 ° C).
Kudzora: Dzivisa kudiridza zvakanyanya pakupera kwemwaka wekurima, kunyanya kana tembiricha yakakwira. Ongorora nzvimbo dzakadzika dzakadzika dzemunda, kana zviratidzo zvekuora kwepink zvikaonekwa, usabvisa nzvimbo dzakadai. Kana chirwere chacho chikaonekwa mushure mokunge mbatatisi yachengetwa, iva nechokwadi chekuyerera kwemhepo yakakwana uye kutonhora kwe7-10 ° C kwenguva yekuoma. Kana
chikamu chidiki chete chebatch chinobatwa, bata mbatatisi dzine hutano pa10 ° C. Zvadaro, shandisa kukurumidza kutonhora pa
kuenderera mberi kwemhepo.
Kuora kwemaronda emvura chirwere chefungal chinokonzerwa neoomycete Pythium ultimum (fungus yevhu inopinda kuburikidza nemaronda uye maburi echisikigo muganda rembatatisi). Nzvimbo dzakakanganiswa dzemukati dzinowanzoparadzaniswa zvakajeka kubva kune hutano hwakanaka nemuganhu wakasviba. Iyo yakaora matishu ine spongy kugadzirwa, nepo nzvimbo dzakakanganisika dzinogona kunge dziri mukati chete, dzichisiya peel isina kusimba (mufananidzo 5). Mucheka wakachekwa unova muchena, grey uye wakasviba. Chirwere chinogona kuonekwa mukati memavhiki 2-3 ekuchengetedza. Chiratidzo chekutanga chedambudziko kutaridzika kwenzvimbo dzakanyorova pazasi njanji dzemidziyo nekuda kwekunyorova nemvura ine aqueous kubva kune yakakanganisika machubhu.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anobatsira kupararira kwechirwere ichi: Hunyoro hwakanyanya huchiteverwa nenguva pfupi yekuoma panguva yekukura kwetuber. Chirwere ichi chinonyanya kukanganisa kana tembiricha yemachubhu ichidarika 20°C. Pythium inowedzera njodzi yekutapukirwa nebhakitiriya yakapfava kuora, asi kuora kweronda pachayo hakuparadziri mukuchengetedza.
Kudzora matanho ekuora kwemvura kune chinangwa chekudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu anofarira hutachiona uye zvirwere. Vanosanganisira mu
sarudza minda ine mvura yakanaka uye isina nhoroondo yechirwere, kanenge makore matatu ekutenderera kwezvirimwa. Dzivisa kunyanyisa
kudiridza, kunyanya pakupera kwemwaka, kubvumira nguva yakakwana yekudhonza desiccation uye kuumbwa kwakanaka kweganda. Machubhu anofanira kukohwewa munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma kana ganda rakura uye tembiricha yenyama yadzikira pasi pe20°C.
Kana zviratidzo zvechirwere zvakatanga kuonekwa mukuchengetedza, ipapo kutonhora muimba kunofanira kuderedzwa kusvika 12-15 ° C uye kutenderera kwemhepo yakaoma kunofanira kuwedzerwa. Kurapa kwefungicide panguva yekukura uye kuchengetedza mukurwisa Pythium ultimum inoshanda chaizvo - senge.
uye mukurwisa rot rot, sirivheri scab, anthracnose uye fusarium. Izvi zvichakurukurwa zvakadzama pazasi.
Phomosis (chirwere chegomarara) - chirwere chinowedzera kupararira kwefungal yemapatata akachengetwa. Chekutanga
zviratidzo zve gangrene zvidiki zvakatenderedzwa zvakasvibirira zvinogona kuita grey kana shava. Iwo ma indentations akafanana neminwe yezvigunwe uye anogona kubatana uye kupindirana (mufananidzo 6). Mavara acho anowanzo kuve nekatsika kekutambanudza uye nekudaro anosiyana kubva kune concentric mhete hunhu hweFusarium. Gangrene rots inowanzosviba zvakanyanya uye ine muganho wakajeka une hutano.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti chirwere ichi chipararire: Chirwere chePhomosis chinowanzoitika kana kukohwa kunonokerwa nekuda kwekutonhora nekunyorova kwekunze. Utachiona hunopinda mumachubhu kuburikidza nekukuvara kweganda. Nzvimbo yakanaka yekuvandudza gangrene inogonawo kuumba mukuchengetedza kana mbatatisi yakachengetwa munzvimbo dzinotonhora (zvichienzaniswa neyakajairwa) uye / kana kurapa kwepamusoro kwekukuvara kweganda kusingaitwe.
Kudzora: kudzivirira kwakanakisisa kwechirwere ndiko kuderedza kukanganisa panguva yekugadzirisa. Chechipiri chinodiwa mamiriro ekudzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona ndeyekuchenesa gore negore uye disinfection yekuchengetedza. Kurumidza kukohwa uye kurapa kwakaoma kunobatsirawo kudzivirira matambudziko. Pakutanga kwekuchengetedza, fungicides thiabendazole uye imazalil inoshanda mukudzora chirwere.
Anthracnose kana nzvimbo yakasviba yemachubhu - chirwere chakapararira, iyo causative agent ndiyo fungus Coccodes Colletotrichum. Tuber kuratidzwa kwechirwere ndeye brownish-grey discoloration yeganda, nzvimbo dzakatenderedzwa kana dzisina kuumbwa (mufananidzo 7). Maronda anogona kutora sheen yesirivha, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuvhiringa anthracnose nesirivha scab. Musiyano mukuru ndiwo mavara asina kurongeka
maumbirwo ane mucheto asina kujeka uye anogara akaparadzana madotsi matema.
Kudzora: kushandiswa kwembeu yakasimbiswa, kurapwa kwemachubhu izvo zvisingaregi kudzikamisa anthracnose,
asi inovandudza hutano hwezvirimwa uye simba, inoderedza kushushikana uye nokudaro inowedzera kushorwa neanthracnose. Kushandiswa kwemafetereza akaenzana uye kudiridza kwemvura kuderedza kushushikana kwechirimwa, kuparadzwa kwemasora panguva yakakodzera (machengetedzo ehutachiona hweanthracnose). Kusabatanidzwa kwevhu rine mvura isina kurongeka uye hurumende yemhepo, iyo inowanzoita gobvu gobvu. Kutenderedza mbesa nembesa dzisingabatirwe nechirwere ichi - sezviyo, soya beans, chibage. Kurima kwakadzika zvakakwana
izvo zvinobatsira pakuparara kwezvisaririra zvezvirimwa. Kohwa mbatatisi yaibva. Kunyatso kudzora tembiricha uye unyoro mukuchengetedza: kutonhora kwakanyanya uye condensation yemhute yemvura inobatsira mukukura kwechirwere.
Silver gako. Iyo causative agent ndiyo fungus Helminthosporium solani. Chirwere ichi chiri kwese kwese. Mabviro makuru ehutachiona anokanganisa kudyara machubhu. Zviratidzo zvechirwere zvinogona kuonekwa kare panguva yekukohwa kana nguva pfupi mushure mekuisa mukuchengetedza:
izvi zvisingaoneki zvitsvuku, pasina kupenya, mavara ehukuru hwakasiyana uye maumbirwo (mufananidzo 8). Pakupera kwekuchengetedza, chirwere chinosvika mukukura kukuru, uye mutsara wakakanganiswa unowana yakanyatsotsanangurwa metallic kana silvery sheen. Howa pamusoro pemakwapa
inoita condial sporulation uye diki punctate black sclerotia.
Nekukundwa kwakasimba, mbatatisi peel inotanga kuunyana, kubuda kwayo kunowedzera, semhedzisiro yekurasikirwa kwehunyoro kunoitika. Silver scab chirwere chekare chekuchengetedza. Kazhinji, kana yakachengetwa mukuchengetedza, chirimwa chinotarisa pasina, uye
nenguva yekumhara, 100% infestation inoonekwa. Munguva yekufambisa, machubhu ane chirwere anosangana neane hutano, uye pasi pemamiriro ekuchinja kwakanyanya kwekushisa, hunyoro, kuzununguka uye kufefetera, kuratidzwa kwakakura kwezviratidzo uye kuwedzeredza kwehutano tubers hunoitika.
Kudzora: Dzidzira kutenderedza mbesa zvakanaka, makore matatu. Kushandiswa kwembeu pasina kuvapo kwechifukidzo chesirivha. Kutarisa mhodzi dzakatengwa kuti pane kuvapo kwesirivha here. Kupatsanurwa kwembeu dzakawanda dzezvizvarwa zvakasiyana panguva yekuchengetera (haifanire kuiswa mudura rimwe chete). Kushandiswa kwezvakanyoreswa mbeu dzetuber pakudyara.
Kukohwa mbatatisi pakarepo mushure mekunge peel yasimba. Kugadzika kwakakwana kwemusanganiswa. Kunyatsochenesa uye disinfection yekuchengetedza uye zvese midziyo isati yasvika mwaka mutsva. Kutarisa mbatatisi kuti silver scab infestation isati yachengetwa. Kupatsanurwa kwemijenya ine goko resirivheri kubva kune vanenge vasina utachiona. Kushandiswa kwekurapa mushure mekukohwa kwekudzivirira kwechirwere panguva yekuchengetedza. Kurapa kwe tubers pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwepamusoro (10-15 ° C), humidity (90%) uye mhepo yakanaka (yepamusoro-soro yemhepo). Pakarepo kutonhora kwembatatisi mushure mekurapa kune yaidiwa nhanho yekuchengetedza huru. Sangano rekuchengetedza mumamiriro ezvinhu
yakakosha tembiricha hutongi: pane yakaderera optimum renji kune yakapihwa gwara rekushandisa mbatatisi. Rambidza kutakura zvishoma kana kuchengetedza kwenguva refu kwakarongwa.
utachiona hwakasanganiswa. Tubers haawanzobatwa nechirwere chimwe chete. Sezvo mutemo, kuongororwa kwechirwere chechirwere kunosimbisa
kuvapo kwemarudzi akawanda ezvirwere (mufananidzo 9).
Yakasanganiswa fungal uye hutachiona hwehutachiona hunokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kupfuura kutapukira kwega. Sezviri pachena, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokurudzira kukura kweumwe neumwe.
Sezvo zvirwere zvekuchengetedza zvinogona kutungamirira mukurasikirwa kukuru kwezvirimwa, kurwisana navo kunofanira kuva kwakarongeka, kusanganisira zvakananga.
padanho rekuchengetedza. Pamuenzaniso wezvirwere zvakawanda, zvakaratidzwa kuti njodzi yezvirwere inogona kuderedzwa nekuderedza kukuvadzwa kwemagetsi (izvo zvinokurudzira kukura uye kupararira kwezvirwere zvose zvekuchengetedza) uye kushandiswa kwemarudzi ane genetic resistance kune zvirwere.
Kudzorwa kwezvirwere chinhu chakakosha chegadziriro yekuchengetedza mbeu. Zvishoma zvacho zvinoitika
mukuchengetedza, nzvimbo huru yehutachiona inowanzova mbeu kana ivhu.
Naizvozvo, iyo huru yekudzivirira inopihwa nekusarudzwa kwevakatangira vane hutano, kushanda paminda isina hutachiona, kushandiswa.
mbeu dzemhando yepamusoro, mvura yevhu yakanaka, kudiridza zvakanaka, kukohwa nenguva uye zvemhando yepamusoro.
Izvi zvinotevera zviito zvinobatsira kuderedza mukana wekukura kwezvirwere:
• kubviswa panguva yakakodzera / kuomeswa kwepamusoro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuvimbika, chigarire peel;
• Kukohwa kunobudirira kukurumidza kuzadza kuchengetedza;
• optimized airflow yekunyatsoomesa uye kutonhora;
• kudzivirira kuumbwa kwe condensate;
• utsanana hwakanaka hwekuchengetedza uye midziyo.
Kukohwa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo mbatatisi yakatoita ganda rakasimba, sangano rakapfava rekutakura uye kuchengetedza
- izvi zvese zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwezvigadzirwa, sezvo zvirwere zvinopinda mumachubhu kunyanya kuburikidza nekukuvara kwekunze. Munguva yekukohwa, kutsemuka uye kucheka mumachubhu hazvidzivisiki uye hutachiona hunopararira mubhechi rembatatisi. Asi kana chirwere ichi chichikura mukuchengetedza zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha:
• huwandu hwechirwere inoculum, kazhinji fungal spores kana mabhakitiriya, aripo pamachubhu;
• microclimate mamiriro;
• natural tuber resistance kuchirwere.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvirwere padanho rekuchengetedza kunogoneka nekuderedza kukuvadzwa, kuoma nekukurumidza, kupora kwepamusoro-soro kwekukuvara, tembiricha uye hunyoro kutonga, uye hutsanana. Schematically uye mumamiriro ezvinhu ezvirwere, izvi zvinoratidzwa muTable 1.
Universal kuchengetedza zvirwere zvekudzivirira maitiro:
• Kukohwa mbatatisi dzakaoma, dzine utano dzine tembiricha yepasi pe7 ne15°C. Kunyanya kubviswa kwemachubhu akakuvadzwa pamusanganiswa, achipa mamiriro ekuita kwepamusoro-soro yebasa iri.
• Kunyatsogadzirira kwekuchengetedza uye hurongwa hwekupa mweya. Zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi pachine nguva kuti mazinga emhepo akakwana anopiwa munzvimbo dzose dzekuchengetedza. Wedzera portable active ventilation systems kumakamuri ane general ventilation. Kufamba kwemhepo kwakanaka kwakakosha pakuchengetedza dambudziko mbatatisi.
• Kugadziriswa kwekuomesa, kupora uye kutonhora mitemo. Dambudziko rembatatisi rinowanzonyorova uye rizere netwupukanana tunoora, basa remurimi nderekutonhodza nekuomesa goho nekukasika. Kutonhora nekukasira kusvika tembiricha yekupedzisira yekuchengetera (3-5°C). Usanyorovesa mbatatisi dzine chirwere.
• Mhanyai mafeni (isa zvakawanda kana zvichidikanwa) mukushanda nguva dzose kusvikira zvirimwa zvaoma. Kutenderera kwemhepo kuburikidza nembatatisi kunofanira kuitwa nguva dzose panguva yedambudziko rose, kunyange kana pasina mamiriro ekushandiswa kwekunze kwemhepo.
• Kuve nechokwadi chekufamba kwemhepo kuburikidza nechikamu chechigadzirwa. Kuora mbatatisi netsvina zvinogadzira zvipingaidzo. Mafeni ane high air flow pressure anodiwa.
• Kutariswa kwezuva nezuva kwekuchengetedza. Infrared "pfuti", thermometers munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana inopa chiratidzo chakanaka cheavhareji tembiricha.
• Kusasangana nemhepo inodziya yekunze pambatatisi inotonhora (zvikasadaro dhizaini remvura yakasununguka rinoungana pamachubhu). Mvura iri pamachubhu inowanzovhunga mbatatisi uye inogadzira nzvimbo yakanaka kune mabhakitiriya ekuora akapfava. Tembiricha yemhepo inofanirwa kunge iri 1 degree C pamusoro peinoda tembiricha yetuber.
Fungicides inogona kushandiswa panguva yekutakura, panguva yekuchengetedza uye kana inotumirwa kubva pakuchengetwa.
Active zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kurapa mbatatisi kurwisa zvirwere zvisati zvachengetwa:
• RF - fludioxonil, benzoic acid, colloidal silver, Bacillus subtilis;
• Germany - imazalil, pencicuron, prothioconazole;
• England, Belgium - imazalil, thiabendazole;
• France - flutalanil, mancozeb, pencecuron, prothioconazole, fludioxonil;
• Canada - thiabendazole, fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, difeconazole, phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite, Pseudomonas suringae;
• USA - azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, difeconazole, sedaxan, mancozeb, flutalanil, penflufen, prothioconazole, thiophtanate-methyl,
phosphorous acid, potassium phosphite, chlorine dioxide, peroxyacetic acid.
Kurapa kwembeu kunofanira kupa dziviriro kubva kuzvirwere uye zvipembenene, kukurudzira kukura kwechirimwa uye kuve kwakakwana
zvemichina.
Kubudirira kwebasa racho zvakananga kunoenderana nemhando yekuitwa kwayo uye kusarudzwa kwakaringana kwegadziriro; inofanirwa kuve yakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwechinangwa chakanangana nefungicides chaiyo uye tichifunga nezve phytopathological matambudziko eimwe batch yekudyara zvinhu uye a. kunyanya munda. Muchikamu chepamutemo chehurumende chemishonga yezvipembenene yeRussian Federation, tuber dressing fungicides inonyoreswa senzira yekudzora rhizoctoniosis, common scab uye sirivheri scab. Nekudaro, hapana data pamusoro pekushanda kwezvinodhaka zvinopesana
anthracnose, ronda remvura kuora, ivhu ranonoka blight chirwere, chave chakapararira mumakore achangopfuura. Nekudaro, iyo yaizivikanwa kwenguva refu TMTD inomisikidzwa semushonga wekunonoka blight, rhizoctoniosis, scab, wet bacterial rot uye fusarium. Izvi zvinomutsa kusava nechokwadi kunonzwisisika, sezvo chete yemazuva ano matatu-chikamu fungicide Idicum ine inofananidzwa spectrum chiito (kupikisa oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctoniosis).
Iyo yakanyanya kukwana seti yenzira yekudzivirira yekudyara mbatatisi inoratidzwa muUSA. Nekuchera mvura, kuwedzera kune zvinhu zvinozivikanwa muRussian Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, Chenopodium quinoa saponins mabhakitiriya anobvumirwa kushandisa. Sedaxan inosanganisirwa mune yekutanga pasi rose-zvikamu zvekuuraya utachiona kubva kuSyngenta, iyo muUSA inonzi Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra nemusanganiswa wedv-mu fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Russian Federation yakazivisa kutanga kwemaitiro ekusanganisira mushonga wakafanana muregistry yembatatisi.
Inotenderwa zviri pamutemo kushandisa gumi nenhanhatu zvinoshandiswa zvefungicides, 16 a.i. yekurapa mbeu. mishonga yezvipembenene uye 10 microbial kugadzirira nefungicidal basa. Fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid inoshanda kurwisa zvirwere zvembatatisi.
benomyl, pencycuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, metalaxyl, iprodione. Kune akati wandei zvigadzirwa zvine maviri A.I. fungicides: penflufen + prothioconazole; pamwe chete nemushonga wezvipembenene - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole,
thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil, iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole. Iyo yakapfuma kuumbwa kwetatu-chikamu fungicide: fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxyl.
Advance dressing ine akati wandei mabhenefiti: yakanyarara modhi, yakanyatsorongeka dosi yemhinduro yekushanda, uye kuwedzera kwegoho rekudyara mbatatisi. Asi kurapwa kwemhando yepamusoro kuchipatara ndeyekupfapfaidza kwepamusoro-soro nekuyerera kwe
kushanda mvura isingasviki 3 l/t. Izvi zvinogoneka kana uchishandisa disc atomizer pane chero inotenderera nzvimbo - hopper rollers, matafura ekuongorora kana Mafex yakakosha michina. Kuyerera kwemvura yekushanda kwe10-20 l / t muchipatara, iyo inobvumirwa nemitemo yeRussian Federation, inofanira kuonekwa seisina kururama uye isingagamuchirwi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano ephytopathological, kunyorova kuri pachena kwemachubhu ndiko kudenha nemaune kwekukura kwezvirwere zvebhakitiriya. Mushure mekugadzirisa muchipatara, kunyange manheru ekudyara, mbatatisi inofanira kuomeswa;
kana zvisina kudaro, matambudziko nekumera uye kuora kwe tubers hazvidzivisiki.