Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba wezvekurima Sayenzi, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
Kutenderera kwezvirimwa kwakakosha kudzikisa matambudziko anokonzerwa nekuunganidzwa kwehutachiona muvhu, asi haugone kuvabvisa zvachose kunyange nekuzorora kwemakore masere nekudzoka kwembatata kune imwe ndima. Iko kushandiswa kwezvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibira kune zvakakomba maitiro akanaka pane yekurima system. Biofumigation zvivakwa panguva imwe chete zvinowedzera kushanda kwakazara kweye manyowa akasvibira.
Kubatanidzwa kwayo zvine mutsindo mukutenderera kushoma inzira yehupfumi yekurima yekubudirira kukura mbatatisi yemhando yepamusoro.
Iyo yekumaindasitiri kugadzirwa kwemapatata kwakabatana neyakaomesesa kurima, kupfuura kwakawanda kwemishini inorema kuburikidza neminda uye nguva refu yevhu rakafukurwa. Mhedzisiro yeiyi kupomhodza kwevhu ivhu, kuwedzeredza, kuparara kwechimiro chechimiro chevhu, kukurumidza kuita mineralization yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, ngatirege kukanganwa kuti huwandu hwezvirimwa zvakasara nemapatatisi ishoma, humus zvirimo mushure membatata zvadzikira. Muvhu, pane zvisaririra zvezvirimwa, zvirwere zvakawanda nezvipembenene zvembatatisi zvinoramba zviripo kwenguva yakareba, kuwedzera kwekuputika kweminda ine huswa husingaurayiwe kunoitika. Dzimwe mbesa dzinotenderera dzinogovana zvipembenene netapatata. Kupfupisa, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti kudzikiswa kwenguva yekutenderera kwezvirimwa mumapurazi ane hunyanzvi hwekurima mbatatisi kunotungamira mukudzikira kwevhu mamiriro ekuumbwa kwechirimwa, uye nekutenderera kupfupi, mutengo wefetiraiza, mvura uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. inogona kuve yepamusoro, uye gohwo - rakaderera.
Zviyo zvegore chete chete (gorosi, rye, bhari, oats, triticale, chibage, ryegrass) hazvina zvinowanzoitika phytopathogenic matambudziko nemapatatisi.
MaSoybe uye akabatwa chibharo anogona kubatwa neRhizoctonia uye chena chakuvhuvhu. Mazhinji akarimwa uye masora emhando yemiti anotambura nekukuvara ne verticillosis. Nematodhi uye zvipembenene zvine dzimwe nzira dzekuchengetedza uye dzinochengetedza vanhu zvakanaka mumakore iwayo kana mbatatisi isina kurimwa. Pamafuro, zvirimwa zvisingaperi zveclover nezviyo
huswa hunogadzira mamiriro akanaka ekuzvarira kwewayaworm, uye mhando iyi yekutenderera kwezvirimwa inofanira kudzivirirwa kana kukuvara kwembatatisi kwaonekwa. Iyi ndiyo mienzaniso yakasarudzika, asi kazhinji zvinetso zvephytopathological zvine nzira dzakasiyana, kazhinji dzinowirirana dzekuvakunda vachishandisa kutenderera kwezvirimwa (Tafura 1).
Iko hakuna mhinduro dzepasirese, asi ruzivo rwebiology, mutsauko uripo pakati peumwe neumwe pathogen unotibvumidza kuti tiwane zvine hungwaru sarudzo dzekutsvaga nzira yekubuda mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka kubva mukukwirisa kwembatatisi muchimiro chedunhu rakadyarwa.
Zvirongwa zvinobudirira zvekutenderera kwezvirimwa, zvakafanosarudzwa zvisati zvaitika zvinopa kuwedzera kwezvibereko, kuvandudzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemiti, zvemakemikari uye zvipenyu, kugadzirisa uye kunyangwe kuwedzerwa kwekubereka kwevhu, kugadzirisa mashandisiro emvura, kudzikisa mutengo wekurwisa masora, zvipembenene uye Zvirwere, kuderera kwekudiwa kwemamineral fotereza, pakutanga - nitrogen, kugoverwa kwakaenzana kwemitoro yepamusoro mukati memwaka webasa remumunda, mukana wekupararira kwekushandisa kweiyo shoma tillage, kugadzikana kwehupfumi hwekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa.
Mhedzisiro yakaoma kudaro iri nyore kuwana mukusingaperi kutenderera kwezvirimwa zvezvinangwa zvakasiyana, kwete zviyo chete, asiwo zvirimwa zvekudya. Izvo zvakashata zvehupfumi hazvibvumire mazhinji mabhizinesi kushandisa nguva yakawanda nemari pakurera kwenguva refu kwezvimwe zvirimwa mukutenderera kwezvirimwa uye nezvekupfuya mhuka.
Tichifunga nezvechiitiko chakakosha ichi, isu tichafunga nezve mikana yekushomeka kwezvirimwa zvipfupi (hapana anopfuura makore maviri ekukanganisa mukudzoka kwembatatisi kumunda) kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakatarwa mumamiriro ekutanga ekugadzirisa matambudziko embatata inokura.
Hatisi kutaura nezvekuwedzera kubereka kwevhu kana uchirima mbatatisi. Mhedzisiro yemakore mazhinji ekutsvagisa kwesainzi inopupura zvisina tsarukano: hapana huwandu hwenzvimbo dzezvirimwa uye nguva refu dzehuswa huri kukura hadzikwani kuchengetedza humus zvinogara zviripo, kunyangwe kana mbatatisi dzinogara munda mumwe chete mune masere-masere anotenderera zvirimwa. Iko hakuna chekutaura nezve pfupi pfupi kutenderera. Asi kumwe kuyedza kwakaratidza kuti kwegore rimwe kurimwa kwakasimba kwehuswa husingaperi kunopa kuwedzera kuri nani kwezvinhu zvakasikwa muvhu zvichienzaniswa neyakareba isiri-yakasimba (Lukin, 2009; Nikonchik P.I., 2012). Kune isina kukwana-isina humus muyero, ingangoita gumi t / ha yemanyowa mafotereza anofanirwa kuiswa pagore kana chiyero chakaenzana nguva nenguva. Kana iyo bhizinesi isina organic chinhu, kurima kwefetiraiza yakasvibira kunopa maitiro akafanana, i.e. Yese biomass yezvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibirira zvakanyanyorimwa izvi
Fetereza yakasvibirira, kutanga kwezvose, yakakosha sosi yezvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvinovaka muviri, "mupfudze wakarimwa paivhu rinorimwa", iyo isiri pasi pehunhu hwefetiraiza kumubhedha wemubhedha. Manyowa akasvibirira manyowa anozadza matura enitrogen ari muvhu, anoshandura iyo mineral nitrogen yevhu nefetiraiza kuita organic fomu inoenderana nharaunda. Fetereza yakasvibirira inowedzera mashandisirwo emamineral nitrogen, ichidzivirira kuwanda kwayo kune njodzi muvhu. Fetereza yakasvibirira inowedzera chiitiko chevhu, ichigadzirisa mamiriro ehupenyu hweiyo ivhu biota uye ichideredza iyo phytopathogenic kumashure kwevhu. Kurima padivi kunodzora kusakura kwehuswa hwezvirimwa uye ivhu uye kunobatsira kudzikisa mutoro wemushonga wezvipembenene paagrocenoses. Fetireza yakasvibirira inowedzera kukosha kwehukama hwehuswa nemamwe mafetiraiza.
Pamwe, unogona kurima chero zvirimwa. Rondedzero yezvirimwa zvinorimwa zvinogona kushandiswa kune zvirimwa zvikuru nepakati nepakati muchikwereti chemakambani anotungamira ekusarudza nembeu zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura makumi matatu zvezvinhu, kubva pane zvakajairwa rye yechando kusvika kune akadai exotic seAbyssinian gvisotia.
Tafura 2. Biomass yezvirimwa zvakasvibira zvemupfudze (Rusakova I.V., 2017)
Pane kuyedza kusimbisa kurima kwehuswa kunyangwe (iwe haufanire kudyara chero chinhu, mirira mwedzi yakati wandei kubva muchirimo uye ndizvozvo - masora akanaka akagadzirira). Chaizvoizvo, iyo biomass yezvirimwa zvemaruva ine kukosha kwakanyanya; huwandu hwezviyo uye cruciferous miti yemhando iri pasi pechokwadi kwavari. Iyi tafura inoratidza pachena mukana wemuvhu wakasvibira wemafuta (Tafura 2).
Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvakasimwa muchirimwa chimwe chete kutenderera nembatatisi kunotsanangurwa kwete chete nehuwanda uye nemhando yezvinhu zvakasikwa, asiwo nekugona kwebiomass kupa hutano, i.e. hutano-kugadzirisa chiito. Tiri kutaura nezve kugona kuchangobva kuratidzwa kweakasiyana makemikari emakemikari emamwe marudzi emiti kudzvinyirira, kudzvinyirira hosha dzinotapukira, masora nezvipukanana. Izwi rekuti biofumigation rakatanga kushandiswa kutsanangura zvinokonzereswa nekutenderera kwezvirimwa zvinokatyamadza uye kuisirwa manyowa kwezvirimwa zvinouraya pazvipuka zvevhu (Matthiessen naKirkegaard, 2006). Izwi iri rinoreva kugona kuzadzisa mhedzisiro yevhu fumigation uchishandisa zvirimwa, kwete chemistry. Makemikari fumigants muRussia anotenderwa kushandiswa chete pakuuraya hutachiona hwezvivakwa, zviyo, matanda, nezvimwe. Uye munyika dzeEuropean, USA, Canada, Australia, kufema kwemakemikari kwevhu kunoitwa zvakanyanya, umo maitiro e400-500 kg / ha anoshandiswa zviri pamutemo pamishonga "ine chiremera" seyoti, metam-sodium uye chloropicrin.
Parizvino, sainzi yepasirose yaunganidza dhata rakakura pamusoro pesimba rezvirimwa zvakasiyana pamhedzisiro pahukuru uye mhando yechirimwa chembatatisi.
Semuenzaniso, muPoland, kudzvinyirira kwakanaka kwemhando dzinoverengeka dzematode nerubatsiro rwegreen mass kana zvigadzirwa kubva kumarigolds, pamwe nevechch yechando yakaratidzwa. Asi kazhinji kazhinji kugona kwefutigation kwezvirimwa zvinouraya kunozivikanwa. Rapeseed, mustard uye radish zvine bioactive makemikari anonzi glucosinolates. Muvhu, iyo glucosinolates yemidzi, madzinde nemashizha emanyowa akasvibira anoputsika kuita isothiocyanates, iyo inouraya kana kudzvinyirira zvimwe zvirwere, nematode nemasora. Kwemakore gumi nemaviri apfuura, USDA masayendisiti akaitisa zvidzidzo zvinopfuura makumi manomwe zvichitarisa mhedzisiro yekutenderera kwakasiyana pazvirwere zvinotakurwa nevhu mumatatata. Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yaisiyana gore rega rega uye kubva kumunda kuenda kumunda, zvirimwa zvinouraya zvakawandisa zvakadzora hosha dzembatatisi (senge rhizoctonia, scab uye verticillium) uye zvakare zvakanyanya kuvandudza goho rembatatisi. Iyo yakanakisa phytoncidal mhedzisiro ine oiri radish, kozoti Sarepta yemasitadhi, kozoti machena mustard uye rapeseed, i.e. kushanda kwezvirimwa kwakasiyana. MuGerman, akasarudzika nematode-asingadzivirire marudzi eiri radish akagadzirwa kudzvinyirira yemahara uye midzi nematode.
Anoshanda biochemical compounds ane yero inotapira clover (Melilotus officinalis Desr.) Uye chena (Melilotus albus Desr.) - patsika biennial leguminous herbaceous zvinomera, asi zvakasiyana pagore zvinosiananiswa, izvo zvakakosha kwazvo. Organic uye zvicherwa zvinhu zvinoburitswa muvhu neinotapira clover ine amino acids, macompound e phosphorus, potasium, sarufa, calcium nezvimwe zvemakemikari zvinhu. Pasi pesimba remidzi yeiyo inotapira clover, yakaoma-kusanganisa makomponi inonyungudika muvhu, inoshanduka kuita mafomu ezvehutano zvinoenderana nemiti. Kuunzwa kwe melilot muchirimwa kutenderera kunoderedza kuwanda kwevhu nematato uye nehonye. Chikonzero cherufu rwezvipembenene uye utachiona ndi dicoumarin, chinhu chine chepfu chakaumbwa kubva ku coumarin panguva yekuora kwemidzi uye zvakasara zvezvirimwa zveclover inotapira. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeyero uye chena inotapira clover zvisingaite haina kusiyana mune zvemukati zvinomwa mumiti. Sorghum-Sudanese hybrid uye huswa hweSudan zvinoshanda kurwisa rootworm nematodes. Zvirimwa izvi zvinoburitsa durrin muvhu, inoora ikaita hydrogen cyanide. Gore rega rega lupine (alkaloid nefuru) ndicho chibage chikuru chemanyowa chevhu-podzolic ivhu.
Green manyowa akasiyana erupine anoburitsa alkaloids muvhu - quinolizidine zvigadzirwa zvine bacteriostatic, antiviral uye herbicidal mhedzisiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, maalkaloid anogona kuwedzera kumera uye kumera kwesimba rembeu, kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana nekumutsa metabolic maitiro muzvirimwa, kuderedza kuunganidzwa kwe nitrate, uye zvakare ane anti-mutagenic mhedzisiro. Alkaloids, sezvatatoona, inogona kushandiswa sedziviriro pazvirwere zvezvirimwa. Izvo zvakaratidzirwa kuti vanogona kukurumidza kudzikisira munharaunda. Sekureva kwaGross R. Wink M., chete 0,1-2,0% ye spartein inosara muvhu mazuva makumi maviri mushure mekuiswa. Iyo antibacterial uye antifungal chiitiko cheiyo alkaloid yakatorwa yeLupinus angustifolius zvirimwa zvinopesana neyakajairika mabhakitiriya anotevera akaongororwa: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonos aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis uye Staphylococcus aureus, pamwe nekurwisa fungi dzakadai seCandida albicans naC krusei. Iyo alkaloid yakaburitsa yakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha kupokana neBacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus uye Pseudomonos aeruginosa.
Makore mazhinji eongororo dzekugadzira dzakaitwa muU.SA neCanada vachitungamirwa nemukuru wezvembatatisi biofumigation - Muzvinafundo Larkin - vakasimbisa kugona kukuru kwekushandisa varoverwi mukutenderera kwezvirimwa semutangiri uye fetiraiza yakasvibira yekurwisa zvirwere zvinotakurwa nevhu. Kune iwo mazhinji chikamu, biofumigation kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kweinosemesa metabolites ndiyo yekuisa mashini, asi mhedzisiro inopindirana nevhu microbial nharaunda zvakare inoita basa rakakosha. Tsvagurudzo dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza kuti kubatwa chibharo kwakarimwa senge chirimwa chekutengesa uye kwete ese mabiomass akapinda muvhu. Izvi zvakaratidza kuti zvinobatsira zvevakabatwa chibharo zvaive zvisina chekuita neiyo biofumigation mhedzisiro yeiyo yakasanganiswa green biomass, asi zvaingova mugumisiro wekukura imwe mhando yemiti. Kuberekwa kweGreen kweapapurwa uye machena masayadhi zvakapa kudzikira kukuru muzviitiko zveRhizoctonia kupfuura zvirimwa zvemasitadhi zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hweglucosinolate, zvichiratidza kuti zvigadzirwa zvebhaofumigation hazvisi izvo zvakanyanya maitiro ekuita. Pakati pese, basa re fetiraiza yakasvibirira rakaderera pane kukosha kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa. Dzimwe nzira dzakasiyana dzekucheka dzinotungamira mukuwedzera kweiyo biomass yehutachiona hutachiona. Kutenderera kwezvirimwa ndiyo sosi huru yekuumbwa kweiyo yakazara-yakazara mamiriro enharaunda dzehutachiona. Chirimwa chega chega chinotenderera chinobatsira pakuumbwa kwehunhu hwakasiyana hwehutachiona uye hunogona kukanganisa chimiro uye mashandiro enharaunda dzehutachiona. Kuwedzerwa kwemanyowa akasvibira hazvireve kuti kunoderedza hutachiona hwevanhu kana kurarama, asi kunowedzera huwandu hwehutachiona hunopikisa hutachiona. Bhari uye kutenderera kwepamuchinjikwa zvaigara zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hwehutachiona uye chiitiko chehutachiona kupfuura kumwe kutenderera, nepo mbatatisi dzichienderera (pasina kutenderera) dzakakonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwehutachiona. Iko kusanganiswa kweiyo yepakati nguva yechando rye ine rapeseed mhedzisiro mu 25-41% kudzikira muhombodo nhema uye yakajairika scab inoenderana nekuenderera mberi mbesa kutenderera uye ne2137% inoenderana neyakajairwa bhari / clover kutenderera chirimwa. Iyi data inoenderana nepfungwa yekuti yakakwira microbial chiitiko uye zvakasiyana zvinobatsira mukudzvinyirira hutachiona.
Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yevakatungamira zvakanyanya kazhinji haisi yakanaka chete. Zvakazoitika kuti red clover inosanganisirwa neakawedzera mazinga e rhizoctonia. Phacelia, semuenzaniso, inodzivirira midzi-knot nematodes, asi inzvimbo inochengeterwa nematode kubva kune genus Trichodorus inotakura hutachiona. Uye hutachiona uhu, zvakare, hunokonzera zviratidzo zveglandular tuber spot. Mustard inogona kukonzera glandular kuona. Uye chero zvirimwa zvekutenderera zvirimwa zvine zvadzisingakwanise kana kunyangwe zvisina kunaka zvimiro zvaunofanira kuziva. Pano zvakakodzera kupa kuongororwa kwakakwana kwevaGerman vatsva zvine chekuita nekukanganisa kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa pane yakasangana mhando yematodes nematambudziko epanyama (Tafura 3).
Ngatiratidzei biofumigation zvirimwa, mbeu dzadzo dzinogona kushandiswa mune huru uye yepakati zvirimwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation.
1. Huswa hweSudan nesora-ripper, ivhu raimbove, biofumigator. Sorghum-Sudan Mbeu dzakauchikwa (SSH) isanganiswa yemhunga uye yeSudan huswa (Sudanggrass). Ose ari maviri marudzi akazvimiririra anoshandiswa semafuta manyoro, asi iyo yakasanganiswa ine mukana wekusanaya kwemvura uye chando. Mhunga inounza huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvakasikwa muvhu panguva yekudyara. Aya marefu, anokura nekukurumidza, thermophilic gore rinodzipwa nemasora, rinodzivirira mamwe nematodes, uye rinopinda mukati-kati mevhu. SSG ndiyo yakanakisa manyowa akasvibira mushure mekukohwa mitsara zvirimwa uye nyemba, sezvo ichidya yakawanda nitrogen. Iyo ine hasha midzi, inova ivhu revhu, kucheka kunosimbisa uye matavi mudzi weSudanese uswa ka5-8. Hunde yacho yakakora masendimita mana uye inosvika pamamita matatu pakukwirira.
SSG midzi inovhara yakakosha allelopathic chinhu - sorgoleone. Iyi iri, futi, mushonga wesora uyo unotanga kusunungurwa sekutanga kwezuva rechishanu mushure mekumera. Izvo zvinhu zvemhunga zvine zvakanyanya kukomba patambo-huswa, crabgrass, barnyard, green bristle, shirina, ragweed. Iyo zvakare inokanganisa zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvakarimwa, saka zvakafanira kuchengetedza iyo nguva pakati pekurima huswa hweSudan nekudyara zvirimwa. Kudyara mhunga yeSudan panzvimbo yechirimwa chakakohwewa inzira huru yekukanganisa kutenderera kwehupenyu hwezvirwere zvakawanda, nematode nezvimwe zvipuka. Nekuda kweiyo biomass hombe uye yepasi pevhu midzi, manyuchi eSudan anodzosera kubereka kwevhu rakapera uye rakaumbika mugore. Uyu ndiwo mupfudze wakanakisa wekudonha ivhu, ivhu nyoro iro rave kushanda rinorema michina. Iyo yakatemwa girini gorosi inogona kushandiswa kumonching mune mimwe minda, forage uye silage. Kumwe kucheka pamwaka kwakaringana. Biomass inoora kwenguva yakareba, haigone kusiiwa isina kurima. Kudzvinyirira nematodes kunogoneka chete kana uchirima nyowani nyowani yeguru isina kusvika padanho rehubhu. Sorghum ine zvipuka zvayo, mamwe marudzi ehybrid haakodzere chikafu chemombe, sezvo iine hydrocyanic acid.
2. Cruciferous siderata sangana nezvose zvinodiwa pakubereka zvakasvibirira: zvinokura nekukurumidza, zvine hupfumi hwakapfuma biomass uye netiweki yakakura yemidzi midiki, dzvanyirira masora, fungi, waya yemhashu uye nematodes, scab. Vamwe varoverwi, senge daikon, vane mudzi unogona kupfuura negejo chete zvakanyanya zvinobudirira kupfuura vamwe siderates.
Mustard yakanakira kugadzirisa iyo nitrogen yasara mushure mekukohwa sezvo ichivaka miriwo nekukurumidza. Kudzvinyirirwa uye kudzorwa kwemasora ne cruciferous green manyowa zvinokonzerwa nekukurumidza kukura uye "kuvhara kwedome", ndokuti, kugona kwepamusoro kwevhu. Harisi iro basa diki rinotambwa neiyo allelopathic pesvedzero yekuora masara akarimwa mumatsutso. Mbeu yemasitadhi uye yemafuta inokanganisa kukura kwechikwama chemufudzi, mari, bristle huswa, prutnik, huswa hwebharny, squid, nezvimwewo Zvirimwa zvinogona kudyarwa kune nyemba, i.e. kana dzatove dzakadzika midzi, hazvina kukodzera kudyara mumusanganiswa - cruciferous miti inopfuura mimwe miriwo uye inodzivisa kukura kwayo. Mbeu yekushandisa - 10-30 kg / ha. Kuburitswa kwemupfudze wakasvibira unogona kuitiswa chero nhanho yemwaka wekukura, asi nguva yakanakisa ndiko kutanga-pakati pekutumbuka, panguva ino chirimwa chinosvika kune yayo yakawanda biomass.
Iyo biomass yakavharirwa mukupera kwematsutso inotanga kuburitsa nitrogen mukutanga kwechirimo, i.e. inguva yekumhara.
Kabichi mhando dzinoda imwe nitrogen nesurferi, nerubatsiro rwavo zvakakosha mafuta-fungicides uye glucosinolate zvakagadzirwa. Izvo zvakanaka kuisa mamineral fotereza pasi pegreen manyowa, sezvo iwo achidzosera akaunganidzwa mune chelated fomu. Ivo vanounganidza phosphorus mushe, ita kuti iwanikwe zvakanyanya nerubatsiro rwe midzi midzi. Panyaya yezvakagadzirwa nekabhoni uye kuwora huwandu, zvinomera zvinonamira zvinotora nzvimbo yepakati pakati pezviyo uye nyemba.
Dambudziko guru rekabichi manyowa mafeturu ndiyo njodzi yekukuvara uye kunyangwe kuparadzwa kwakazara kwembeu neiyo cruciferous flea. Uye zvakare, kana uchishandisa michero yemuchinjikwa, mbeu hadzifanirwe kubvumidzwa kuibva, sezvo ichi chichiita dura hombe remasora asingadiwe kuzere kutenderera kwezvirimwa. Uye zvakare zvakare zvakafanira kusimbisa kuti mhando nemhando yezvirimwa zvinorovera zvine zvakawanda zvakasiyana zvipenyu uye tekinoroji uye zviri kure nekuenzana maererano neiyo biofumigation zvivakwa. Pakutanga - mafuta-anotakura radish (nematodoresistant marudzi), mune yechipiri - yero kana Sarepta yemasitadhi. Nehurombo, sainzi yezvekurima haina kuita ongororo yeiyo fumigation zvivakwa zvemuchinjikwa wekusarudzwa kwemhuri, uye mhando dzeGerman dzakasarudzika hadziwanikwe zviri pamutemo, nekuti hazvina kuiswa murejista yeRussia.
3. Sweet clover - biennial, kashoma pane chirimwa chegore rose chinosvika 2-2,5 m kukwirira mutsika nehusimbe husina kukura, chimwe chezvirimwa zvakasvibirira zvemanyowa zvakasvibirira.
Kusiyana nemamwe marudzi emhando yegumuni, ipurasitiki uye inoumba hukuru hwakakura hwegirini. Kana ichirimwa, inoungana kubva pa100 kusvika ku300 kg yenitrogen pahekita.
Nechiyero chekuora kwemakemikari zvisaririra, nekuda kweiyo nhanho nhete yekabhoni uye nitrogen (ingangoita makumi maviri), inotapira clover haina yakaenzana pakati pembesa. Basa rayo rakakura mukugadzirisa muyero wezvinhu zvakasikwa, kumisikidza maitiro ehupenyu muvhu, mukugadzirisa agrophysical zvivakwa, uye kunyanya kune inorema loamy uye ivhu revhu. Kana, kana uchirima 20 t / ha yemanyowa, iyo ivhu mvura inokwenenzverwa inowedzera ne60 nguva, saka kana uchirima matani makumi maviri egirini yeguru inotapira clover, inopetwa kaviri. Drainage, aeration, chimiro, physicochemical zvivakwa zvakagadziridzwa uye iyo yepamusoro pevhu inowanzo kurimwa Melilot ine yakasimba kwazvo inopinda midzi midzi, nekuda kweiyo yakaoma-kusvika-kusvika makomponi e phosphorus, calcium, potasium uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoendeswa zvishoma nezvishoma kumatanho epamusoro. Izvi hazvingowedzere zvirimo zvekudya zvirinyore, asi zvakare zvinopa kune kumwe kushomeka kwevhu nekuda kwekuwedzera kwezvigadziko muvhu rinotora ivhu.
Melilot green manyowa fallow inonatsiridza chikafu, mvura-mweya hutongi uye inodzivirira ivhu kubva kuzvirwere zvinokuvadza nekuda kwekuwedzera kwe microbiological chiitiko che saprophytic microflora. Iyo yekudyara yakasara yeanotapira clover, ine coumarin, iyo inoshanduka kuita decumarin panguva yekuora, inonyanya kudzora huwandu hwetambo wemhashu, nematodes uye corneidae. Uye zvakare, inotapira clover "musungo" wemashiri anotakura hutachiona hwembatatisi. Naizvozvo, manyowa manyoro kubva kune yero melilot inonyanya kukosha mumapurazi ane hunyanzvi mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Semuenzaniso, LLC Agrofirma Slava Potato inoshandisa chirongwa chinotevera: yeyero inotapira clover - yegorosi yechando - mbatatisi - zviyo zvemuchirimo nekudyara kwakanyanya kweclover inotapira. Panguva imwecheteyo, pakanangana nekusangana kwekusanaya kwemvura, inotapira clover inogona kudzikisira kudzikisira hunyoro hwakachengetwa muvhu. 4. Lupine - yero, chena, bhuruu (yakatetepa-yakasiya) uye mamwe marudzi egore. Lupine bhuruu rakamanikana-rakasarudzika - imwe yeakanakisa manyowa eguruva ane jecha uye jecha revhu, inopa 30-40 t / ha yegirobhu gobvu uye matani gumi nemashanu emidzi, inosvika 10-15 t / ha yezvinhu zvakasikwa, iyo isiri yakaderera kune iyo huru mhando maererano neiyo fetiraiza kukosha mupfudze. Mukuwedzera kune nitrogen, iyo yakasvibira uye midzi mizhinji yemapini yakafuma mu phosphorus, potasium, calcium, trace element uye mune chiyero chakadaro icho chinodiwa kune yakajairwa kukura uye kukura kwezvirimwa zvikuru. Uye chii chakakosha kwazvo - izvi zvinovaka muviri zvinowanikwa mune yehupenyu chinhu chakarimwa muvhu.
Naizvozvo, hadzina kushambidzwa kubva muvhu, sezvazvinowanzoitika nemamineral fotereza.
Munzvimbo umo lupine inokura mushe, inofanirwa kusarudzwa sechirimwa chakakosha. Neimwe nzira, iro girini rakakura rinogona kukohwiwa kuitira chikafu, uye zvisaririra zvezvirimwa zvichave zvakakosha fetiraiza. Mhedzisiro yakanaka inowanikwa zvakare kana ichidyarwa pakupera kwaMay mushure meye rye yakatemwa furu yakasvibira. Pakudonha, inowana huremu hwakakura, uye inotemwa yakatemwa zvakadzika (15-20 cm) kuitira ivhu, uye mashanga anorimwa pasi pembatatisi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, goho rembatatisi rinowedzera ne3-5 t / ha. Sezvo zvidzidzo zveNovozybkovsk Experimental Station zvaratidza, mbatatisi dzinoshandisa nitrogen kubva pamashanga-midzi masara e lupine zvirinani pane yechando rye uye tsanga yezviyo. Nezve fumigation, mhando dzediki-rakasarudzika lupine dzakanyatsokodzera, zita rayo rine mazwi "siderat, green manyowa". Izvi zvinoreva zvemukati zvealkaloid. Lupine, pamwe chete nehusingaperi huswa, clover, alfalfa, ndeyechikamu cheanopa-inogadzira vamiririri. Semuenzaniso wekushandisa lupine, tinopa kutenderera kwezvirimwa zveSPK "Dmitrievy Gory" mudunhu reVladimir: 1 - lupine; 2 - zviyo zvechando zvirimwa; 3 - mbatatisi; 4 - lupine; 5 - mbatatisi.
Pamwe pamwe nezvakanakira, iyo yegore lupins ine zvayakaipira. Ivo vanounganidza nitrogen ishoma kana tichienzanisa neyekusingaperi, havagone kusimudzira chimiro chevhu, nekuti yavo midzi diki kwazvo. Kumwe kusarongeka kwemagirobhu egore ndekukura kwavo kunonoka pakutanga kwemwaka wekukura uye nekunzwisisa kwavo kusvibiswa kwemasora. Pamusoro pezvo, tichienzanisa nedzimwe mbeu dzegorosi dzakasvibirira, mbeu yetsanga inodhura zvakanyanya pahekita.
Muzhinji, iyo phytosanitary chinzvimbo chegreen manyowa ndechekuwedzera chiitiko chehupenyu uye ivhu rinoshanda rekuvandudza saprophytic ivhu microflora, kudzvinyirira utachiona uye huwandu hwezvipembenene. Kana uchirima manyowa akasvibirira, hunhu uye goho rembatatisi zvinovandudzwa, kurasikirwa panguva yekuchengetedza kwadzikira, uye kuravira kwezvigadzirwa kunovandudzwa. Iko kusanganiswa kwekushandisa manyowa akasvibira kunotonyanya kushanda. MuGerman, mimwe misanganiswa yemanyowa yakasvibirira yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura.
Zviwanikwa zvemugariro wezvemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo zhinji dzinogadzira mbatatisi yeRussian Federation zvakanakira kurimwa kwemashanga emashanga nekushandiswa kwawo semanyowa egirini.
Mushure mekukohwa nguva yechando uye yekutanga chirimo zvirimwa, minda inoramba isina vanhu kweanopfuura mazuva makumi manomwe, uye mushure megore regore zvirimwa zvakasvibira - kusvika pamazuva makumi masere kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanakisa, huwandu hwetembiricha inoshanda panguva ino ndi70-80 ° C, kana 90-800% yezviwanikwa zvezvemamiriro ekunze zvenguva yese inodziya yegore. Siderata inogona kurimwa kwemwaka wese uye kuwana goho mbiri, semuenzaniso, yechando rye + oiri radish, Sudanese huswa, mustard, buckwheat, lupine. Zvakaenzana zvinozopihwa nekurimwa kwebhari yezviyo nembeu yakasvibira yembeu.
Abstract: Kutenderera kwezvirimwa kwakakosha kudzikisa matambudziko anokonzerwa nekuunganidzwa kwehutachiona muvhu, asi haugone kuabvisa zvachose. Iko kushandiswa kwezvirimwa zvakasvibirira zvemupfudze zvine maitiro akaomarara pane ekurima system (kuwedzera chinhu chakasikwa, kurwisa kukurwa kwevhu, kudzora masora, kugadzirisa mamiriro evhu, kuwedzera kubereka kwayo, kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima). Biofumigation zvivakwa panguva imwe chete zvinowedzera kushanda kwakazara kweye manyowa akasvibira. Hutano hwevhu hwaratidzirwa nerubatsiro rwefetiraiza yakasvibira yezvirimwa zvinonzi cruciferous, lupine, huswa hweSudan uye sweet clover.
Kubatanidza manyowa akasvibirira kuita majana mapfupi inzira yehupfumi yekurima yekubudirira kurima mbatatisi yemhando yepamusoro. Chero tsika yakasvibirira yemanyowa ine yayo yakasarudzika niche, zvakanakira nekuipira, asi zvine musoro mhinduro dzinogona kuwanikwa nguva dzose. Sarudzo yakasarudzika greening sarudzo inoitwa pahwaro hwekufunga ese akakosha mamiriro eimwe bhizinesi: ivhu, mamiriro ekunze, phytopathology, economics, hunyanzvi. Iyo kurimwa kwezvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibirira zvinofanirwa kuitwa padanho repamusoro resangano uye tekinoroji, zvikasadaro mhedzisiro inenge isina kukwana kana kunyangwe yakaipa.