Pakutanga kwaJune, kudyara mbatatisi kwakange kwatopedzwa mumatunhu mazhinji eRussia. Pane nguva yekuongorora kuti ndeapi mbeu mapurazi epamba ari kubheja uye kuti izvi zvingakanganisa sei goho riri kuuya.
Chii chatiri kudyara?
Sekureva kweBazi rezvekurima reRussian Federation, epamusha masangano ekurima uye mapurazi gore rega rinorima mbatatari munzvimbo inenge mazana matatu emahekita. Saizvozvo, mazana mapfumbamwe emazana ematani embeu anoshandiswa kudyara muindasitiri. Ko zvakadii nembeu iyi? Kubva pane ruzivo rwepamutemo, kwete zvakawanda.
Sekutaura kwemukuru maneja wePotato Union Alexei Krasilnikov, mugove weshumba (ungangoita 95%) wekubvumidzwa kwenzvimbo dzembeu nhasi unoitwa neFederal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhoztsentr (inenge 5% - naRosselkhoznadzor). Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinoenderana nehuwandu hweRussia Yezvekurima Center, huwandu hwakawanda hwezvibvumirano zvakapedzwa nesangano iri nevanogadzira mbeu zvibvumirano zvekubvumidzwa kwemunda. Pakukumbira kwevarimi vembeu, nyanzvi dzeRussia Agricultural Center vanoita ongororo dzekudyara mbeu kuitira kuti vaone kuchena kwayo, kusakura, chiitiko chehurwere uye kukuvara kwezvipembenene.
Ndokunge, ingangoita mbeu yemidziyo inoongororwa isati yakohwa. Dhipatimendi rinogashira zvikumbiro zvakati wandei zvechitupa chembeu mbatatisi (sekureva kwa2017, zvitupa zvekuenderana zvakapihwa mbeu kusvika pamazana zana ematani). Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kuvepo kwegwaro rekuenderana kune batch yembeu hakuiti zvachose mutengi gohwo repamusoro. Sekureva kwaAleksey Krasilnikov, muRussia, zvitupa zvekuenderana zvinowanzo kupihwa kwete zvevakuru vepamusoro, asi mbatatisi yechipiri uye kunyange yechitatu zvibereko, izvo zvisingakwanise asi kukanganisa huwandu hwegoho rakakura. Kuenzanisa, munyika dzeEurope, mbatatisi yechitatu kubereka inorambidzwa kurimwa.
Kazhinji, sekusimbisa maneja wePotato Union yeRussian Federation, mugove wezvinhu zvakavimbiswa zvembeu nhasi hazvipfuuri 10-15% yehuwandu hwembatatisi dzinoshandiswa nevagadziri vekutengesa kudyara.
MITAMBO MUMAKUMI EGUMI EVATUNGAMIRIRI: KUNZE DZIMWE & DOMESTIC
Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwePatato Union yeRussian Federation, 70-80% yemidziyo yakasimbiswa mbatatisi yemarudzi gumi anotungamira. Inenge chiyero chimwe chete chinochengetwa muzvikamu zvekudyara kunotengeswa. Panguva ino, pane mhando mbiri chete dzekusarudzwa kweRussia mune gumi gumi: Nevsky uye Udacha. Uye ese ari maviri anozivikanwa kune varimi vembatatisi kweanosvika makore makumi maviri.
Nei vagadziri vachishandisa yakatarwa mhando dzakasiyana dzemhando uye kazhinji vachisarudza zviwanikwa zvinotumirwa kunze?
Ngatitangei nenyaya yekuti varimi vembatatisi vane sarudzo. Iyo yeRussia "State Rejista Yekuberekwa Kubudirira Yakatenderwa Kuti Ishandiswe" ine 435 mhando, mazhinji acho ndeepamba. Sekureva kwemusoro wenzvimbo yekuberekesa yeV.I. Lorkha Evgeniy Simakov, hapana chakaipa nekuvapo kwemarudzi ekunze mumusika wedu.
MaRussia anofanirwa kutora mukana weakanakisa kubudirira kwesarudzo yepasirese. Asi marudzi epamba anoda kutora zvinzvimbo zvine mukurumbira muminda yeRussia - kuitira kuti awedzere hupfumi hwenyika nekuchengetedzeka kwechikafu. Zvakare, seizvo musayendisiti anogutsikana, zvemhando dzeRussia zvazvino maererano nematanho makuru (goho, kuchinjika uye hunhu hwevatengi vezvirimwa) hazvisi zvakaderera kune akanyanya kufarirwa marudzi ekunze.
Ichokwadi, havazi vese varimi vekurima vakagadzirira kugamuchira chokwadi ichi sedhisiki.
Vamwe vavo vane chokwadi chekuti marudzi eRussia padanho rino, kana achikwanisa kuratidza mibairo yakanaka, ipapo chete pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ehurongwa hwekuyedza.
Vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza kubudirira kwekuberekesa kwekunze nekuti vakajaira kwavari mumakumi emakore apfuura uye vane chivimbo chebudiriro (mhando dzinopa gohwo rakavimbiswa, mbatatisi ine chitarisiko chinoyevedza, vanotengwa nechido nemaketeni ezvitoro). Kune chakakosha chikamu chemapurazi, agronomic rutsigiro yakakosha kwazvo, iyo inopihwa kune vatengi vavo nevamiriri vemakambani embeu dzekunze. "Nyanzvi dzinouya, dzorai kudyara, nzira yekurima," anodaro Pavel Starchenko, director weMeridian LLC (mudunhu reChelyabinsk).
- Mukufunga kwangu, chokwadi ichi chinoratidza kuti mutengesi ari pachokwadi nezve mukurumbira wekambani yake uye ari kuita rooting yemhedzisiro. Haatenderi "kukanganisa chiratidzo".
Mapurazi akati wandei anoramba kuyedza mhando dzeRussia nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehunyanzvi hwekurima. Chief agronomist wepurazi reKurgan "Potato" Mikhail Gorbunov anoti kambani yake inoronga kutanga kushanda nemhando dzemumba, asi kuti ichagara kwenguva yakareba sei mumutsara wepurazi, haina kuitirwa kufungidzira. Kune yebhizinesi rebhizimusi, mhedzisiro yacho inosarudza: goho zvinoratidza, kutengeswa.
Asi hazvizivikanwe kana purazi richizokwanisa kurima mbatatisi yeRussia nenzira yekuburitsa kugona kwakazara kwezvakasiyana-siyana: hapana dhata pane maficha ehunyanzvi hwekurima. Semuenzaniso, iwe unofanirwa kuvaka chirongwa chekudzivirira chirimwa, usingazive kuti zvinopesana sei kumhedzisiro yemishonga yesora. Panyaya iyi, zviri nyore kwazvo kushanda neyekunze zvinhu: iyo inogadzira inogara ichiratidza ruzivo urwu mune rondedzero yemhando dzakasiyana, nokudaro uchibvisa njodzi dzisiri madikanwa.
Kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvine chinangwa zvinotadzisa kukura kwemukurumbira wemhando dzemumba munyika. Izvo zvakakosha zveizvi kushomeka kwekushambadzira uye kushomeka kwemidziyo yembeu.
Yevgeny Simakov anoti kubva muna 2000, musika weRussia wembatatisi wembudzi watoita kakapetwa katatu mbeu dzakauchikwa kunze kwenyika, nepo seti yemumba isina kuchinja. Kusimudzira kubudirira kweRussia, zvakafanira kuburitsa huwandu hwakakura hwevakuru, husingakwanise kurongeka chete nekuedza kwesangano resainzi.
Nhasi, masayendisiti ari kuyedza kushandura mamiriro acho pachiyero chemhando dzekunze nekune dzimwe nyika pamusika pachavo. Saka, gore rino pachiratidziro che "Potato" muCheboksary, mumiriri weLorkh All-Russian Research Institute yePotato Kurima akakoka vagadziri vanofarira kuti vatore mhodzi dzemhando nyowani dzemumba dzinoyedzwa.
Avo vanofarira vakawanikwa munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzeRussia, kusanganisira nyika dzeChuvashia neBashkiria; Vologda, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Kaluga, Tyumen, Astrakhan, Belgorod matunhu; Krasnoyarsk Territory nevamwe.Pamwe mwaka unotevera runyorwa urwu rwuchawedzera zvakanyanya, uye dambudziko richabva pakati rakafa.
KUZVIRIRA POTATO BELARUSIAN
Muna 2017, matani 5 embeu mbatatisi akaunzwa kuRussia kubva kuRepublic yeBelarus - zvishoma zvishoma pane kubva kuNetherlands. Iko kufarira kwevagadziri veRussia mumhando dzakasiyana dzekusarudzwa kweBelarusian kunonzwisisika: mushure memwaka miviri inobereka zvibereko, asi zvemari isina kubudirira, havazi vese vaigona kutenga mbeu kubva kune dzimwe nyika dziri kure.
Ndezvipi zvimwe zvakanakira budiriro yekuberekesa kweBelarusian?
Kubva pane ruzivo rwake rwuri kukura, Alexander Kuznetsov, director director weUstyuzhensky mbatata chirimwa, anotenda kuti mhando dzeBelarusian dzinorwisa hutachiona (kusanganisira Y hutachiona) uye zvishoma zvakanyanya, tichienzanisa nemarudzi ekunze, inoderedza goho kana uchidyara mbeu yechitatu uye chechina kubereka.
Alexander Kuznetsov anoti mamwe marudzi eBelarusian (Breeze, Manifest, Lel, Palace, nezvimwewo) akazviratidza kwazvo pavhu reRussia uye ari kudiwa nevatengi vanobva kumatunhu akasiyana enyika. Zvichida kuti pachave nemhando dzakasiyana dzemhando iyi munguva pfupi iri kutevera, dzinovimbisa zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinoonekwa gore rega. Kunyangwe, usati wadzokorora kudzora nyika, yega yega mhando inofanirwa kuyedzwa kweanenge makore maviri kana matatu mumamiriro eRussia. Munguva iyi, anogona kuratidza maficha asina kushambadzwa nevarimi.
Asi iro rakanyanya kuoma rinotadzisa aya marudzi kuti atore midzi muRussia kushayikwa kwechena sosi yezvinhu zvepamusoro zvigadzirwa. Vazhinji varimi vekurima vanotenga mbeu kwete kubva kumahofisi ekutsvagisa, asi kubva kumapurazi akazvimirira, uye mhedzisiro yacho haiwanzo kusangana nezvinotarisirwa. Nekudaro, mukurumbira wemhando dzakasiyana wakakuvadzwa zvakanyanya.
Zvisinei, dambudziko iri rinowanzoitika kwete chete kune mbeu dzeBelarusian.
MARKET MUGERE
Varimi vembatatisi veRussia vanowana kupi mbeu yavo?
Mazhinji makuru ekurima ekurima uye mazhinji epakati-epakati mapurazi anga ari vatengi vekunze mbeu makambani nemahofisi avo anomiririra eRussia kwemakore mazhinji. Chikamu chidiki chembeu yezvinhu zvakakwirisa zvinopihwa kumusika nemasangano akasarudzika esainzi.
Zvinoenderana naVNIIKH ivo. Lorkha, parizvino masainzi gumi nemasere masayendisiti anoenderera nekugadzira mbesa mbesa dzekutanga muRussia. Huwandu hwakazara hwemhando yekutanga yembeu yezvinhu zveyakanyanya-epamusoro-chikamu (kunyanya epamba mhando) inogadzirwa navo inosiyana mukati mehuwandu hwe12-3 zviuru zvematani pagore.
Kugadzirwa kwembeu kunotengeswawo nemapurazi embeu, kusanganisira mabhizimusi e156 (kubva munaNdira 1, 2018) ayo akapasa chirongwa chekuzvidira cheRussian Agricultural Center yekugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi uye inosanganisirwa muRejista.
Sezvineiwo, havazi vese zvavo vanogadzira mbeu mbatatisi, zvirinyore kusimbiswa. Sekureva kwePotato Union, iyo yakaongorora ruzivo rwezvitupa zvekutevedzera zvakaburitswa neRosselkhoztsentr munguva kubva muna2014 kusvika 2017, mapurazi embeu makumi matanhatu kubva kuRejista haana kuwana chitupa chimwe chete chembatatisi panguva iyi yese. Panguva imwecheteyo, mapurazi makumi maviri nemanomwe asina kuverengerwa muRejista akaburitsa zvitupa mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu emakore akapfuura.
Kwemakore akati wandei izvozvi, nyanzvi dzeindasitiri dzanga dzichiti musika wembatatisi yembeu muRussia unoramba uri "grey": huwandu hwakawanda hwembeu hunotengeswa husina magwaro, uye yakadaro mbeu yezvinhu iri kudiwa. Mbeu dzisina zvitifiketi dzinotengwa zviri nyore, semuenzaniso, nevagadziri vembatatisi yekutanga inotengeswa kubva kumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba.
Kunyangwe mabhizimusi ekurima, ayo akatarisana nebasa rekutora goho remhando yepamusoro nekurichengeta kwenguva yakareba, bata nyaya yekutenga mbeu nehanya zvikuru.
“Taitenga tisingaoni, ikozvino vadzidza neruzivo rwunorwadza, - anotsanangura director we LLC "Meridian" Pavel Starchenko. - Isu tinosarudza zvinhu zvakasimbiswa, dzidza ruzivo nezve batch iri paRosselkhoznadzor webhusaiti, uyezve isu tinotumira nyanzvi dzedu kumutengesi kuitira kuti ivo varipo pane iyo bulkhead. Paunoisa mari yako mukugadzira, mari imwe neimwe inokosha. "
Asi kune vamwe vatengi, kuvapo kwezvitupa hakuwanzo kuva chikonzero chakakwana chekutenga.
Chief agronomist weJSC "Potato" Mikhail Gorbunov anocherekedza kuti pakusarudza mutengesi wembeu mbatatisi yepurazi, anotanga atarisa kune kuswedera kwemutengesi wembeu kune akatanga. Asi kuwanikwa kwembeu kubva kumapurazi embeu asingazivikanwe pamusika, ayo akavhura marabhoritari ema meristem, kunoitwa nekungwarira kukuru. Zvinoenderana nezvaanoona, muRussia mune nyanzvi dzakawanda kwete, saka kazhinji panowanzoitika kana izvo zvinhu zvakawanikwa semugumisiro wekuberekesa kwema microclonal, kunyangwe hazvo isingatakure huwandu hwehutachiona, inorasikirwa nezvimwe zvemhando dzakasiyana.
ZVAKAOMA ZVAKAOMA
Saka chii chinofanirwa kuitwa kuti mbeu yemusika wembatatisi muRussia iratidzike uye ibudirire?
Vazhinji vevarimi vembeu vakabvunzurudzwa nevapepeti pavanonyora chinyorwa chino vanoona nzira yekubuda mukusimbisa mitemo yekugadzira uye kuongorora mhando yembeu.
Kutsoropodza kunoitwa kupokana neyakajairwa GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu mbatatisi. Maitiro ehunyanzvi uye nzira dzekumisikidza mhando ", iyo yakatanga kushanda muna Ndira 1, 2018.
Mariri, sekureva kwevamwe nyanzvi, hunhu hunobvumidzwa huchiri kuongororwa pamusoro pehutachiona hwezvirimwa nehutachiona uye hutachiona hutachiona.
Iyo nyowani GOST yembeu mbatatari inopa iyo mbeu murimi mikana yakawanda yekukanganisa. Isu tave kuve tisinganyanye kukumbira pane mhando yembeu yeRussia. Izvi zvakashata kumutengi, nyanzvi dzinodaro.
Vazhinji vari mukufarira kuunzwa kwekumanikidza kusetwa kwembeu zvinhu.
“Ndiri kutsigira kuti gwaro rekupihwa mbeu rimanikidzirwe, kwete nekuzvidira, - anodaro Executive director weUstyuzhensky Potato SSSK Alexander Kuznetsov. - Kuvandudzwa kwembeu chinhu chinodhura papurazi, uye tinofanira kudzikisira njodzi dzekutenga nekudzinga varimi vasina hunhu pamusika. "
Pfungwa imwechete yekuona inotsigirwa nemusoro wenzvimbo yekuberekesa yeAll-Russian Research Institute yePatato Kurima yakatumidzwa zita raLorkh Yevgeny Simakov. Mukufunga kwake, kupihwa kwemvumo kwembeu yemazamu, kune rumwe rutivi, kuchawedzera mugove wembeu yemhando yepamusoro pamusika wembatatisi yembeu, kune rimwe divi, ichave nechokwadi chekuparadzirwa kwakaringana kwerubatsiro rwekutenga nevatengesi vezvinhu.
Kunyangwe zviremera zvichatenderana nemafungiro aya zvakaoma kufungidzira. Asi zviri pachena kuti musika wembatatisi yembeu unoda shanduko, uye vanozoona zvakanyanya kuti vagadziri vembatatisi veRussia vachakwanisa here kugadzira chigadzirwa chinosangana neiri kuramba ichiomesa bhizinesi zvinodiwa zvehunhu hwechigadzirwa uye huwandu hwekukohwa.