ZVINOITWA SEI KUKOHOWA KWAKANAKA KWEMATATATI KANA KUSHONUKA KWEKUNAIRA MUDUMU KWAKVA ZVINHU ZVAKAWANDA, UYE KUSUNGWA KWEKUDISIRIRA MUFARM KUCHIRI (KANA ZVAZVO) ZVIsingabviri?
NYANZVI dzinokurudzira KUTEVERA ZVINHU ZVINHU ZVINOGUMBURA.
ZVINOGONA KUDUKURA KANA KUTI KUSVIRA KUSVIRA?
Kutanga, ngatitarisei nemazwi. Sezvakataurwa Evgeny Simakov, Chiremba weSainzi Zvekurima, Muzvinafundo, Musoro weDhipatimendi reKuedza Gene Pool yeFRC Mbatata yakatumidzwa zita reA.G. Lorch, zvinodikanwa kusiyanisa pakati pepfungwa dze "mhando dzinodzivirira kusanaya kwemvura" uye "inodzivirira kupisa (inodzivirira kupisa) marudzi". Chikamu chekutanga chinosanganisira izvo zvinokwanisa kutsungirira zvose ivhu uye kusanaya kwemhepo. "Tiri kutaura nezvemhando dzinogona kushivirira kushaikwa kwehunyoro kwenguva yakati (asi kwete mwaka wese!) - anotsanangura musayendisiti, - uye marudzi asingadziviriri kupisa anoramba achibereka pakupisa kwepamusoro, asi pamberi pekudiridza". Mhando dzisingapindi kupisa dzinomiririrwa zvakanyanya pamusika. "Colomba, Arizona, Impala, Riviera inonzwa yakanaka, semuenzaniso, mudunhu reAstrakhan, pakudiridza, - anodaro Evgeny Simakov, - Favorit uye Grand inogona kushanda semienzaniso yemhando dzepamba dzinodzivirira kupisa.»
Mhando dzinopesana nekusanaya kwemvura ishoma. "muSoviet makore munzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba mhando yeVolzhanin yaive yakakurumbira, Nyanzvi inorangarira yakagadzirwa naStepan Afanasyevich Lezhepekov. murimi paUlyanovsk Experimental Station. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kunzi rudzi rwekusanaya kwemvura. Ichiri kukura iye zvino, asi kakawanda pamapurazi ega, uko kutaridzika kwekunze kusina kunyanya kukosha.ny rudzi rwetuber. Volzhanin inorasikirwa vatungamiri vemazuva ano optical parameters (ganda rakaoma, maziso akadzika) uye zviratidzo zvezvibereko".
“Mumwe rudzi unozivikanwa usinganaye mvura - Majestic (UK), - inotsigirwa naProfessor Simakov, - kumaodzanyemba kweRussia, yakapa muchero we15-20 t / ha kana yakakura pasina glaze".
Mhando dzemazuva ano, hongu, dziripowo, uye dzinorimwa nhasi kwete munzvimbo dzinopisa dzechinyakare.
PANE SAMUSORO
Munharaunda yeChelyabinsk, semuenzaniso, 7,2 zviuru mahekita akagoverwa mbatatisi muchikamu chekugadzira, asi michina yekudiridza inongoiswa mune mamwe mapurazi epamberi. Zvichakadaro, kusanaya kwemvura munharaunda iyi kwagara kuchiitika.
«MuUrals, zvave kutove mutemo wekuti imwe yemwedzi yezhizha inopfuura zvachose pasina mvura, - inoti Alexander Vasiliev, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences, Chief Researcher weSouth Ural Research Institute of Horticulture uye Potato Growing (UNIISK), bazi reUral Federal Agrarian Research Center yeUral Branch yeRussia Academy of Sciences. - Takanyora kusanaya kwemvura kwemakore mana akatevedzana, uye 2022, seyekupedzisira, tinotaura nezveyakanyanya kuoma, sezvo kwaive nekunaya kushoma mukati menguva idzi kupfuura muna 1975 (gore rakaoma kwazvo mudunhu panguva yekutarisa)". Sekureva kwemusayendisiti, imwe yemhando dzakanakisa dzisinganaye mvura muSouthern Urals, inokwanisa kupa mhedzisiro yakanaka kunyangwe mumamiriro ekunze akaoma kudaro, ndiyo Russian siyana Tarasov. "Ane Nevsky akasiyana muvabereki vake - mapurasitiki chaizvo, - anotsanangura Alexander Vasiliev, - tsika yegwenzi idiki, uye inoumba kwete yakawanda yakakura machubhu. Mid-mwaka. Iine hunyanzvi hwekubereka, pasi pemamiriro akanaka goho rinogona kusvika 3 kg pagwenzi (anenge 120 t/ha), avhareji i90 t/ha. Kana paine unyoro pane imwe nguva mumwaka, zvinomera zvemhando iyi zvinoshandisa kusvika pakakwirira".
Evgeny Simakov,
Chiremba weSainzi Zvekurima, Muzvinafundo, Musoro weDhipatimendi reKuedza Gene Pool yeFRC Mbatata yakatumidzwa zita reA.G. Lorcha:
"Kare muna 2010, takatanga kusiyanisa marudzi mumutsara wedu anokwanisa kutsungirira zvose ivhu nemhepo yekusanaya kwemvura, uye maererano nemigumisiro yekucherechedza, ARIEL yakave yakanyanya kusanaya kwemvura, uye SADON neMETEOR. Mazuva gumi oga oga mumwaka uno tanga tichikohwa zvine simba, uye mhando idzi dzakaratidza kuwedzera kudiki, asi. Mune mamwe marudzi pasi pemamiriro akafanana, kubva pane imwe nguva nenguva, pakanga pasina kuwedzera kwegoho. ".
Muzviyero zvekuedza zveYuUNIISK, mumwaka wakaoma we2019-2022, pasina kudiridza, iyo Tarasov yakasiyana-siyana inopa nechivimbo muchero we40 t / ha. Maererano nenyanzvi, kune mamwe marudzi anoratidza zvibereko zvakanaka mukupisa uye kusanaya kwemvura, asi kusvika ikozvino hazvina kugadzikana.
Saka, mhando dzeKashtak neZakhar dzakazviratidza dzakakodzera muna 2021, asi mumwaka unotevera zviratidzo zvakadonha zvakanyanya. Goho reSpiridon siyana muna 2022 raive 15% yakakwira kupfuura gore rapfuura.
Munharaunda yeMoscow, kusanaya kwemvura zvakare hakusati kuchisiri nyore. "В mwaka uno, isu takadyara kuseri kwemazuva akajairwa, zvirimwa zvacho zvaive nekuwanda kwehunyoro kubva munguva yechando, asi ipapo, mukati menguva yese. zhizha, hapana kana mvura yakanaya mudunhu redu reShatursky, anodaro Evgeny Simakov.
Mahombe ekurima ari kushanda mudunhu iri anorima mbatatisi pasi pekudiridza, asi mapurazi madiki anorasikirwa mumakore akaoma.
Munharaunda yeSamara, ine mukurumbira nekuda kwekupisa uye kuoma kwemamiriro ekunze, ivo vakanyora chiyero chavo chemhando dzakakodzera kukura mumamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya uye kushomeka kwemvura. Munharaunda ino, basa resainzi rekuona mhando dzeRussia dzisinganaye mvura dzakaitwa kwemakore mana neSamara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. Tulaykova - bazi reSamScience Center yeRussia Academy yeScience.
«Sangano redu rinotora chikamu mune ecological uye geographicalkuyedzwa kwemhando nyowani dzinovimbisa dzembatatisi (sechikamu chekuitwa kweChirongwa Chakazara cheSainzi Tsvagiridzo yeKukudziridzwa kweMbatatisi Kuberekesa uye Kugadzira Mbeu), - anotsanangura Alexey Bakunov, Mumiriri weSainzi Zvekurima, Anotungamira Muongorori weSamara Research Institute of Agriculture, - theme yedu tsvakurudzo - "Grade mhando и hybrid zvinhu mbatata pamusoro pekupokana kune biotic uye abiotic stress zvinhu mumamiriro eMiddle Volga dunhu. Basa rinoitwa pamwe chete neInstitute of Ecology yeVolga Basin yeRussia Academy yeScience, zvese zvinodiwa biochemical ongororo inoitwa pahwaro hweIEVB RAS.".
Yekutanga yemakore matatu bvunzo kutenderera kwakapera muna 2021. Pamhando makumi mana neshanu dzakapihwa kuSamara Research Institute of Agriculture, masayendisiti akaona maviri akanakisa (akaratidza goho repamusoro uye kuramba zvirwere zvehutachiona mumwaka wese) - idzi ndiKrasa Meshchery naSiversky.
Goho repamusoro-soro remhando yakaratidzwa muna 2019, apo mamiriro ekukura aive akanaka. Mwaka miviri yakatevera yaipisa uye yakaoma, tembiricha yemhepo mumwedzi yezhizha yaiwanzopfuura 40°C, tembiricha yevhu: 50°C. Mbatata muzvikamu zvekuedza yakakura pasina kudiridza. Panguva imwecheteyo, muvhareji wegoho weKrasa Meshchery yakasiyana-siyana kwemakore matatu yaiva 30 t/ha, Siversky - 29 t/ha.
Kuderera kwegoho kubva mumwaka kusvika mumwaka (kunyanya kutaurwa muSiversky zvakasiyana-siyana), maererano nemasayendisiti, zvakanyanya kukonzerwa kwete nemamiriro ekunze, asi nekuderera kwemachubhu, kuunganidza kwezvirwere zvehutachiona (iyi nzira inonyanya kuoma mumamiriro ekunze ekupisa. )
Mhando dzeUtro, Terra, Alaska, Debyut dzakaratidza kuve dzakanaka panguva yekuyedzwa, asi zviratidzo zvegoho zvakadonha katatu kubva 2019 kusvika 2022. Mamwe marudzi ese akapa kukohwa kwakanaka chete mumwaka wekutanga wekukura, ipapo pakanga paine kuderera kwakanyanya mukuita.
ZVIRATIDZO ZVAKAWANDA
Asi basa guru revatsvakurudzi veSamara rakanga risiri kungotumidza vatungamiri, asi kuti vaone kuti ndeapi physiological uye biochemical parameters yemiti yembatatisi inogona kuratidza kuramba kwayo kupisa kana kusanaya kwemvura, kuitira kukwanisa kusarudza marudzi akadaro maererano ne "formal". maitiro", pasina kuita bvunzo dzenguva refu.
«Chiratidzo chikuru chekuramba kupisa nekusanaya kwemvura chinoramba chiri goho, - anoyeuchidza Alexey Bakunov, - tiri kuedza kutsvaga hukama pakati peiyo physiological uye biochemical parameters yechirimwa nayo. Zvinoenderana nekuona kwedu, chekutanga, iyo nzira yekugadzira inopesvedzerwa nezviri mukati me photosynthetic pigments, chiyero che lipid peroxidation, uye mamiriro e cell membrane masisitimu.". Munguva yekuedzwa, masayendisiti akasvikawo kumhedziso yekuti mbatatisi dzemapoka akasiyana ekuibva dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka.
«Mukutanga kukura marudzi kubereka kunotarwa nemazinga epamusorokushaya photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll b) uye nhamba yakaderera ye stomata pachikamu cheshizha nzvimbo. Pakati pemwaka, iyo reverse patani inocherechedzwa: mwero we photosynthetic pigments wakadzikira zvishoma, uye nhamba ye stomata pashizha unit yakakwira. Mukuwedzera, pakati peboka rekutanga, kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwesero membrane system kwakaratidzwa mberi kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwema tubers (muna July). Uye pakati pemwaka mhando (sezvakaita mumhando dzine nguva yakareba yekukura) zvizhinji yakakwirira yeproline (amino acidimi munodzivirira chirimwa pasi pemamiriro ekunetsa) uye zvishoma lipid peroxidation level", - Alexei Bakunov anogovera mhedziso dzake.
Zvichienderana nedatha yakawanikwa, vaongorori vakakwanisa kugadzira mhando dzekuyedza dzekutsamira kwegoho remhando dzembatatisi dzemapoka akasiyana ekuibva pamamiriro ekurima ehydrothermal. Kunyanya, masayendisiti akatsunga kuti mumhando dzekutanga, goho rinobva pane tembiricha yemhepo pane kunyorova kwevhu (vane nguva yekutora unyoro hwechirimo). Kusiyana neizvi, ma genotypes epakati-ekutanga uye epakati-kuibva anonyanya kunetseka kune hunyoro huri muvhu uye zvishoma zvinoenderana nekuwedzera kwekushisa kwemhepo. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo yepakati-yekuibva inonyanya kutsamira pane tembiricha kupfuura yepakati-yekutanga, sezvo nzira ye tuberization yakawedzera mavari.
Aya mamodheru anogona kushandiswa kufanotaura goho remhando dzakasiyana dzembatatisi. Asi tsvakurudzo haisati yapera. Kubva 2022, iyo Samara Research Institute of Agriculture yakatamira kune inotevera nhanho yebasa, ikozvino masayendisiti achafanirwa kuita bvunzo yakazara yekusanaya kwemvura makumi mashanu neshanu emhando dzembatatisi. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti chiyero ichi chiri kuramba chichikosha pakurima mbesa?
KUCHAPIYA
Vapfuri havasati vaona kuwedzera kudiwa kwemhando dzembatatisi dzisinganaye mvura pamusika uye vanongwarira mukufungidzira kwavo.
«Vagadziri vezvekurima mudunhu redu vanokuvadzwa nekusanaya kwemvura gore negore, asi seti yemhando dzembatatisi zvinorimwa mumapurazi, zvinoramba zvakadaro - anoudza Alexander Vasiliev, Mutsvagiri Mukuru weSouth Ural Research Institute yeHorticulture uye Mbatata Kukura, - nechikumbiro chekusanaya kwemvurambatatisi inopikisa isu tinonyanya kubatwa nevamiriri venzvimbo dzemhuri. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero chiyero chekugadzirwa kwembatatisi mudzimba dzevagari venzvimbo yeChelyabinsk chakanyanya kukwirira uye hachisaririra kumashure kwemapurazi evarimi, kunyangwe matekinoroji akasiyana zvachose anoshandiswa.kurima gies.
Zvine chinangwa mhando dzekusanaya kwemvura muSouthern Urals dzinodiwa izvozvi, asi zvakaoma kwazvo kuronga ramangwana. Tichifunga nezvekumhanya kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, hatigone kusabvisa mukana wekuti mumakore mashanu-5 hazvingafungike kurima mbatatisi mudunhu redu. pasina kudiridza".
Meteor
Evgeny Simakov anofungidzira kuti kufarira kwevarimi vekurima munzvimbo dzinokura mbatatisi dzeRussia mumhando dzisinganaye mvura ichakura mumakore anotevera.
«Kana mamiriro ekunze ari mubhandi risiri-chernozem, uko kuwanikwa kwekudiridza kwemapurazi ezvirimwa kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika kwakanga kusiri kudikanwa kwakaoma, ramba uchichinja kusvika pakudziya, uye kusanaya kwemvura kukava chiitiko chinogara chiripo, varimi vekurima vachamanikidzwa kuendesa mazhinji ezviyo. zvirimwa zvekudiridza, asi hazvizove nyore kuita mapurojekiti ekudiridza pamwero mukuru nekuti hakuna manyuko emvura, - inodaro nyanzvi. Mukuwedzera, usakanganwa nezvemitengo, kwete murimi wese anokwanisa kutenga michina yakadaro..
Tichafanirwa kubata zvakanyanya nekusarudzwa kwemhando dzembatatisi dzisinganaye mvura, asi isu tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti maitiro aya akareba. Uye zvinodikanwa kuziva kuti kukura kwechimwe chinhu, sekutonga, kunokanganisa vamwe.".
Samara Research Institute of Agriculture. N.M. Tulaykova, bazi reSamRC RAS, anotenda vashandi veInstitute of Ecology yeVolga Basin RAS nerubatsiro rwavo mukuita chidzidzo "Kuongororwa kwemhando uye zvinhu zvakasanganiswa zvembatatisi zvekupokana nebiotic uye abiotic kusagadzikana zvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu. kuMiddle Volga nharaunda": O.A. Rozentsvet, E.S. Bogdanov, V. N. Nesterov.