Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba weSainzi yeScience, Musoro wepurogiramu yekusarudzwa kweSSC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Iko mukana pamwe nekugona kwekugadzirisa mbeu matinji panguva yekudyara izvozvi zviri kuwedzera zvakanyanya. Kana pakutanga basa repamusoro rekupfekedza raive riine rhizoctoniosis, wireworm neColorado mbatata nyuchi pambeu, iye zvino nyanzvi dzava nhumbi dzese dzekushandisa kudzora hosha dzinowanda, hutachiona hwevhu hwephytophthora, anthracnose uye pithium, hove mumwaka wekutanga wekukura, madzinde nematombo, kusimudzira hutano hwevhu. microbiota. Pamusoro peiyo huru fetiraiza, kana uchidyara, pamwe nekupfekedza, zvinokurudzirwa kuwedzera zvekuteedzera uye zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvekukura kweiyo midzi system uye zvirimwa.
MuRussian Federation, inobvumidzwa zviri pamutemo kushandisa zvinoshanda gumi neshanu zvemanyowa, gumi anoshanda emushonga wezvipembenene uye gumi nemashanu kugadzirira kwehutachiona neiyo fungicidal yekurapa mbeu. Zvinhu zvinoshanda (dv-va) zvinoshanda pakurwisa mbatatisi: azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fludioxonil, cyproconazole, benzoic acid, benomyl, pencicuron, thiabendazole, penflufen, prothioconazole, difenoconazole, thiram, imazalil, fluxaprodaxil. Pamakumi matatu emishonga yekutengesa, mazhinji acho mifananidzo yakafanana yePrestige (imidacloprid + pencycuron, Bayer) - 18 naMaxima (fludioxonil, Syngenta) - 10. Kune zvigadzirwa zvinoverengeka zvine ma dvs maviri. fungicides: azoxystrobin + mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), penflufen + prothioconazole (Emesto Silver, Bayer), pamwe chete nemushonga wezvipembenene - acetamiprid + fludioxonil + cyproconazole (King Combi, Agro Expert Group + dientafiodeloxamethoxamolamine ), iprodione + imidacloprid + difenoconazole (Idicum, Nyamavhuvhu). Iyo yakapfuma kurongeka kweiyo fungicide Deposit (Shchelkovo-Agrokhim) ndeye fludioxonil + imazalil + metalaxil. Mimwe mimwe mishonga isingaite-chinhu kana mubatanidzwa nemushonga wezvipembenene. Azoxystrobin (Quadris, Syngenta) uye pamwe chete ne mefenoxam (Uniform, Syngenta), fluxapiroxad (Sercadis, BASF) inokurudzirwa kurimwa kwevhu muhororo, izvo zvakasara zvezvinhu - zvetubers.
Rondedzero yemishonga inouraya inouraya yekurapa tubers panguva yekudyara iri zvakare yakakura. Inotenderwa kushandisa zvinodhaka ne dv acetamiprid, imidacloprid, bifenthrin, fipronil, clothiadinin, thiamethoxam, chlorantraniliprole, oxamil. Panguva imwecheteyo, tefluthrin (Force, Syngenta) uye oxamil (Vidat, Corteva) vane fomu yekugadzirira yemagirosa uye vanounzwa muvhu. Mamwe ese ekugadzirira anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzirwa, mune imwecheteyo mhinduro pamwe nema fungicides. Izvo zvakasangana zvekuita kwezvipembenene - zvipembenene zvevhu, Colorado mbatata nyuchi uye hove pane mbesa. Kudzvinyirira nematodes - chinangwa cheiyo nematicide Vidat. Kushivirira kwakapatsanurwa kwemashure ekurumwa hakuratidzwe mumirau, kunyangwe tsika yemakore achangopfuura yakaratidza kuti kushanda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinorwisa chipembenene chakaipisisa hakusi kuenzana. Mazhinji mishonga yekutengesa yakavakirwa pane imidacloprid, clothiadinin, uye thiamethoxam. Iko kune maviri-echinhu sarudzo: imidacloprid + fipronil (Tabu Super, Nyamavhuvhu), imidacloprid + bifenthrin (Imidalite, FM Rus), thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol (Voliam Flexy, Syngenta).
Iko kusanganiswa kweiyo zvipenyu fungicides muRussia Federation inosanganisira inorarama tsika uye metabolites ehumwe hutachiona hutachiona kubva kune genus Bacillus, Pseudomonas, uye dzinodya fungi kubva kune genus Trichoderma. Pakazara, gumi nemashanu zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvakanyoreswa pamatezi mune 2020 runyorwa. Mukugadzira, Extrasol (Bisolbi-Inter) inonyanya kushandiswa, iyo nechimwe chikonzero yakanyorwa mune rejista seyakaomesesa microbiological. Isu muna 15-2017 kushanda kwese kwazvino biofungicides pamatezi kwakaongororwa. Inonakidza kwazvo uye inobatsira data rekuyedza rakawanikwa, iro rinofanirwa kutariswa kwakaparadzana uye richazoburitswa.
Kugadziriswa kwembeu kunofanirwa kupa dziviriro inoshanda kuzvirwere nezvipukanana, kukurudzira kukura kwezvirimwa nekusimudzira uye kuva nehunyanzvi hwakaringana, hwakavakirwa muchimiro chakajairika chekugadzira. Kubudirira kunotsanangurwa nesarudzo chaiyo yemishonga uye mhando yekugadzirisa. Kusarudzwa kwemishonga kunofanirwa kubva pakunzwisiswa kwekushandisa kwakanangwa kweimwe fungicides uye nekufunga nezvezvinetso zvephytopathological zveimwe batch yekudyara zvinhu uye imwe ndima. Iyo yepamutemo nyika katalog yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka yeRussian Federation ine yakaganhurirwa huwandu hweruzivo. Fungicides yekupfeka tubers inonyoreswa sevamiririri vekudzora rhizoctonia, rakajairika scab uye sirivha scab. Iko hakuna ruzivo nezve kushanda kwemishonga kurwisa anthracnose, ronda rine mvura kuora, kunonoka kusvibisa hutachiona hwevhu, hwakapararira mumakore achangopfuura. Kune mimwe mimwe mienzaniso yeakakura kwazvo maitiro ekuita. Nekudaro, iyo yekare TMTD yakamisikidzwa semushonga kurwisa kunonoka kunaya, rhizoctonia, scab, wet bacterial rot uye fusarium. Izvi zvinomutsa kusahadzika kunonzwisisika, nekuti chete yemazuva ano matatu-echinhu fungicide Idicum ine yakafanana neyakaenzana maitiro - oosporosis, phomosis, anthracnose, fusarium, rhizoctonia.
Kushambadzira kwevagadziri vezvipembenene kunopa mamwe marongero, asi kutarisisa mune ino kesi hakuna kuvimbiswa. Zvinhu zvekushambadzira zvinofanirwa kuongororwa nekuzvidzora uye nehungwaru, tichifunga nezvezvinodiwa mukutengesa zvigadzirwa zvinogadzira zvigadzirwa. Ehe, ivo vanopa humbowo hwakakwana hwezvakanaka zvemamwe madhiragi pane vanokwikwidza mune chaiwo mamiriro ekugadzira. Iko kune kwakadai mutemo wesimbi: mushonga wako unogara uchikunda, mukwikwidzi anogara achirasikirwa. Muzvinhu zvekambani inokwikwidza, hongu, zvese zvakapesana chaizvo. Muenzaniso wekuenzanisira kwepamutemo wehuwandu hwezviitiko zveakasiyana-siyana madhizaini anoratidzwa muTafura 1.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive chinangwa chechokwadi uye kushanda kwezvose zviripo zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvidyarwa. Ruzivo rwakadai munyika dzakasimukira dzembatatisi dzinokudziridzwa gore rega rega nemasangano akazvimirira ehunyanzvi uye anounzwa kune vezvenharaunda. Pamutemo, yemahara uye pamberi. Sezvo nyika ichigere kupa sevhisi yakafanana kune vanogadzira zvekurima muRussian Federation, ruzivo rwunowanikwa kubva kune vekunze vakuru uye masosi akavhurwa anofanirwa kutorwa sehwaro, kugadzirirwa mari iripo. Tafura 2. generalized tekinoroji nzira dzekudzora dzakajairika mbatatisi hosha, yakaratidza mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka ine yakaratidza inoshanda kudzvinyirira chaiyo utachiona. Iri izita rakakodzera, sezvo mazhinji mamorekuru anoshanda emishonga akagadzirwa kwenguva yakareba. Asi mamwe mamorekuru anoshanda akagadzirwa chete nguva pfupi yadarika: sedaxan, penflufen, fluxopyroxade, iyo yakavhura mikana mitsva yekutarisira kwehutachiona panguva yekudyara.
Tafura 2. Nzira dzehunyanzvi dzekudzora hosha dzembatatisi (maererano naMi Fiers et al., 2011)
Utachiona / chirwere | Kutenderera zvirimwa | Fertilizer | Kurima | Kudyara, kuchengetedza, kuchenesa | Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene |
Colletotricum coccodes / Anthracnose | Kutenderera kweanopfuura makore mashanu negorosi, red clover, alfalfa, chibage, herbs, steam, barley. Kunze kweyellow mustard, soya, rapeseed | - | Moldboard kurima 30 cm | Dzivisa kunetseka kwemvura, Kuchenesa kwekutanga. Pfupi nguva pakati pekutakura nekukohwa | Zvinodenha oxamil. Inoderedza imazalil, tolchlofos-methyl, mancozeb, thiabendazole, fenpihonil uye propiconazole. |
Fusarium spp./ Fusarium yakaoma kuora | Minimum matatu-makore kutenderera neiyo tsvuku clover | Humus | Kugadziriswa kushoma | Kuchenesa kwekutanga. Nguva pfupi pakati pekukohwa nekukohwa, kupora kwemaronda | Chlorine dioxide, fenpihonil, uye musanganiswa wetiabendazole, imazalil uye mancoceb |
Helmintosporium solani / Sirivhu scab | Minimum matatu-makore kutenderera neiyo tsvuku clover | - | Kugadziriswa kushoma | Kudyara kwakadzika kuwanda, kunonoka kudyara uye kutanga kukohwa | Mancozeb, imazalil, prochloraz, chlorine dioxide, thiabendazole, fenpichlonil, benomil |
Phoma ssp./ Phoma yakaoma kuora | - | - | - | Kutanga kukohwewa kwemisoro, kuchera pane tembiricha pamusoro pe8оС | 2-aminobutane, thiabendazole |
Phytophthora erytroseptiсa / Pink kuora | Makore matatu ekuberekwa, nebhari uye tsvuku clover | - | - | Yakanyoroveswa minda, kuchenesa munguva inotonhora, kudzikisa kukuvara | Mefenoxam, metalaxyl |
Polyscytalum pustulans / Oosporosis, lumpy scab | - | - | - | Kuchenesa kwekutanga | Imazalil, Prochloraz (mbeu), 2-aminobutane, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Phytium ultimum / Ronda rinowora mvura | - | Humus | - | Yakanyoroveswa minda, kuchenesa munguva inotonhora, kudzikisa kukuvara | Mefenoxam |
Rhizoctonia solani / Rhizoctonia, ganda rakasviba | Minimum matatu-makore kutenderera, kunze kwegorosi, alfalfa, ryegrass | Humus, mashanga | Kugadziriswa kushomeka, kudonha kwematsutso emakwenzi | Kudyara kudzika (5 cm), tembiricha yakakwira yevhu, kuwanda kwekudyara kushoma. Nguva pfupi pakati pekukohwewa kwemashizha nekuchera. | Inodenha 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb uye epoprofos. Inoderedza pencycuron, chlorine dioxide, thiophanate methyl, flutolanil, mancozeb, benomyl, thiabendazole |
Sclerotinia sclerotinium / White muforoma | Makore 4-5 ane zviyo zvezviyo, zviyo zvehuswa | - | - | Irrigation manejimendi | Fluazinam, iprodion, thiophanate-methyl, boscalid |
Spongospora subterrania / Powdery scab | Makore gumi apfuura, pasina mafuro | Usazora ndove yemombe | Usarime muchirimo | Kudyara kunonoka muminda yakanyoroveswa | Fluzulfamide, fluazinam, mancozeb |
Synchytrium endobioticum / Kenza yemazamu | Yakareba kutenderera (makore makumi matatu) | Urea | - | Yakanyoroveswa minda | Carbamide = urea |
Verticillium dahliae / Wilt, verticillosis | Kutenderera kwemakore matatu nered clover, huswa hweSudan, zviyo. Kunze kwemhepo, pizi, oats, mupunga, mindi, masora | Ammonium lingosulfate | Kugadziriswa kushoma | - | Mancozeb, captan, metam, 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin |
Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus / Kurira kuora | Neonikisi | - | - | - | Flusulfamide |
Pectobacterium, Dickeya / Blackleg | Kudzivisa monoculture, kuchinjanisa negorosi, red clover, bhari kana yakawanda-miriwo | Usapfuure nitrogen | - | Yakanyoroveswa minda, Kubvisa utachiona zvinomera, kudzivirira ganda kukuvara | Chlorine dioxide, aluminium uye bisulfite munyu, kasugamycin, streptomycin, soda benzoate, benzoic acid, mhangura oxychloride + metalaxyl kana cymoxanil, metiram, clorocin, |
Streptomyces scabies / Yakajairika uye ine netabvu scab | Iine lupine, yechando rye kana seradella. Kunze kweshuga beet, karoti, mafuro | Potassium, phosphorus, ammonium lingosulfate, manyowa, mupfudze wenguruve | Kusunungura kwakadzika | - | Zvinodenha oxamil. Boric acid, streptomycin, daminoside, DL-ethionine zvirimo |
Ditylenchus muparadzi / Stem nematode | - | - | - | - | Oksamil |
Globodera rostochiensis / Cyst nematode | Yakareba kutenderera neizi, fakisi, rye, oats uye rye uswa | Phosphorus | - | Dzivirira kupararira kwehutachiona netekinoroji | Dimethyl disulfide, 1,3-dichloropropene, aldicarb, foxim, AS 92100, 64475, carbofuran |
Meloidogine ssp./ Gall nematode | Nhunzi nhema / Kunze kwezvirimwa zvakawanda - karoti, beet, red clover, zviyo, rue yembudzi | - | - | - | Yese ivhu fumigants |
Munyika dzeEU, pane chiitiko chisingachinji chekushanda, kunyangwe nehasha uye kunyanyisa kurima kwekurima. Mapoka mazhinji ezvekushandisa zvinhu akatobviswa kana kubviswa mukutenderera nemutemo, kushandiswa kwavo kwakarambidzwa zvachose. Naizvozvo, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza michero dzekuchengetedza mbeu dzave shoma, sezvinoonekwa mumuenzaniso weGerman (Tafura 3). Nyanzvi dzinotenda kuti kana izvi zvikaenderera, saka kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvine simba, izvo zvinosanganisira mbatatisi, kunofanirwa kumira muWestern Europe, nekuti zviri kuramba zvichinetsa kuwana goho repamusoro uye mhando yezvigadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinhu zviviri zvekudzivirira zvinoshandiswa muEU zvinofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya: 1) fungicides yakavakirwa pamhangura hydroxide (Funguran kufambira mberi, Kuprozin kufambira mberi, kune mamwe akafanana muRussia, Koside 2000, semuenzaniso) inokurudzirwa kuti ishandiswe kudzora bacteriosis; 2) kugadzirira kwehutachiona hunoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Kurwisa mabhakitiriya Pectobacterium uye Dickeya mhando, mvumo yekugadzira mhangura inogona kusanganiswa nemamwe mafungicides. Mhangura chinhu chekutsvagisa uye kana kugadzirisa tubers kunowanikwa kune zvirimwa padanho rekutanga rerubudiriro. Mbesa mbatatisi dzakapihwa nemhangura zvakanyanya kusagadzikana nechando. Pakutanga kunwa kwemhangura kunobatsira pakuumbwa kwe lignin, ndiko kuti, kukurumidza kuumbwa kwesimbi yakasimba.
Tafura 3. Range yembeu mbatatari yekudyara yekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa, Germany, 2020
Muna 2020, varimi vembatatisi veGerman vane mukana wekushandisa gumi kugadzirira kunyorera kune tubers uye ivhu kana uchidyara. Iko kuumbwa kweiyo fungicides uye kukura zvinokurudzira, kumisikidza uye kuomarara kwe microbiota kwakasiyana zvachose neiyo yeRussia. Zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa zvakaonekwa nemamwe marudzi eiyo genus Bacillus, kwete Subtilis, asi Verezentis, Atrophaeus, Amyloliquefaciens. Pamusoro pechinhu chimwe chete, mubatanidzwa wemabhakitiriya anopikisa watanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, iyo SOLANOVA® chigadzirwa chine musanganiswa wakaenzana wemhando shanu dzehutachiona: Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomyceten, Mykorriza. SOLANOVA musimboti wekuita - unowedzera kuita kwehutachiona hwevhu, inovaka michero yekudyara inowanikwa, inowedzera kukura kwemidzi, inobvisa zvisaririra zvakafa muvhu, inosimudzira kugadzirwa kwemahormone emiti nema enzymes, inowedzera kushushikana kushushikana senge munyu, kupisa, kusanaya kwemvura, kutonhora, nezvimwe. mhedzisiro: inokura muvhu nemidzi uye inokwikwidza nezvipembenene zveiyo midzi exudates sekutanga chikafu, inoumba hutachiona hutachiona munzvimbo yemidzi yezvimwe zvipuka, inosimbisa kupokana kwezvirimwa, kuumbwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iri yezvirimwa, zvinobatsira mukusimudzira kwakasimba kwezvirimwa zvidiki.
Iyo yakazara kwazvo seti yemidziyo yekudzivirira mbatatisi yekudyara zvinhu muUnited States (Tafura 4,5). Kusvika ikozvino, pane zvigadzirwa zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muchimiro chehupfu (guruva) yekurapa mbeu panguva yekucheka. Hunhu hwakadzikama kune njodzi dzekunonoka kunaya, kuora kuora uye bacteriosis inopararira panguva yekucheka uye iko chaiko kwechero tsika yechinyakare yekucheka kwezvinhu zvakakura muUSA zvinotsanangurwa chaizvo nekugona kwakanaka kwezvigadzirwa zveupfu zvigadzirwa zvichibva pane mancozeb uye pencycuron. Nenzira, 30% yembeu mbatatisi muEngland yakagadziriswa ne pencycuron powder (Monceren, Bayer) kusvika gore rapfuura. Yezve kugadzirwa kwemvura, kuwedzera kune zvinhu zvinozivikanwa muRussia Federation, sedaxan, hydrogen peroxide, uye mabhakitiriya Chenopodium quinoa saponins anotenderwa kushandiswa. Sedaxan inosanganisirwa muhutachiona hwepasi-hwekutanga hutachiona neSyngenta, iyo muUSA inonzi Cruiser Maxx Vibrance Potato Ultra ine mubatanidzwa wedv fludioxonil + difenoconazole + sedaxan + thiamethoxam. Iyo Russian Federation yakazivisa kutanga kwemaitiro ekubatanidza yakafanana mushonga mune rejista yemapatata; pashuga beet, maVibrans ane akafanana akafanana akatobvumidzwa (Tafura 4).
Tafura 4. Kurapwa kweMbeu Mbatatisi (US State Mitemo 2020)
1 - muyero = huwandu hwechigadzirwa chakapedzwa kuiswa, uko oz fl (ounce) = 28,4 g, cwt (bhegi) = 45,4 -50,1 kg.
2 - x - chigadzirwa chinotenderwa kutsika uye chirwere; blank = chigadzirwa chisina kuitirwa chirwere chaicho.
3 - Fusarium, Rhizoctonia solani uye Helminthosporium solani. Iyi fungi inokonzeresa kuora, rhizoctonia uye silvery scab.
4 - inosanganisira Erwinia, chinokonzeresa kuora kwebhakitiriya kuora uye Clavibacter, chinokonzera ringi kuora.
Musiyano wakakura uye mukana weAmerican system yekudzivirira kudyara mbatatisi izere hukuru hwekugadzirira kunyorera ivhu. Mukuwedzera kune azoxystrobin, mefenoxam, fluxapiroxade uye gadziriro yehupenyu yakatenderwa muRussia Federation, inobvumidzwa kushandisa mimwe mishonga kubva ku strobirulin boka (pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin) uye kazhinji anti-phytophthora zvinodhaka (cyazofamide, fluazinam, flutolanil, phosphatiopipronil). Chinangwa chekurima ivhu ndiko kudzora rhizoctonia, kunonoka kunaya, pythium uye anthracnose (Tafura 5).
Tafura 5. Kugadzirira kurima kana uchidyara mbatatisi (mutemo weUS we2020)
kupi ft ft, 30 cm; lb - lb, 0,4 kg; A - maeka, 0,4 ha.
Kuongororwa kweruzivo rwekuzvimiririra kunokutendera kuti usarudze izvo zvinoshanda zvinhu kana uchigadzira mbesa yemidziyo. Iyo rondedzero yezvirwere zvinodzorwa mu tubers inogumira kune rhizoctonia, yakajairwa uye sirivheri scab, fusarium uye phomosis (mufananidzo 1). Furrow kana kurimwa kweivhu zvakajairika zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera kudzikisira hutachiona hwe rhizoctonia, anthracnose, yakajairika blight blight, ronda mvura (pitious) uye pink kuora. Pamusoro peizvi, zvigadzirwa zvine microbiological uye zvemhangura zvinoshanda pakurwisa hutachiona hutachiona.
Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinoshanda chine chaiwo maitiro. Semuenzaniso, penflufen uye sedaxan zvinoshanda kurwisa scab, asi hazvishandi kurwisa fusarium, nepo mancozeb uye difenoconazole, nekusiyana, prothioconazole inowedzera zvakanyanya kushanda kwekudzvanywa kwesirabhu scab ne pencycuron, nezvimwe. Kana Sercadis ichikurudzirwa kuti ishandiswe zvakasiyana munyika yedu, saka muUSA, kana uchigadzira mizere, fluxapiroxade inosanganiswa ne pyraclostrobin (Priaxor drug). Uye izvi hazviitwe nekuti hapana chekuita, asi nekuda kwekuwedzera chiitiko chezviito, imwe d.v-va haina kukwana. Kune akati wandei ekunyorera nguva zvirambidzo. Semuenzaniso, zvirinani kurapa matomarara, asina mbatatisi ane fludioxonil. Imazalil inokurudzirwa kuti ishandiswe chete pakutanga kwekucheka, asi panguva imwe chete ndeimwe yeayo mashoma anotadzisa oosporosis. Kune misiyano mukuongororwa kwemamwe madhiragi munyika dzakasiyana. Saka, muEurope, zvinofungidzirwa kuti azoxystrobin uye mamwe ma strobirulin anofanirwa kuiswa chete kune ivhu, haifanire kuwana pane ma tubers. MuU.SA, hapana chinorambidzwa, chinhu chinoshandiswa kune ese ari maviri machubhu uye mihoronga. Tarisiro inokweverwawo kune chokwadi chekuti Western Europe, USA neCanada havasi kuzosiya mavhu mune ramangwana, i.e. yakapusa guruva re tubers pasina technical technical.
Kune varimi veRussia vembatatisi, tsika yekuparadzira guruva pane tubers mune yekudyara bunker ndeyekukanganwa kwenguva refu uye mazuva ano nzira isingagamuchirwe. Izvo zvinotonetsa kufungidzira kuti munyika dzakasimukira nzira yakadai yekugadzirisa ichiri kuitwa zvakanyanya, uye izvi zviri pasi pemashoko pamusoro peiyo ecology. Pane zvasarudzo zviviri zvekunyorova, kunaya kwemvura: pamberi pachipatara uye kana uchidyara mumunda. Pakutanga kunhonga kune zvakwakanakira zvinoverengeka - yakanyarara modhi, yakaringana muyero wedhizaini yekushanda mhinduro, uye kuwedzera kwekudyara mbatatisi. Asi iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti yemhando yepamusoro kurapwa kuchipatara ndeye-yakadzika-yakadzika-vhoriyamu yekupfira ine inoshanda kwemvura kuyerera chiyero isingasviki 3 l / t. Izvi zvinogoneka kana uchishandisa disc sprayers (ona pikicha 2,3) pane chero nzvimbo inotenderera - hopper roller, matafura ekuongorora kana Mafex akakosha michina. Kuyerera kweyekushanda kwemvura 10-20 l / t inobvumidzwa nemiyero yeRussian Federation kuchipatara kunofanirwa kuzivikanwa sekukanganisa uye kusingagamuchirwe. Mune yemazuva ano phytopathological mamiriro, iyo inoratidzika kunyorova ye tubers ndeyekutsamwisa nemaune kwekusimudzira kwehutachiona hosha. Mushure mekurapwa muchipatara, kunyangwe manheru ekudyara, mbatatisi dzinofanira kuomeswa. Kana iko kugadzirisa kuri kuitika mukudyara, mbatatisi dzakasungwa dzakatakurwa ndokuendeswa kumunda, asi kwakatanga kunaya uye kudyara kwakamira kweinenge zuva - pakarepo durura nekuomesa mbeu. Zvikasadaro, matambudziko nekumera uye kuora kwetubers hazvidziviriki.
Kudyara kubata kuchiri nani. Iko hakuna kudikanwa kwekudziya, kuomesa ma tubers, hapana dambudziko rekushandisa zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa mune yekuchengetera uye njodzi dzekunonoka kudyara mushure mekugadziriswa, kwete chete tubers inogadzirwa, asi zvakare ivhu. Asi iyo yekudyara maitiro inononoka, huwandu hwemidziyo inosanganisirwa inowedzera, pane matambudziko nekuchengetedza nguva dzese kuyerera uye kudzora mhando yekugadzirisa. Anogadzira mbatatisi ese emazuva ano anopiwa matangi ekushandisa ekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa. Zvirinani kushandisa yakakosha mhango yekoni mabhaizi, ayo asinganyanyo kutarisana nekuvharika nemisimboti yekumisa mhinduro (ona mafoto 4,5,6).
Iyo Syngenta kambani inopa vatengi vayo nendarira sprayers (pikicha 4), ayo akanyatsogadzirirwa kuiswa kwekumiswa kwekumiswa, anosiyana ne40% kuderera kutwasuka pane akajairwa mapfapfaera ane turu rine mhango, nekuda kwechimiro chavo chakareruka chaicho chavasina kuvhara, havadi mafirita. Yakagadzirwa uye yakaiswa vaviri vaviri. Ma sprayer ese ari maviri akaiswa pakona ye45 ° kusvika kumusoro yakatwasuka, yakanangana kune mumwe nemumwe: chipfapfaidzo chine kona ye20 ° (yakareba) yekurapa tuber inodonha inoiswa mumuviri wekutanga munzira yekudyara; Iyo 70 ° kamwene (kapfupi) inoitirwa kurapwa kwepasi pehororo, chimwe chikamu cheiyo tuber, pamwe nevhu rakavhara mugero, rakaiswa mumuviri wechipiri.
Iko kuisirwa kwakaringana kweanopfapfaidza pane kuvhura kweanodyara kunoratidzwa mumufananidzo 7,8. Kugadzira chete machubhu (pikicha 7) kuri kurasikirwa nekukosha kwayo, nekuti nehurongwa hwakadai hwemapombi ekupfapfaidza, mhinduro yekushanda inogona kukukurwa. Kushandiswa panguva imwe chete kwemishonga kune tubers uye ivhu kunonyanya kushanda. Mune ino kesi, kumberi yakakomberedzwa kamwene (1) inogona kumwaya 1/3 yemvura yakatwasuka ichidzika kupinda muvhu rakavhurika wakanangana neseri kwehororo. Iyo mbatatisi tuber inozowira mumugero wakarapwa mvura. Yechipiri, yakakomberedzwa kamwene (2) inogona kubaya 2/3 yemvura yakasaswa muvhu rinofamba iro disc harrow inovhara machubhu. Inokurudzirwawo kuti ushandise iyo yakasanganiswa vhezheni, kuitira kuti chikamu chemushonga unoshanda chiendeswe kumatubers.
Mhinduro yekushanda yekugadzirira nekudzivirira tubers panguva yekudyara inogona kusvika kune zvishanu zvinhu: fungicide, zvipembenene, microbiological kugadzirira, micronutrient fetiraiza kana yekukura yekukura, inowedzera. Sarudzo yemicrofertilizers ine yakaenzana reshiyo yezvinovaka muviri, maamino acids, zvinobatsira zvekutora midzi zviri nani uye kutanga kukura kwakakura. Zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvekutengesa zviri zvemberi zvehunyanzvi uye zvakagoverwa zvakanaka, sanganisa mune aqueous solution pasina kunaya. Nesanganiswa yega yega yemishonga, izvi zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa nemuenzaniso wevhoriyamu diki. Zvisiyana, zvinoda kuwedzerwa chete granular zvipembenene uye nematicides zvinoda kuwedzerwa, izvo zvakasarudzika vashandisi vanoisa pane mudyari (pikicha 9,10). Anonyorera anozivisawo anti-nematode gadziriro yekugadzirira Nematofagin-Mikopro zvichibva pazvipuka zvehuswa, nekuti maererano neruzivo rwemugadziri hazviwirirane nemanyowa.
Mutengo wekupfekedza nekusimudzira zvinhu zvekudyara mbatatisi uchishandisa madhiragi anonyanya kushanda zvakapetwa kaviri mumakore mashanu apfuura uye zvinosvika zviuru gumi nezvisere rubles / ha. Ichi chikamu chechitatu chese dziviriro sisitimu, ehe, yakakosha, asi yakaenzana nemutengo wetoni imwe yetapiri. Iko kuwedzera kwemari kubva mukugadzirisa kune yakawanda zvakapetwa kupfuura mutengo, uye kwete zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuwedzera kwegoho, asi nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehunhu hwechigadzirwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kugadziriswa kwembeu zvinhu kunofanirwa kuitwa zvine hunyanzvi. Matubhu akaora uye akakuvara anofanirwa kubviswa pekutanga uye nekuchenjerera, zvikasadaro kugadziriswa kwawo kunotungamira mukuwedzera kwakasimba mukukura kwekuora, kunyanya kana uchidyara muivhu rakazara nemvura kana isina kudziya zvakakwana, izvo zvinotungamira mukumera kwembatatisi kumera. Kupfuuridza chiyero chakaringana chekushandisa, ovhadhozi yezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvinomera hazvifanirwe kubvumidzwa, aya magadzirirwo akaomarara, zvirimwa zvichasara kumashure mukukura kwenguva yakareba.Kushandiswa kwefungicides panguva yekudyara hakugone kubvisa hutachiona hwemukati mune tubers, i.e. kupfeka hakugone kutsiva mbeu yemhando yepamusoro.
Mukupedzisa, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kurapwa nenzira dzekudzivirira uye dzinosimudzira zvinhu zvembeu inzvimbo inosungirwa uye inoshanda yeiyo dziviriro sisitimu yakakura yekukura kwembatatisi. Mumakore apfuura, pakave nekufambira mberi kwakakosha munzvimbo ino uye mikana mitsva iri kuvhurwa. Kudzidza uye kuongororwa kweruzivo rwekunze kunotibvumidza kujekesa maitiro akakosha ekudzivirira kwekudyara mbatatisi. Uku ndiko kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hunodzorwa, shanduko kubva kune chimwe-zviviri-zvemishonga zvinodhaka kuenda kuzvitatu-zvina-zvinoriumba zvinodhaka, shanduko kubva kune tubers kuenda kune kurimwa kwevhu uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinoshanda zvemakemikari uye kwehupenyu dziviriro. Tichifunga nezvekushandurwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu e-phytopathological, kunyanya kutarisirwa kunofanira kubhadharwa kune silvery scab, pythium, anthracnose, zvimwe hutachiona hwevhu uye bacteriosis. Mhando yefungicides inowanikwa muRussian Federation ndeyemazuva ano uye akasiyana. Vagadziri vepasi rose vezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa havasi kukurumidza kupa musanganiswa uchangoburwa we d.v-v yeRussia, asi mafemu eRussia (Nyamavhuvhu, Shchelkovo-Agrokhim, Agro Nyanzvi Boka) ine zvigadzirwa zvemhando dzakasiyana Idicum, Deposit uye King Combi anotaridzika kunge akakodzera uye anokwikwidza. Panyaya yekurimwa kwevhu nema fungicides muEurope, kusanganisira Russian Federation, pane lag yakajeka kuseri kwenzvimbo yekumhiri kwemakungwa, asi pane zvakawanda zvekudzidza uye pane chimwe chinhu chekutora semuenzaniso, dura guru rekuwedzera kushanda kwekudzivirira kana kudyara kuri pano. Panyaya yekushanda kwekugadzirira kwehutachiona, hutungamiriri, hongu, ndewemakambani eEuropean. Iyo rondedzero ye biofungicides mu Russian Federation yakakura kwazvo, asi yakatetepa mukugadzirwa kwehupenyu, iyo yakaziviswa kushanda kurwisa zvirwere inoda kusimbiswa mukuita. Maitiro akataurwa ekudzora hosha dzehutachiona uchishandisa fungicides yemhangura uye mabhakitiriya ehutachiona akakosha uye akakosha.