Kazakhstan inotora chinzvimbo chinotungamira maererano nekugadzirwa kwembatatisi muCentral Asia. Mushure medambudziko rekurima muma1990s, republic yakakurumidza kuunza sub-sector kune imwe nhanho yemhando. Uye nhasi haisi kungozvipa zvizere nembatatisi, asi zvakare yakagadzikana mutengesi kunze kwayo.
Quantum kusvetuka
Mbatatisi yemazuva ano inokura muRepublic of Kazakhstan (RK) yakaumbwa kubva muna 2007 kusvika 2014. Kubva ipapo, kugadzirwa uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa kwave kukura nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwekurima uye kugona kwevarimi.
"Mbatatisi chigadzirwa chakakosha munharaunda uye chakakosha kwazvo mudunhu," anotsanangura kudaro Sachigaro weBoard of the Union of Potato and Vegetable Growers yeKazakhstan. Kairat Bisetaev. - Mumamiriro ezvinhu ematambudziko ehupfumi uye geopolitical matambudziko, tsika inogadzirisa zvinogadzirisa nyaya dzekuchengetedza chikafu chenyika dzese.
Kune mapurazi angangoita zana nemakumi matanhatu murepublic anorima mbatatisi pachiyero cheindasitiri. Iyo yakazara nzvimbo pasi pezvirimwa muna 160 yakapfuura 2023 zviuru mahekita. Avhareji yegoho kumapurazi madiki i36-15 t/ha, kune makuru - 25-30 t/ha. Kumaodzanyemba kwenyika, vamiririri ve-sub-industry vanokwanisa kukohwa zvibereko zviviri zvakakwana pagore, iyo yekutanga iyo "inovhara" off-season munguva kubva munaJune kusvika munaJuly inosanganiswa.
"Muna Gumiguru, purazi rakapedza kukohwa mbatatisi kubva munzvimbo ine mahekita mazana maviri neshanu, masere ari pasi pembeu," anodaro agronomist weAgropeasant Dvor TOO. Александр Matvienko. - Mukuedza kuwedzera pundutso yezvirimwa, tinosuma matekinoroji epamusoro mukugadzira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kune dzimwe nzvimbo tinowana matani anosvika 63 ezvigadzirwa pahekita.
"Pakutanga kwemwaka, mahekita 336 akagoverwa mbatatisi," anodaro director weBaimyrza Agro-2018 LLP. Maxim Bukaemsky. – Goho rakaderera rinotevedzerwa nekambani yedu matani makumi mana pahekita. Zvisinei, zvichienderana negore, nhamba iyi inogona kuwedzera kusvika kamwechete nehafu.
"Nzvimbo iri pasi pezvirimwa yakawedzerwa kubva pamahekita mashanu kusvika ku500 mumakumi maviri emakore, uye isu hatisi kuzomira," anovimbisa mutungamiriri weAstyk-STEM LLP. Sergei Zvolsky. – Muna 2022, bhizimusi rekudiridzira rakagashira matani anosvika makumi mashanu nemanomwe embatatisi pahekita negoho repakati rematani makumi matatu nemasere kusvika makumi mana.
“Mwaka uno takadyara mbesa pamahekita 416,” mukuru weNaydorovskoye LLP anoenderera mberi nemusoro wenyaya. Pavel Lushchak. - Kuchenesa misa papurazi kunowanzotanga munaGunyana 21 uye kunopera mavhiki matatu gare gare. Mumakore mashoma, mazuva ekupedzisira anochinjirwa, senguva ino. Nekuda kwekunaya kwemvura zhinji, takatanga kuchera mbatatisi musi wa43 Gunyana, asi goho repakati raive rakakwirira kudarika gore rapfuura: matani 37 pahekita zvichienzaniswa neXNUMX.
Simba bendekete
Anenge makore gumi apfuura, masangano ekutanga eindasitiri uye mibatanidzwa akaonekwa murepublic, iyo yakarongeka yakatanga kuchengetedza zvido zvevarimi. Basa ravo ndere kuendesa ruzivo rwakakosha kuhurumende uye, pamwe chete nayo, kutora matanho anodiwa kugadzirisa matambudziko.
"Mubatanidzwa wePotato uye Vegetable Growers weKazakhstan, wakagadzirwa muna 2008, wanga uchishanda zvizere kubvira 2016," anodaro. Kairat Bisetaev. "Kubva ipapo, tanga tichipa ruzivo rwechizvino-zvino pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu muindasitiri diki kune zviremera. Mhedzisiro yenhaurirano yatakakwanisa kumisikidza ndiko kubuda kwezviyero zvisati zvamboitika zvekutsigirwa kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, kupa rubatsiro rwehafu yemitengo yevarimi kuronga madiridziro, kutenga mamineral fetereza nemishonga yezvipembenene.
Kubva 2023, iyo yapfuura makumi maviri neshanu muzana yekubatsira kuvaka nzvimbo dzekuchengetera mbatatisi nemiriwo yakawedzera kusvika makumi mana muzana. Kana mugadziri akaisa midziyo yefiriji kuchengetedza zvigadzirwa kubva pagoho rapfuura muzhizha, anoripwa makumi mashanu muzana emitengo. Rutsigiro rwehurumende runopiwa kune avo vanotenga michina yekurima, midziyo, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.
"50% yemutengo wembeu yekutanga kubereka zvakare inotsigirwa," anowedzera Pavel Lushchak. – Pamusoro pezvo, Hurumende inodzosa chikamu che75% chemutengo wekubhadhara mabasa ekuendesa mvura uchishandisa michina yekusimudza kudiridza.
Pane zvinogoneka
Mabhizinesi ezvekurima muKazakhstan anonyanya kurima mbatatisi mhando dzeGerman neDutch sarudzo. Varimi vanotenga zvinhu zvekune dzimwe nyika zvemhando yepamusoro vozviparadzira muminda yavo kusvika kune yekutanga neyechipiri.
“Mbeu dzezvirimwa zvemumba hadzigoni kukwikwidzana nedzekuEurope, dzichiva pasi padziri maererano nekutengesa, kuchengetedza mhando, uye kudzivirira zvirwere,” ndine chokwadi. Kairat Bisetaev. - Dzese dzakaberekerwa nzvimbo dzekumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kwerepublic, kunyangwe mbatatisi inorimwa zvakanyanya kuchamhembe kwenyika, uko kunodiwa mhando dzine mwaka mupfupi wekukura.
“Tave tichishandisa mbeu dzeEurope kwemakore akawanda,” anotsinhira kudaro Pavel Lushchak, - asi apo matambudziko nekutakura akatanga, mari yavo yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, mwaka uno takatora batch yembeu kubva kuTurkey kuti iongororwe, iyo, kusanganisira kuendesa, yakatidyira hafu chaiyo.
“Pari zvino panoda kuti pave nekutariswa kurimwa kwembeu,” vanodaro Maxim Bukaemsky. - Muna 2021, pane chirongwa cheKazakhstan Union yePotato uye Vegetable Growers, chirongwa chakatangwa umo kambani yeDutch NAK, pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzeBelgian, inoongorora minda ine mbatatisi yembeu, semuenzaniso, papurazi redu, nenzira yekuyedza. . Izvi zvinopa republic mukana chaiwo wekukwira kusvika padanho revagadziri vekuEurope.
“Gore rega rega tinoyedza mhando dzembatatisi itsva,” anodaro Alexander Matvienko, - tinozvisarudzira izvo zvakachengetwa zvakanaka, zvinoratidza goho repamusoro uye hunhu hwakanaka. Iye zvino tave kunyatsofunga nezvekubatsira kwedu mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembeu. Nekutenga super elite muEurope kana Russia, tinokwanisa kuparadzira mbeu uye kupa musika wepamba nevakuru.
“Mukusarudza nekugadzirwa kwembeu, tichiri kutsamira pakutenga kubva kunze kwenyika,” vanopedzisa Kairat Bisetaev. - Asi isu tine mikana yese yekubudirira kurimwa kwembeu mbatatisi: yakapinza kondinendi mamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo dzakakura, nzvimbo dzakakura pasi pekudiridza. Nhasi, Union, pamwe chete neInstitute of Plant Biology uye Biotechnology, nemari kubva kubazi rezvekurima reRepublic of Kazakhstan, iri kugadzirira hurongwa hwemutemo huchabvumira shanduko kune yekuongorora uye certification system yakafanana neyeEuropean. Iyo purojekiti nekutora chikamu kweNAK, iyo yakatokurukurwa, ine chinangwa chekugadzira mamiriro ekushandira pamwe nemakambani ekuMadokero. Vari kungotsvaga nyika dzavanogona kurima mbeu dzekutengesa mumisika iri kukura yeAsia.
Europe - Asia
Munda, midziyo yekuchengetera zvinhu, midziyo nemichina yekudiridza mumapurazi eKazakhstani inonyanya kugadzirwa kweEuropean neNorth America.
“Varimi vedu vembatatisi,” anovimbisa kudaro Kairat Bisetaev, - maererano nemidziyo yehunyanzvi, chiyero chehunyanzvi hwekurima zvirimwa uye kuchengetedza zvirimwa, ivo vanenge vasiri vakaderera kune varimi vekuMadokero.
"Kune vatengesi vakuru vatatu vevagadziri vepasi rose vemichina yekurima murepublic," anodaro Alexander Matvienko. - Vanopa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvigadzirwa. Chero michina nemayunitsi zviri mustock, uye kune zvimwe zvikamu pre-odha inodiwa.
"Patinotenga michina yekuMadokero, tinotarisa pakuvimbika kwayo," anotsanangura sarudzo yake Sergey Zvolsky. - Isu tinoedza kutora mota dzine mamwe mabasa kuitira kuti tiite zvakanyanya kugona kwavo. Semuenzaniso, tine tirakita ine hungwaru hwekugadzira uye inozvifambisa yekukohwa iyo inobata kukohwa kwese.
Kuwanikwa kune zvinyorwa
Mapurazi erepublic anorima mbatatisi pachiyero cheindasitiri ane masisitimu emazuva ano ekudiridza.
“Tinoshandisa mvura dzemafashamo, tichidziunganidza pamapuranga chaiwo muchirimo, apo sinou inonyunguduka,” anodaro Pavel Lushchak. “Nekuda kwemadiridziro, takakwanisa kuwedzera goho kakawanda, uye hekita imwe chete yemunda wakadiridzwa yakatsiva mahekita 30-35 evhu rakaoma.
“Tine masprinkler emhando yedenderedzwa,” anogovera ruzivo rwake. Maxim Bukaemsky. - Hatikwanise kutenga dzemberi nekuda kwenzvimbo. Asi kushanda munzvimbo dzine makomo kune zvakwakanakira. Aya ndiwo mawaniro atinoita matsime emvura ari pedyo nemakomo.
“Nhasi ivhu rinodiridzwa papurazi iri rave mahekita 600,” anotsanangura kudaro Alexander Matvienko, - asi gore rinouya richawedzera kune imwe 200. Zvinosuruvarisa, iyi ndiyo muganhu, kana zvisina kudaro munguva yemwaka isu hatizove nemvura yakakwana yakagamuchirwa kubva kuPodlesnenskoye reservoir.
“Dambudziko rokushomeka kwemvura, somunyika dzakawanda, rinokosha zvikuru,” anodaro Sergey Zvolsky. “Mukuigadzirisa, takatanga kuchera matsime tikawana kwakati wandei, uko iko zvino kune madhamu ane huwandu hwe8-10 zviuru cubic metres.
Misa zvinhu
Zvikonzero zvakati wandei zvinotadzisa kuzadziswa kweiyo republic kugona kukuru mukurima mbatatisi.
"Rimwe rematambudziko makuru anoramba ari kushomeka kwemari yekushandisa," anodaro Kairat Bisetaev. - Nechikonzero ichi, havasi varimi vese vanotevedzera tekinoroji uye havakwanise kuwana goho rakanaka uye zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro. Vagadziri vadiki vanoshanda vasina vashandi vanobhadharwa vari kushaya zvakanyanya hunyanzvi hunodiwa.
“Kushomeka kwenyanzvi muindasitiri kwave pedyo nekunetsa,” anochema-chema kudaro Alexander Matvienko. - Uye kunyange vakapedza kudzidza kuzvikoro zvedzidzo yepamusoro havadi kushanda mukurima. Nyanzvi dzezvekurima dzakanaka, vashandi vemichina, uye nyanzvi dzemichina dzakakoshera huremu hwavo mugoridhe, uye vari kuedza nesimba ravo rose kuvachengeta.
“Kambani yedu, kana ichigadzirisa nyaya dzevashandi, inotsvaga vakomana vanokodzera vachiri kudzidza kuchikoro kana kukoreji,” anodaro. Sergey Zvolsky.- Uye kuti vanhu varege kuenda kune hupenyu huri nani, tiri kuedza kudzima mutsetse pakati peguta nemusha, tichigadzira mamiriro akanaka kune vashandi.
Sekureva kweMubatanidzwa wePotato uye Vegetable Varimi veKazakhstan, nzvimbo dzemazuvano dzekuchengetera dzakashongedzerwa nemamiriro ekunze dzakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza panguva imwe chete inodarika zviuru mazana mashanu ematani ezvigadzirwa. Asi nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo uye kuwedzera kwegoho, pane chido chekuwedzera simba.
“Chirongwa chedu chekurima mbatatisi chakatanga nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera matani zviuru gumi nezviviri,” anodaro Maxim Bukaemsky. “Takanzwisisa kuti zvaisaita kuti tivake bhizinesi rakabudirira munzvimbo iyi neimwe nzira. Vagadziri vasina mari yekuronga kuchengetedza vanorasikirwa nechikamu chakakosha chepurofiti yavo.
Misika inosarudza
Varimi veRepublic vanowanzo tengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo kuburikidza nevamiriri, uye vazhinji havagutsikane nemamiriro akaiswa pamberi nekutengesa. Single network inoshanda zvakananga nevagadziri, kusanganisira pasi pezvibvumirano zvemberi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, varimi vanowana mubhadharo wepamberi nemitengo yakatarwa panguva yekugadzirira basa remumunda wechirimo kuzadza mari yekushanda.
“Chakanyanya kuKazakhstan ndechekuti misika, kana kuti misika, ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukutengeswa kwezvinhu zvekurima,” anodaro. Kairat Bisetaev. - Zvinoenderana nefungidziro yeMubatanidzwa, pamusoro pe80% yembatatisi inopihwa zvitoro kana zvakananga kumutengi wekupedzisira kuburikidza nemisika. Mamwe acho anoshandawo semadhizaini ekugovera.
“Inenge hafu yegoho inoenda kuvatengesi vezvitoro,” anotsanangura kudaro Pavel Lushchak, - uye isu tinopa imwe yacho kumaketani ekutengesa. Hatisi kukurumidza kutengesa, tinoisa mbatatisi mukuchengetedza kusvika pakutanga kwemwaka mutsva uye kuvatengesa pamwedzi muzvikamu zvakaenzana.
“Tinofanira kutsungirira makwikwi makuru,” anodaro Maxim Bukaemsky. - Russian, Kyrgyz, uye Iranian mbatatisi inomiririrwa zvakanyanya pamusika. Uye zvakadaro zvigadzirwa zvedu zvinosvika kune vatengi zviuru zvemakiromita kure, semuenzaniso, muMoscow.
"Munguva yedenda, Kazakhstanis yakarasikirwa nemusika weUzbek, ichirasikirwa neRussia," anoyeuka. Alexander Matvienko. - Muna 2021, takatengesazve mbatatisi kune vavakidzani vedu, uye muna 2022, kutengesa kwakaitika kunyanya mukati menyika. Asi pano varimi vairima zvigadzirwa zvemhando yakaderera vakadzikisa mitengo yedu.
"Chikonzero chekusvetuka kwemutengo ndechekuti misika haina kudzorwa neimwe nzira," ndine chokwadi Sergey Zvolsky. - Rimwe gore, kudiwa kwakakwira kupfuura kupihwa, uye mutengo wembatatisi unowedzera. Mune imwe, nhamba yevatambi vane chinangwa chekuwedzera purofiti, uye isu tinowana kuwandisa kwetsika.
Yakatsanangurwa trajectory
"Mubatanidzwa wePotato uye Vegetable Varimi veKazakhstan inoenderera mberi nebasa rayo," inosimbisa Kairat Bisetaev. - Iye zvino tava kusarudza kuti tingaita sei kupinda mubhizinesi rembatatisi, iyo isingadhuri zvachose, inowanikwa, kunyanya kuvarimi vadiki. Pamusoro pezvo, isu tiri kushingairira kutsvaga vatengesi vekunze kune chikamu chakakosha kwatiri - kugadzirisa mbatatisi. Iyi nzvimbo inoda kuvandudzwa kubva pakutanga, uye iri idambudziko chairo kwatiri.
“Varimi vembatatisi vanokanganiswa nemikana mishoma yekutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo,” anodaro Pavel Lushchak. - Mavhoriyamu anoenda kune akavakidzana marepublic kana Russia, mumaonero angu, haana kukwana kuzere kunze kwenyika. Naizvozvo, misika mitsva inodiwa.
"Padivi pedu pane Uzbekistan ine vagari vemamiriyoni makumi mana," anodaro. Maxim Bukaemsky, - nedzimwe nyika dziri mudunhu reAsia, uko mbatatisi yave imwe yezvokudya zvikuru. Ndinofunga isu tine tarisiro yekukura, uye yakanaka chaizvo pane izvozvo.
“Sezvo takakoshesa nyaya iyi,” anodaro Sergey Zvolsky, - uye isu tine nyanzvi, takawana ruzivo, nyaya dzemhando uye kuchengetwa kwechirimwa dzakagadziriswa, maketani ekutengesa akaiswa, isu tichaenda mberi mukukura kwedu. Uye isu zvirokwazvo tichasvika kune hurefu hutsva.
Irina Berg