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Kuenderera mberi. Kutanga mumagazini "Potato System" Nha. 1, 2021
Sezvakataurwa muchikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa chino, kushandiswa kwemvura inosasa hakuiti kuti pave nekuumbwa kwepamusoro pemvura uye kuputika kwevhu kana kudiridza kunoitwa nemazvo.
Zvisinei, kushanda kwemidziyo yekudiridza kuchiri kukanganisa mamiriro evhu, uye dzimwe nguva kunonyatsooneka - somuenzaniso, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kunyura kwemvura kunodarika mwero wekupinda.
Kumira kwemvura kunogona kudzivirirwa nekuisa imwe mhando yesprinkler pamushini kana kushandura kudzvanywa. Shanduko idzi dzichabvumira kudiridza pamusoro penzvimbo yakakura, uku ichideredza chiyero chayo uye panguva imwechete ichiita kuti iwedzere.
Nekudaro, pane zviitiko apo mwero wekushandiswa kwemvura wakatanga kuverengerwa nenzira kwayo, asi iyo yakaumbwa yevhu crust inodzivirira kubatwa kwemwando. Unogona kurwisa crust nekuisa polyacrylamide (PAM) pamusoro pemunda. Iyo polymer inodzivirira kuumbwa kwevhu uye nokudaro inodzivirira kukukurwa.
Izvo zvakare zvinokwanisika kuwedzera chiyero chekupinda kwemvura nerubatsiro rwekusunungura uye dzimwe nzira dzekurima, kusanganisira iyo tank tillage nzira (zvayo zviri mukuti depressions inoitwa pakati pemigero muvhu kudzivirira kuyerera kwemvura).
Mudunhu reIdaho (USA), paminda yembatatisi ine pivot yekudiridzira masisitimu, ongororo yakaitwa mumwaka mitatu yekukura, chinangwa chayo chaive chekuongorora mabatiro enzira dzekurwisa-ivhu rekurima (mukuenzanisa neaya akajairwa). kufanana kwekugoverwa kwemwando mumunda uye goho rezvirimwa.
Midziyo yekuedza muminda yakaonekwa nenzira yekuti chikamu chenzvimbo dziri pasi pekunyanyisa kwekudiridza, uko mazinga ekudiridza akanyanya kuonekwa, akabatwa maererano nehurongwa hwemazuva ose, uye dzimwe dzakabatwa nekushandisa nzira yekurapa yemvura. .
Ivhu rakanga rakaita silty loam, uye maumbirwo enzvimbo dzacho aisiyana kubva pakaita sandarara kusvika pa5% pamateru.
Masisitimu emadiridziro aive akashongedzerwa nemadonhwe epombi (pombi) yekumwaya, mabhoom-akakwira uye anotenderera anomwaya mvura ane simba rekushanda re138 kPa.
Mukati memakore matatu, kuiswa kwetangi nzira yekurapa kwakaguma nekuderera kwekurasikirwa kwekumhanya kusvika pasi pe1% yemvura yakashandiswa (chero yakaramba yakasimba).
Kunyorova kwevhu kwakawedzera ne18%. Mukuwedzera, kuongorora kwenhamba kwakaratidza kuti kuiswa kwehutano hunokosha kwakawedzera zvakanyanya chikamu chemvura inowanikwa kumusoro kwe65 cm yemudzi wemidzi (P = 0.01). Kushandiswa kwepolyacrylamide tillage (PAM) kwakawedzera goho nechikamu che21% uye machubhu anotengeswa akawedzera kusvika pa64% paminda yemazuva ose uye 68% pamatangi anorimwa. Saka, rudzi rwemvura yekurima yakawedzera zvakanyanya goho, asi mhando dzemasprinkler hadzina kuita zvakakosha pachiratidzo ichi.
Kare, polyacrylamide (PAM), yaiiswa muforo muminda inodiridzwa ine mwero inosvika 1 kg pahekita, yave ichizivikanwa kuti inowedzera kupinda nekudzora kukukurwa kwemvura. Yakanyungudutswa PAM mumvura inobata ivhu uye inodzivirira shear-induced delamination nekuwedzera particle cohesion, nokudaro kudzivirira runoff carryover.
Zvichienderana neizvi, varimi vazhinji vanofarira kushandisa PAM munzvimbo dzinoshanda zvekumwaya mvura. Ziva kuti kana uchiisa kumwaya mvura, zvakakosha kunyatso gadzirisa saizi yedonhwe uye kusimba kwekudiridza kuitira kuti chimiro chevhu chisadonha. Kana zvisina kudaro, pamusoro pevhu rakafukidzwa nehutu, izvo zvinotungamirira kuderera kwehuwandu hwekunwa kwemvura, kunotevera kuyerera kwemvura uye kurasikirwa kwechikamu chevhu rakaorera.
Zvidzidzo zvemumunda zvinoratidza kuti kukwidziridzwa kwakakosha uye kwakasimba kwekupinda mukati pamwe nekuyerera kwemvura uye kudzora kukurwa kwevhu kunogona kuwanikwa mumhando dzose dzevhu dzakadzidzwa nekuiswa kamwe chete kwe1 kg yePAM pahekita. Mumatope ane silty, kurapwa kweFluvisol PAM kwakaderedza kukurwa kwevhu nezvikamu makumi matanhatu nezvina kubva muzana, munzvimbo dzisina kuvhuvhuta ne64%, uye kupinda kwakawedzera ne76% ne34%, zvichiteerana. Paivhu rejecha, migumisiro yeFluvisol yainyanya kushamisa: kushandiswa kwePAM kwakaderedza kukukurwa kwevhu ne18% (98% munzvimbo dzakaoma) uye kuwedzera kupindira ne96% uye 47%, maererano.
PAM inoita sei? Kana ichishandiswa zvinoenderana neiyo NRCS chiyero, polyacrylamide inowedzera kupinza mukuwedzera kune inopedza zvachose kubvisa sulcus erosion. Kuwedzera huwandu hwekupinda mukati kunoenderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvevhu, kunyanya kuumbwa kwayo. Muivhu rine silty loamy, kune kuwedzera kwekupinda mambure kunosvika 15% uye kuwedzera kwekunyorova kwemashure kubva mumiforo isina kudzika pakati pemibhedha yakaderera.
PAM inoramba iine pore yakawanda inopindika apo ichigadzira kuumbwa kwepamusoro panguva yekudiridza, zvichiita kuti kuwedzere kupinza uye kuvandudza goho munzvimbo dzakatenuka. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti PAM inobata ivhu repamusoro panzvimbo (uye pamwe nayo inobatawo phosphorus, nitrogen, mishonga yezvipembenene).
PAM inogona kupfuura nepamvura inomwaya mvura here? Miedzo muWashington neIdaho yakaratidza kuti kugovera PAM zvakananga kuburikidza nesprinkler masisitimu kunoderedza mafashama epamusoro uye kumhanya uye kunosimudzira kunyange kukura kwechirimwa nekuda kwekuwanda kwekugovera mvura. Vatsvagiri vakafungidzira mitengo yePAM pamadhora mashanu-5 paeka.
Paunenge uchifunga nezvekugona kunobatsira kwePAM, kukwanisa uku kwekuwedzera kukwira kwemvura pasina runoff kana puddles uye kuputika kwepamusoro kunonyanya kukosha panguva yekupisa kwezhizha mamiriro ezvinhu apo zvakaoma kuti michina inotenderera inosangana nezvinodiwa zvemvura yemiti nekuda kwezvipingamupinyi zvekugadzira panguva yekupisa kwepamusoro.
Ini ndinofanira kuita chero shanduko pachirongwa changu chekudiridza kana ndichishandisa PAM? Ehe. PAM inokurudzira kupindira kwepamusoro mukati mehutano hwose hwekudiridza, saka kana nzira yekudiridza isingagadziriswi, dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogona kuwana unyoro hwakanyanya.
Muminda ine materu (> 2%), chiyero chekupinda kwevhu chinowanzodzika, uye mvura inofamba nokukurumidza mumunda. Kupindira kwakavandudzwa uye nguva yakareba yekufambisa furrow semugumisiro wePAM kurapwa hakuzokonzeri matambudziko munyaya iyi. Zvisinei, pamateru akanyanya, PAM inogona kuwedzera kupinza mambure kururamisa kuderedzwa kwenguva yakatarwa yekudiridza (kureva, mvura yakawanda inopinda muvhu munguva pfupi).
Muminda ine miforo isina kudzika (0-0.5%) uye kunyanya mumiforo yakaoma, kupinza kunogona kuva kwakakwirira uye nguva dzepakarepo nePAM dzinorebesa zvakanyanya, zvichikonzera kudiridza kusina kuenzana. Dambudziko richanyanya kuoma kana iyo inopinda isingawedzere. PAM inobvumira varimi kuti vawedzere kupinda pasina kuwedzera kurasikirwa kubva mukukukurwa kweforoji. Kuwedzera vhoriyamu yekuyerera kwekutanga kunoderedza nguva yepamberi uye inoenzanisa nguva yekunyorovesa kumusoro uye pasi pemunda.
Polyacrylamide inogona kudzora kukukurwa kwemvura muvhu, asi mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwayo, semhedzisiro yekuitwa kwemamwe maitiro ekurima akawanda, ichasiyana kubva kumunda kuenda kumunda.
Zvichienderana nezvinhu kubva saiti matapiri.news