Mutevedzeri weGurukota rezvekurima, Elena Fastova, akataura nezve shanduko huru muhurongwa hwekutsigirwa kwenyika kune chikamu chekurima mubvunzurudzo neRossiyskaya Gazeta.
Pakutanga, huwandu hwerutsigiro rwehurumende kuchikamu chekurima gore rino hwaive hushoma pane hwegore rapfuura. Wawedzera marii? Yakawanda sei yevhoriyamu yese yakashandiswa pakudyara?
Elena Fastova: Iyo yekutanga bhajeti ye2023 yaive 445,8 bhiriyoni rubles. Kusvika iye zvino, takakwanisa kuwedzera mari inenge mabhiriyoni 26,7 rubles - kusvika ku472,5 bhiriyoni rubles. Nokudaro, mukati mechikamu chekutanga takawedzera mari yekufambisa kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima - mabhiriyoni mana emadhora. Tichifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu nemitengo yezviyo, takawedzera mari yakafanana kune yakarongwa mabhiriyoni gumi rubles ekutsigirwa. Kuwedzera kwechinyakare kurudziro uye rubatsiro rwekubhadhara kwakasvika 4 bhiriyoni rubles zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura. Ndiko kuti, mari yacho inonyanya kuitirwa kutsigira zvakananga kwevarimi vekurima. Kana iri nguva yekudyara, panguva ino, varimi vakagovera mari inosvika mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emadhora kuti vatsigire mari yemamineral fertilizer.
Miganho yakapihwa pazvikwereti zvevanoda ichakwana here kuvarimi? Vanonyanya kupedzerwa pazvii?
Elena Fastova: Preferential loans ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa nhanho yekutsigira. Gore negore tinowedzera miganhu pavari. Asi zvakadaro, varimi vezvekurima vari kutyira kuti havasi kuzowana mari yakakwana yavakagoverwa. Tichienzanisa nenguva imwe chete muna 2022, tichiri mukati meiyo miganhu. 19 bhiriyoni rubles akagoverwa zvikwereti zvenguva pfupi. Chaizvoizvo muna Chivabvu takawedzera huwandu hwenzvimbo iyi, nekuti varimi vekurima vakakurumidza kutora mari yaive yapihwa pakutanga. Zvikwereti zvemapurojekiti ekudyara zviri kushandiswawo zvakanyanya gore rino: kana gore rapfuura 2,8 bhiriyoni rubles yerubatsiro yakagoverwa kwavari mukati menguva yese, zvino gore rino - yatova 5,5 bhiriyoni rubles. Isu tinonzwisisa kuti rudzi urwu rwerutsigiro rwakanyanya kukosha, saka, sezvo rubatsiro rusina kubhadharwa runoburitswa, isu tinokurumidza kuwedzera huwandu hwezvikwereti zvitsva. Tinotarisira kuti tichava nemukana wekuwedzera miganhu panguva yemushandirapamwe wekukohwa.
Zvikwereti zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya (41%) mukurima zvirimwa. Muzvikwereti zvekudyara gore rino, kudiwa kwemari yechikwereti yezvirongwa zvine chekuita nekugadziriswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima kwawedzera zvakanyanya. Uye izvi zvakanaka, nekuti isu tinofanirwa kukudziridza kukosha kwakawedzerwa muchikamu chino.
Ndeapi matanho ekutsigira anogona kutorwa seasingafarirwe nevarimi? Uchazvikanzura here? Uye, zvakasiyana, ndedzipi rubatsiro rwauchaunza?
Elena Fastova: Isu hatina matanho asingafarirwe ekutsigira: bhajeti regore rekuita bhajeti ndeye 99,9%. Asi kuchinja kwakarongwa. Ikozvino kune maviri ekutsigira - kukurudzira uye kubhadhara. Chaizvoizvo, iyo pfungwa yekuseri kweiyo incentive subsidy yaive yekuwedzera kugadzirwa. Asi nhasi tawana kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu munzvimbo dzese, uye mune dzimwe takapfuura. Nokudaro, zvakarongwa kuti kutanga gore rinouya tichabatanidza rubatsiro ruviri urwu, tichibvisa incentives. Basa redu nderekuchengetedza uye kutsigira kugadzirwa, uye kwete kuikurudzira.
Gore rakapera, mari yekugadzirwa kwekurima yakawedzera zvakanyanya. Rutsigiro rwehurumende ruchabhadhara kusvika papi pakukura uku?
Elena Fastova: Basa redu guru harisi rakawanda rekubhadhara mutengo weinflation, asi kuchengetedza kugadzirwa kwekurima. Asi iwe unogona kuverenga kuti ndeupi mugove werutsigiro wehurumende unogadzira mumutengo wechimiro. Inosiyana zvichienderana nemaindasitiri. Muripo wepamusoro unogamuchirwa mukurimwa kwemukaka, pamwe nekupfuya mbudzi nehwai - 8,7%. Uye, semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwemiriwo, muripo hauna kunyanya kukwirira - mukati me3%.
Gore rino, 472,5 bhiriyoni rubles akatogoverwa kutsigira agro-industrial complex - 26,7 bhiriyoni rubles kupfuura zvakarongwa pakutanga.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, rubatsiro rwekutakura zvinhu zvekurima rwakawedzerwa. Ndiani achawana mari iyi? Pane zvirongwa here zvekuongorora chinhu chinodhura ichi?
Elena Fastova: Nekuda kwekuti kwave nekuwedzera kukuru kwemitengo yekufambisa, uye isu tinoda kuendesa kunze zviyo kubva pagoho rakakura re2022, takawedzera huwandu hwemari yezviyo kunze kwenyika kubva ku7 bhiriyoni kusvika ku11 bhiriyoni rubles. Rubatsiro urwu runotambirwa zvakananga nevarimi vezvekurima. Inokwana 25% yemari yemhando ipi neipi yekufambisa - njanji, gungwa, rwizi, mugwagwa. Kune zvakare rubatsiro rwekufambisa kwenzira imwe chete yeRussia Railways - kambani inodzoserwa 100%, uye mugadziri wekurima anofarira mutero wakasarudzika wekutakura zviyo, mbeu dzemafuta, zvigadzirwa zvakagadziriswa zvakanyanya uye hove. Pano takawedzerawo rubatsiro kubva pazvakarongwa pakutanga 2,3 bhiriyoni kusvika ku6,3 bhiriyoni rubles.
Kutanga gore rino, vemabhizimisi madiki nevanhu vanozvishandira vanokwanisa kuwana rubatsiro kubva kuhurumende mukurima muriwo nembatatisi. Ichi chiyero chekutsigira chiri kudiwa here?
Elena Fastova: 2023 bhiriyoni rubles akagoverwa chirongwa chitsva chekusimudzira muriwo uye mbatatisi kukura muna 5. Izvi zvakapetwa kaviri pane zvakagoverwa munzvimbo iyi muna 2022. Gore rino, kekutanga, nzvimbo dzega dzega uye mapurazi madiki anogona kuwana rutsigiro rwakadaro. Kusvika iye zvino, 170 mamiriyoni rubles akagoverwa pasi pechirongwa. Asi mari yakaitwa inobhadharwa, uye vari kungovhara mukukura kwemuriwo. Nokudaro, tichaona mufananidzo uzere (kusanganisira chikamu chei chemari iyi chakatorwa nevanozvishandira uye mafomu maduku) muchikamu chechitatu. Ndine chokwadi chekuti chiyero ichi chekutsigira chichave chiri kudiwa.
Gore rapfuura, takakuudzai kuti pasi pe10% yezvirimwa munyika zvine inshuwarisi. Chii chakachinja kubva ipapo? Sei chirongwa cheinishuwarenzi yezvekurima chisiri kudiwa pakati pevarimi?
Elena Fastova: Takatanga kubva pakadzika kwazvo - muna 2018 pakanga pasina inishuwarenzi yezvekurima. Uye isu takapedza 2022 ne8,6%. Saka pane kukura. Kubva 2019, takakura gore negore ne1% mukuvhara kwenzvimbo dzekurima dzine inshuwarisi. Gore iroro takaunza rudzi rutsva rweinishuwarenzi - kurwisana nenjodzi, iyo yakawedzerawo kuvhara.
Pane zvikonzero zviviri zvekusafarirwa kweinishuwarenzi yezvekurima. Kare, varimi vekurima vaive nechiitiko chisina kunaka: kana vakaita inshuwarisi zvirimwa, kazhinji vaisagamuchira muripo. Naizvozvo, zvino zvakaoma kuvapwisa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu achinja. Uye chikonzero chechipiri ndecheRussia yedu zvichida, kana iwe usingadi kushandisa mari mune tariro yokuti ichapfuura. Zvakangodaro, isu tine matunhu akaisa inishuwarenzi inodarika 50% yeacreage yavo. Aya ndiwo Tambov nharaunda, Trans-Baikal Territory, Primorye. Vakaona kuti pasina inishuwarenzi unogona kurasikirwa negoho rako rose usina muripo.
Mukurima kwezvipfuwo, zvigumisiro zvinowedzera tariro - paavhareji muRussia, 40% yezvipfuyo inshuwarisi. Uye kune matunhu uko nhamba iyi inosvika zana. Vapfuri vezvipfuyo vakatoona kuti kurasikirwa kunobhadharwa, hapana chekutya, saka vanoenda kuinishuwarenzi. Ndinotenda kuti shanduko yakaitikawo muinishuwarenzi yezvirimwa. Maererano nekufanotaura kwedu, muna 100 tichapfuura mwero we2023% yenzvimbo dzakadyarwa inshuwarisi, uye mugore rinotevera tichaswedera ku9,5%.
Kupinzwa kunze kwesoftware yekunze kunoitika sei?
Elena Fastova: Gore rapfuura, komiti yeindasitiri nenzvimbo nhatu dzehunyanzvi dzekugadzira zvirimwa, kurima zvipfuyo uye kugadzirisa dzakagadzirwa, uye muna 2023, nzvimbo yechina yekubata hove yakaonekwa. Basa ravo ndere kuratidza izvo zvigadzirwa zvesoftware izvo zvino kungotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye zvinoda kutsiviwa. Mapurojekiti matanhatu akakosha akatosarudzwa uye akabvumidzwa nekomisheni yehurumende, maviri munzira imwe neimwe. Paava, vatatu ndivo vatove kushanda, vaviri vakawana mari dzehurumende. Basa riri kuenderera mberi, uye bhizinesi riri kushanda nesimba mariri.