Irina BERG
Kusanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose gore negore kunovhiringa hurongwa hwevarimi hwegoho guru. Munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzakadai seKuban neStavropol nzvimbo, inonaya kwemavhiki mukati memwaka wepamusoro.
Uye nharaunda dziri kure nekumaodzanyemba kweRussia dzinotambura nekusanaya kwemvura. Gore rino, semuenzaniso, hurumende yekukurumidzira nekuda kwekusanaya kwemhepo yakaunzwa muRepublic of Chuvashia, uye muna 2021 - munzvimbo dzeSverdlovsk neChelyabinsk.
Matambudziko ekuchengetedza hunyoro muminda yembatatisi dzakarimwa pasina madiridziro ari kugadziriswa nhasi nerubatsiro rwemhando dzakasiyana dzekurima. Varimi nevasayendisiti vanga vari muindastiri kwemakore akawanda vakagovera ruzivo rwavo uye mazano.
PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES
Nzira dzechinyakare dzekurima mbesa dzakaedzwa kwemakumi emakore dzichiri kupa mhedzisiro yakanaka nhasi. Zvinosuruvarisa, varimi vemazuva ano vanowanzokanganwa nezvekutanga kwekurima.
Mbatata chirimwa chepurasitiki chakanyanya, chinokwanisa kuchinjikakutarisana nemamiriro akasiyana - anodaro mukuru mukuru wenzvimbo yesainzi uye tekinoroji rutsigiro rwemabhizinesi eiyo agro-industrial complex "Consultant Agro" Ninel Konovalova. - Asi vedu varimi vembatatisi vanotambura kurasikirwa kunyangwe mukusanaya kwemvura kuri pakati nepakati, nekuti ivo vanowanzotyora tekinoroji. Semuenzaniso, ivhu harigadzirirwe risati radyara mbesa. kushandisa maitiro ose anokurudzirwa, haakudzirietsya kune bumpiness yaunoda. Machubhu haagari akakura muhukuru uye anodyarwa pakadzika pasi. Muzinga wakadzikira, wakaipa rakaumbwa, rine mupendero unoputsika. Yakagadzirwa ne uwandu hwevhu hahuna kukwana kudzivirira midzi yechirimwa kubva pakuoma uye kufa kwechikamu chinotevera. Uyewo, nzvimbo yekudyisa yakasarudzwa zvisina kururama, ndiko kuti, kuwanda kwekudyara mbatatisi. Asi kana tekinoroji ichicherechedzwa, tsika inokwanisa kuramba kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva yakareba.
Kuti uwane goho rakanaka, zvakakosha kuumba muzinga nemazvo, - inosimbisa mumiriri wezvekurima sainzi, mutungamiriri mukuru wekambani "Molyanov Agro Group" Vladimir Molyanov. - Varimi vakawanda vanoita chikanganiso chekugadzira jira rakakwirira, umo ma tubers ari pamusoro pe capillary layer yevhu. Kudyara kwakadzika, chokwadika, kunoita kuti zviome kukohwa nemichina. Asi izvi zvinopa mukana chaiwo wekuwana goho rakanaka rembatatisi kunyangwe pasina kudiridza..
Izvo zvinodiwawo kufunga nezve iyo mota inokura.tofel, - anonyora mumiriri wezvekurima sainzi, mutevedzeri wedhipatimendi webasa resainzi rehunyanzvi hweagrobiology uye zviwanikwa zvevhu, ecology uye landscape architecture yeStavropol State Agrarian University. Timur Aisanov. - Kana iyi inzvimbo yehunyoro hwakakwana kana hwakawandisa, zvinodikanwa kutevedzera tekinoroji iyo mbatatisi inodyarwa mugomba. Kana tiri kutaura pamusoro pakaoma ndima, mbesa dzinofanira kudyarwa pasi pemupata.
KURIMA ZVINE ZVINOREVA
Kune rumwe rutivi, pasinei nemamiriro ekunze, ivhu haribvumiri chimiro chepamutemo, chisingafungi. Uye mukati mekugadzirisa kwayo, iyo agrarian inoda kufunga nezvakawanda nuances.
Iwe haugone kurima munda gore negore kusvika pakadzika zvakafanana, - inosimbisa Timur Aisanov. - Usaiti zvishoma kazhinji kupfuura nguva в 4-5 makore anodiwakuita kumwe kudzamisa kurima nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemicheka. For izvi zvinangwa zvinoshandiswa zvakare chisel magejo kana kudzikacastings. Nekubatsira kwavo, pani yegejo inoparadzwa, iyo yakasungirirwa yevhu, iyo inodzivirira midzi yechirimwa kubva pakudhonza unyoro kubva pasi pevhu.
Kusunungura kwakadzika kunobatsira kuti munguva yechando muvhu pahumwe hunyoro hunoungana - anodaro mukuru weKFH Sergei Creevosheev. - Varimi vazhinji vanobva kumatunhu akasiyana enyika vanotaura nezvekushanda kwepamusoro kwenzira iyi. Pandakadzidza nezveunyanzvi hwekurima uhwu, ndakatenga maturusi anokosha, ndikaashandisa papurazi rangu, uye ndave ndichidzidzira nguva dzose kubvira ipapo. Tinoshanda munzvimbo yePredgorny yeStavropol, pamateru emakomo. Ivhu redu carbonate, ivhu rakasviba rinorema, saka zvakakosha kusunungura zvakadzama gore negore.
KUTENDENWA KWECHIRIRO AS INVESTMENT
Kutenderedzwa kwembesa mumunda, pamwe chete nekucherechedzwa kwemichina yese yekurima, kunoitawo kuti zvikwanise kuunganidza hunyoro hwakawanda.
Kune mbatatisi, kutenderera kwezvirimwa kunofanira ave nemakore matatu - chokwadi Ninel Konovalova. - Iyi nzira yekurima ine simba rakanaka pane zviratidzo zvose.ingave ivhu: kubereka, chimiro, mechanical kuumbwa, mwando simba. Kana a tevera gungano и bata munda zvakanaka, zvakanaka ivhu rakarongeka rinokwanisa kushingaira kuunganidza unyoro.
Zvinoenderana neruzivo rwemumunda kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzepakati peRussia, mbatatisi inogona kurimwa munzvimbo imwechete makore akati kuti akatevedzana - manotsi Chiremba weBiological Sayenzi, Purofesa weDhipatimendi rekurima uye Kuedza Nzira dzeMoscow Agricultural Academy yakatumidzwa zita reK. A. Timiryazev Michael Ma- zirov. - Asi munzvimbo dzakaoma, vakaroorana vachirikudana kumusoro kushanda zvakanaka, kunyanya kuitira kuunganidza hunyoro muvhu. Black steam ndiyo inonyanya kushanda, asi munguva yedu inoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvisingawanzoitiki, kunyanya mapurazi makuru. gore rose kupinza mari, kunyatsorima munda uye kusakurira chero chinhu pauri hazvina pundutso kumurimi.
Nekuchinjanisa zvirimwa kumapurazi uko isu isu tinokura epamusoro uye yekutanga kubereka mbeu mbatatisi, semutangiristvennik yakashandiswa bhari kana yechando gorosi, - anotsanangura Vladimir Molyanov.
Uye nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwe superelite - chete mapeya akachena. Kubva pasaga repakatitour munyaya iyi takaramba nekuda chokwadi chokuti manyowa akasvibira haabvumiri zvachose bvisa munda kubva kumasora nezvirwere. Pa Muchiitiko chedu, takaona kuti chiutsi chakachena chinobatsira chaizvo kuchengetedza mwando muvhu kwenguva yakareba.
Mbatata inosarudza yakatangira inobvisa munda nekukurumidza kuti ibve nguva kugadzirira ivhu remhando yepamusoro uye kuunganidza hunyoro, - anofunga Timur Aisanov.
Chibage cheSirasi, nyemba uye zviyo zvinoita basa iri nemazvo. Kureva, tsika idzodzo izvo zvinosiya zvinomera zvakawandany zvakasara uye zvinobviswa pakati pekutanga.
Munyika yedu, panguva yekutenderera kwezvirimwa, mbatatisi inodzokera kunzvimbo paavhareji kamwechete pamakore 3-4, anoti Sergey Krivosheev. - Kwemakore gumi ekushanda, takasvika kumhedziso yokuti zvakakosha kushandura kwete maviri, asi 10-4 zvirimwa. Saka munda unoramba usina mbatatisi kwenguva yakareba sezvinobvira, izvo zvinobatsira pakucheneswa kwayo. Tinoedza kuchengetedza nyika pano kusvikira chando chekutanga chadonha. Nokudaro, mushure mekukohwa zvakatangira, kunyanya gorosi yechando nebhari, tinodyara manyowa akasvibirira: mustard, buckwheat, oilseed radish. Ivo vanotibatsira sevhu phytosanitary, uye zvakare vanobatsira mukuunganidza biomass uye unyoro mairi.
Vazhinji havanzwisise kuti kutenderera kwezvirimwa imhando yedhipoziti, mari inoiswa mubhangi, - inobvuma Ninel Konovalova. - Murimi anosunungura munda kubva mbatatisi uye anonyatsoshanda pairi kuitira kuti mumakore 2-3 ivhu rakagadzirira kukohwa kwakakwirira. Murimi anodyara mari yakawanda, asi kudzoka kuchave kwakakosha kwaari.
KUBVA KUMAKASISI KUTI INNOVATION
Mumwe nemumwe mugadziri wekurima anozosarudza empirically runyorwa rwezvekurima maitiro anoshanda mumamiriro ehupfumi hwake. Vamwe vanoshandisa nzira dzechinyakare, dzimwe dzemberi uye hadzisati dzashandiswa zvakanyanya. - Mapurazi edu ari kuita kugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi muUrals, munzvimbo dzeSamara neKaliningrad. - anoudza Vladimir Molyanov. - Kare, takabatsira iyo inokurudzirwa dhizaini yefetiraiza, yakavakirwa pakupihwa kwevhu ne potassium, asi ndokuzosvika pakugumisa kuti muyero wayo unofanirwa kuwedzerwa. Ichi chinhu chinokonzera kuchengetwa kwehunyoro nemasero emiti. Yakanyatsopihwa ne potassium, mbatatisi inokwanisa kudzivirira kubuda kwayo kusingabereki. Isu tinokurudzira kupfeka kwepamusoro ne potashi fertilizer sechinhu chinosungirwa. Inovimbisa kusagadzikana kwekunetseka uye kupisa kupisa kwechirimwa mumunda, ine simba rakanaka pakuumbwa kwe tubers, inodzivirira kuumbwa kwevana, inosimudzira kuumbwa kweganda rakasimba rembatatisi uye kuchengetedzwa kwayo mushure mekukohwa.
Pakukura mbesa pasina kudiridza, sarudzo yakakoshawo marudzi. Kufarirwa kunofanira kupiwa kune zvakanyanya kusapisa, pamwe chete nemhando dzepakutanga dzine nguva yekuisa tubers uye kuita zvirimwa pamutengo wemasheya echando uye muchirimo mwando muvhu.
Mumakore achangopfuura, varimi vekuRussia vanga vachiwedzera kushandisa hydrogel kupa hunyoro kuzvirimwa zvavo. - anoudza Timur Aisanov. - Ichi ndicho chinhu chakadaro chepolymeric muchimiro chegranules, iyo, mushure mekuiswa muvhu, inounganidza unyoro muvhu.nzvimbo dzemvura, ibate, uye wozodzosa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Takatanga kushandisa hydrogel makore matatu apfuura mudunhu reVolzhsky mudunhu reSamara uye takaita zvakanaka, anoti Vladimir Molyanov. - Munharaunda iyi, mafashama inyika inoda kuvandudza hunyoro hwadzo. Nheyo yavo yepamusoro haibati mvura, iyo inokurumidza kudzika. Munguva yehunyoro hwepamusoro, magranules anotora unyoro, uye kana ivhu raoma, hydrogel inobvumira zvirimwa kurarama nekusanaya kwemvura kwenguva pfupi.
MUCHISANGANA NEZVISIKWA
Pane pfungwa yokuti zvisikwa pachazvo zvinoudza murimi nzira yekurima ivhu zvakanaka, uye inopa mikana yose yeizvi. Iyo zero tillage system inongopa iyo shoma yekukanganisa ivhu uye microflora yaro.Miedzo yakaitwa muStavropol Territory yakaratidza kuti kwete-till inokubvumira kuchengetedza hunyoro muvhu, kana uchienzaniswa nematekinoroji ekudyara, - inosimbisa Timur Aisanov. - Asi tekinoroji iyi haishande zvakanaka paivhu rinorema, rakabatana iro rakanyanya kusimbaradzwa. Kudyara kunonetsa kuno, kunyanya mbesa dzemumitsetse. Vanoda ivhu rakakura revhu rakasunungurwa kuitira kuti rikure nhungirwa kubva kumachubhu, kuwedzera huwandu hwezvinomera uye, semhedzisiro, kuwedzera goho. Semuenzaniso, ini handizivi nezvezviitiko apo mbatatisi yairimwa pane-no-till uye yakagamuchira goho rakakura.
-No-till tekinoroji inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakaoma, uko kwakaratidza kushanda kwayo, - chokwadi Mikhail Mazirov. - Asi zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti hazvisi zvirimwa zvose zvinogona kubudirira kurima nekushandiswa kwayo.
Chifukidziro chechando pakupera kwechando chinova chitubu chehunyoro hunopa hupenyu, saka zvakakosha kune zvirimwa zviduku.
- Maitiro akadai sekuchengetedza chando akakodzera kumatunhu anotanga kusanaya kwemvura mukutanga kwechirimo. - zvinyorwa Ninel Konovalova. - Pakati pepakati peRussia, haisati yaitwa, asi kumaodzanyemba, muLipetsk, Tula, Voronezh, Rostov nzvimbo, nzira yacho ichiri kushandiswa. Nekubatsirwa kwemichina yakakosha, varimi vanochengeta chando pamunda wavo, iyo, mushure mekunyunguduka, inopa ivhu nehuwandu hwakakwana hwehunyoro. Asi kuti irambe iri muminda, zvinodikanwa kuita kurima kwakadzika kwematsutso nguva isati yasvika, kuita kuti ivhu rigadziriswe zvakanaka. Uye muchirimo, unyoro hunofanira “kuvharwa” zvakachengeteka nokumhanya mhasuru muminda.
Chero nzira yekurima inosarudzwa nemurimi, zvinokurudzirwa nenyanzvi zvinouya papfungwa imwe chete.
- Varimi vanofanirwa kunyatso cherechedza mazonal cultivation technologiesmbatatisi uye usatsauka kubva pazviri. - akadaro mukuru wedhipatimendi rekurima mbatatisi yeFederal Scientific Center yeBiological Systems uye Agrotechnologies yeRussia Academy yeScience, Chiremba wekurima Sayenzi. Alexander Mushinsky. - Muziso rekutangapakati peaya mazuva ekudyara, kusarudzwa kwemhando dzakatemwa dzenguva dzakasiyana dzekuibva, kushandiswa kwemamineral fertilizer, tichifunga nezvekupa ivhu rine makemikari zvinhu, maitiro ekurima akananga kune imwe nzvimbo ... Ipapo chete zvinozogoneka. kuchengetedza hunyoro hunodiwa hwevhu mumwaka wose uye nguva dzose kuwana goho repamusoro, remhando yepamusoro.