Kugadzira uye kuchengetedza kutaridzika kwakanaka kwematehwe ematehwe panguva yekuchengetera kwenguva refu kwakakosha kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti purofiti yakakwira muindasitiri yembatatisi, sezvo mbatatisi dzakagezwa uye dzakaiswa mupakiti dzinotonga kutengeserana kwemazuva ano. Mbatata dzakadai sedzisina kunaka kana kusaenzana kweganda uye mamiriro idambudziko rakakura uye risingagamuchiriki rinodhura kuti indasitiri irambwe kana kudzikiswa. Ehezve, kune mamwe matambudziko epeel ane hukama nekuratidzwa kwehuwandu hwezvirwere uye physiological kusagadzikana (mambure, greening, overgrown lentils, kuputika, kukuvara kwemagetsi), asi chinyorwa ichi chinongotaura zvakananga nezve zvisikwa peel uye mikana yekuvandudza yayo. mamiriro.
Muzvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, peel kana matishu ekunze embatatisi tuber inodaidzwa kunzi periderm. Iyo periderm inodzivirira yemasero inoderedza kurasikirwa kwemvura kubva pasi peparenchyma masero uye inopa dziviriro kubva kuhutachiona hwevhu. Iyo periderm ine marudzi matatu emasero: phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) uye phelloderm (Fig. 1). Izwi rekuti "peel" dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kureva periderm yese, uye dzimwe nguva kureva phellem chete.
Iyo phellem kana plug ndiyo yekunze tishu ye periderm, iyo inoramba kurasikirwa kwemvura, ine simba remagetsi uye inoshanda sechivharo chinoshanda kune pathogenic bacteria uye fungi. Masero ephellem ane chimiro che "chidhinha" uye anokwana zvakasimba kune mumwe nemumwe pasina nzvimbo dzepakati. Iyo yakajairwa mbatatisi periderm yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana ndeye 7-18 masero maseru ane huwandu hwakakwana hwe100 -200 microns. Ne fluorescence uye kusvibiswa nedhayi dzakadai seberberine, phellem inoratidzwa nyore nyore kuti yakapfuma mu suberin, uye izvi zvinonyatsosiyanisa masero ephellem kubva pasi pemasero emasero. Suberin inonzi hydrophobic polymer inosanganisira phenolic uye aliphatic compounds-yakabatana neglycerol uye inowanikwa pakati pemadziro ekutanga uye plasmalemma. Maseru akaiswa pasi anozadzwa nemhepo uye nekudaro anopa kupisa kwekupisa, madziro akadzivirirwa anodzivirira kupinda kweutachiona (muchina uye makemikari), uye wakisi inoiswa mukati meiyo suberin inodzivirira mukati mematishu kubva kuoma.
Mukuwedzera kune suberin, iyo mbatatisi tuber periderm ine mamwe akawanda ekudzivirira emakemikari ane antioxidant, antibacterial uye insecticidal properties. Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kunge zviri zvepakati zvigadzirwa zve suberin biosynthesis kana yakazvimirira inodzivirira metabolites. Metabolites anosanganisira non-polar waxes, saturated uye unsaturated fatty acids, saturated dicarboxylic acids, monoacylglycerols, 1-alkanols, n-alkanes, sterols uye polyphenols, quinic acid, phenolicamines, phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoalnineploids, solaninep, solanineploids, solatriose uye nezvimwe), saponins, polyamines (putrescine, spermine uye spermidine derivatives), pamwe nemethylprotodioscin uye protodioscin.
Kuumbwa kwechisikigo (native) mbatatisi peel inoitika mumatanho matatu: 1- kutanga kwe periderm - cambial phellogen inoumbwa nekusiyanisa masero e-subepidermal; 2- kuvandudzwa kwe immature periderm - inoshanda phellogen inowedzera mamwe mazamu eganda kune inowedzera tuber; kuparadzanisa phellogen haina kusimba uye inoparadza, iyo inogona kutungamirira kukuparadzaniswa kweganda kubva pasi pemvura tuber pulp uye dambudziko rinodhura rekugadzirwa kweganda; 3- maturation ye periderm - iyo tuber inomira kukura pakupera kwemwaka wekukura, masero matsva eganda haadiwi, uye phellogen inova isingashandisi. Somugumisiro, zvikamu zve periderm zvinonamatira zvakasimba kune tuber pulp (parenchyma) mumutambo unonzi kuisa, kuibva, nekudzikamisa peel (Fig. 2).
Mbatata tuber idzinde rakagadziridzwa rinotanga kusiyanisa se internode yakazvimba pedyo neapical bud ye stolon. Iyo yekunze ye stolon ndiyo epidermis, iyo yakapararira zvakanyanya stomata. Kunyange zvazvo tuber ichiri duku zvikuru, epidermis yatove yakatsiviwa ne periderm, iyo inotanga pamagumo edzinde rekukura tuber uye nokukurumidza inopararira pamusoro pepamusoro pese. Iyo periderm inova yakakwana kana tuber yasvika pakukura kwepizi. Sezvo periderm inoumba, masero akananga pasi penzvimbo ye stomata anoshingaira kupatsanura uye kuumba lentils. Munguva yekukura kwetuber uye periderm kukura, phellogen is an active lateral meristem. Phellogen masero anoparadzanisa uye masero matsva ari kunze kwe tuber anova phelleme masero. Kugadzirwa kwephellem masero ne phellogen uye kurasikirwa kwephellem masero kuburikidza nekuputika pa tuber surface inenge yakaenzana sezvo tuber inokura. Phelloderm zvakare inobva ku phellogen.
Zvikamu zvakachinjika zvakasvibiswa nehematoxylin uye zvichionekwa pasi pemaikorosikopu (paneru yekuruboshwe) uye ultraviolet maikorosikopu (panhire rekurudyi, dema rekumashure) kuongorora morphology yetishu uye cell nuclei, uye autofluorescence ye suberized sero madziro, zvichiteerana. (A) Periderm initiation-subepidermal cell inopinda dedifferentiation kuti iite phellogen initials (Phg) (yakatenderedzwa), iyo sequentially inobudisa phellemcellae (masero machena). (B) Immature epidermal development-phellogen inoramba ichishanda uye inowedzera mamwe masero (Ph) kune tuber inowedzera. Mufananidzo wakakurisa (2,5x magnification) unoratidza maseru akapatsanurwa pakati pemasero maviri (miseve tsvuku). Rusvingo rwesero runowanzo kuparadzwa, izvo zvinotungamirira kukupatsanurwa kwepeel immature kubva pamusoro pe tuber. (C) periderm maturation-mushure mekubviswa kwemashizha kana senescence yemiti, tuber kukura kunomira, cell phellogen inomira kupatsanurwa, uye nzira yekudzikamisa inokonzerwa. Iyo phellogen layer haina kuonekwa padanho rekukura. Scale mabara: 200 µm.
Kana mbatatisi peel isati yanyatsoumbwa, inokuvadzwa (yakaparadzaniswa) nemagetsi kusangana nezvikamu zvinoshanda zvemichina, matombo, mapundu, machubhu anodonha, nezvimwewo. Izvi zvinokuvadza zvinopora nekuda kwekuumbwa kweronda periderm (mufananidzo 3). Native uye maronda periderms akafanana maererano matishu mavambo, chimiro uye morphology, asi anosiyana mukuzara uye kuumbwa kwe pectin uye anthocyanin. Pamusoro pezvo, iyo suberin yeronda periderm yakafumiswa mune waxy alkyl ferulates uye inopindika mumvura. Mukati memazuva 1-3, chifukidzo chekuvhara chinoumbwa munzvimbo yakakanganiswa, umo masvingo emasero akazaruka e tuber parenchyma anopinda lignification / suberization. Pazuva rechitatu, rudiments ye phellogen inooneka, uye makoramu emasero matsva ephellem anooneka zvakajeka pasi pechifukidzo chekuvhara. Kubva pazuva rechina, iyo ichangobva kuumbwa phellem inopinda pasi kubva kune kunze kwemukati mukati, uye pazuva re3, pasi pezvikamu zvephellem zvinova flattened uye kuumbwa, izvo zvinoratidza kukura kweronda periderm.
Kuwedzera kwenguva pfupi kweauxin uye lipid hydroxyperoxide mazinga 20-30 maminetsi mushure mekukuvadzwa kunotanga zviitiko zvecytological zvinotungamira kukuvadzwa kweperiderm. Mazinga e abscisic acid, ethylene, uye jasmonic acid anowedzerawo zvishoma nezvishoma mushure mekukuvadzwa uye kusati kwatanga kuumbwa kwe periderm. Maronda-induced periderm kuumbwa kunoitika nekukurumidza zvikuru pa20-25°C, kunonotswa pakudzika kwakadzika (10–15°C), uye kunodzivirirwa pakupisa kuri pamusoro pe35°C, paO concentrations.2 isingasviki 1% uye tembiricha 15°C kana kupfuura. Musanganiswa wetembiricha, kugadzika kweokisijeni uye hunyoro hwehukama hunofanirwa kuvandudzwa zvichienderana nemamiriro emuviri wemachubhu kuti avhare matishu emukati akafumuka nekukurumidza sezvinobvira uye kudzivirira pathogen kupinda uye kurasikirwa kwemvura.
Kukanganiswa kwekukura kweganda, zvichikonzera kusviba kwemhando dzakatsetseka-ganda (pikicha 3B), kazhinji kunokonzerwa nemamiriro ekukura asina kukwana. Iyi physiological disorder haikonzerwi nezvirwere. Rudzi rutsvuku-ruvara runogona kunge rwuri hunhu, senge mune inozivikanwa kwazvo American akasiyana Russet Burbank. Machubhu ane tsvuku-tsvuku ganda ane gobvu mutsetse we phellem kupfuura mbatatisi ine ganda rakatsetseka, uye kune emhando dzehunyanzvi ichi chinhu chinobatsira, sezvo kukora kweganda, kuderera kwemukati kukuvadzwa kwemachubhu, kunowedzera kutengeswa kwechirimwa. Iyo zonal buildup ye phellem cell layers inogona kukonzeresa nekuwedzera phellogen basa rinoguma, semuenzaniso, kubva kune yakakwira tembiricha yevhu kana kubatana kwakasimba kwepedyo phellem masero kuitira kuti irege kubhururuka panguva yekukura tuber. Izvo zvinogona zvakare kuve nekuda kwekuwedzera suberization kana kuwedzera pectin uye hemicellulose yemukati. Sezvo tuber ichikura panguva yekukura, ganda gobvu rinotsemuka, zvichiita kuti rive neineti kana tsvuku-ruvara rwebrown.
Iyo algorithms uye mhedzisiro yekuumbwa kweganda rembatatisi mumamiriro akasiyana akasiyana zvakanyanya. Kuumbwa kwekuzvarwa uye ronda periderm yembatatisi yakadzidzwa kwemakumi emakore akawanda uye kutarisisa kukuru kwakabhadharwa kune chimiro che suberization ye phellem cell wall, i.e. iyo nzira inopa iyo periderm yayo yakakosha yekudzivirira. Mumakore gumi apfuura, iwo genetic maitiro ekugadzirisa peel akadzidzwa zvine mutsindo, kwakabva majini erumwe ruvara rwepeel uye akawanda mapatani akaonekwa. Kubudirira kwave kuwanikwa mukushandura ruvara rweganda remhando dzembatatisi dzinozivikanwa nekuunza majini anodiwa. Nekudaro, hapasati pave nekunzwisisa kweiyo chaiyo biological mashandiro uye mikana yekudzora activation ye phellogen masero ekuwedzera kushingaira kuumbwa kwe tuber peel panguva yekukura kana kukuvadzwa kwemagetsi uye kusashanda kwemasero mamwechete panguva yekuibva nekugadzirisa yekupedzisira peel. Iyo immature periderm ine kushingaira kupatsanura phellogen layer, uye yakakura periderm (yakajairika yekuchengetedza mbatatisi) inewo phellogen layer, asi haina kushanda uye haigadziri plug masero matsva.
Mamiriro ematehwe embatatisi anogona kuongororwa zvese nekuona uye neayo chaiwo maitiro ekudzora ekushandisa. Mazhinji marabhoritari ekugadzira ikozvino anoshandisa machati emhando yekubatsira vashandi kuti vatarise mhando yemachubhu maererano neakafanotsanangurwa zvikamu. (Muenzaniso wemufananidzo wakadaro uri pamufananidzo 4).
Machati emhando yepamusoro anoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuti akachipa kugadzira (uye anowanzo kupihwa nemutengi) uye anogona kushandiswa kudzidzisa vashandi vemhando yezvigadzirwa nekukurumidza uye nyore. Nekudaro, ongororo dzinoitwa nemunhu zvichibva pane zvaanoona zviri pasi uye zvinogona kukanganisa. Naizvozvo, mumakore achangopfuura, optical scanners akaunzwa zvine mutsindo mumunda wekuongorora kutaridzika kwechubhu uye mamiriro eiyo peel. Kurongeka kweOptical kunogadzira zvakanyanya, anosvika zana rematani paawa, uye inova nechokwadi chekugara (100/24) mhando yechigadzirwa zvinoenderana neyakatsanangurwa isiri-yakajairwa yekuramba maitiro. Iyi nharaunda yetekinoroji iri kufambira mberi nekukurumidza. Kana makore mashanu apfuura kugona kwayo kwakaganhurirwa pakuongororwa kwembatatisi yakagezwa zvinoenderana ne7-5 paramita, saka nhasi optical yekuronga michina ye3-4 paramita yembatatisi isina kugezwa iri kugadzirwa-zhinji (mufananidzo 7). Iko kune kwakatobudirira mune optical scanning ye sub-skin, mukati mehurema hwembatatisi.
Kuti uongorore mamiriro epeel, unogona zvakare kushandisa kushambadzira gloss metres (mufananidzo 6). Matehwe anopenya anoratidza chiedza chakawanda, saka misiyano pakati pemhando kana mabhechi embatatisi ane ganda rakasiyana mhando anoongororwa digitaalinen. Pakaedza kugadzira michina yakakosha yembatatisi, asi izvi hazvina kutungamira mukugadzirwa kwehuwandu.
Izvo zvakanyanya kukosha zveagronomic zvinhu zvinopesvedzera uye zvinogona kushandiswa kuvandudza mamiriro eganda rembatatisi zvinosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana, kuumbwa kwevhu, kudzika kwekudyara, kudya kunovaka muviri, tembiricha yevhu, kushushikana kwemvura, kuyerera kwemvura, kureba kwemwaka wekukura uye mushure mekuchengetedza kurapwa regimen.
Mamiriro epeel anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemhando dzakasiyana. Misiyano pakati pemhando dzinonyatsozivikanwa muindasitiri yekurongedza nemaketani ezvitoro, asi hunhu hwemapeel emhando dzemhando hadzina kukwana zvakakwana. Mafemu ekuberekesa anoshandisa mazwi akasiyana kutsanangura ganda remhando. Pakutanga, vainyanya kuratidza ruvara, kudzika kwemaziso uye kutsetseka - meshness yepeel. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, izwi rekuti "kupera kweganda" rave kuwedzera kuwanda, asi maitiro ekuigovera kumazinga echiratidzo ichi "varombo-avhareji - yakanaka - yakanaka" haina kuburitswa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo chaiyo mamiriro eiyo peel yechero siyana mune chaiyo ivhu, mamiriro ekunze uye tekinoroji ekukura mamiriro anoratidzwa chete mukuita. Nguva yekuchengetedzwa kwekutsetseka kwepeel inosarudza kukodzera uye mukana wekushandisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugeza panguva yese yekuchengetedza. Kunyangwe kumhando dzehunyanzvi, rough, rough peel haigamuchirwi, sezvo mutengo wekugeza uye marara kana kuchenesa machubhu kunowedzera.
Rudzi rwevhu runopesvedzera kuchena kweganda, asi pesvedzero yekugadzirwa kwevhu haina kuratidzwa nesainzi zvakadzama. Machubhu anorimwa mujecha ane akawanda akaturikidzana ephellem masero pane machubhu anorimwa muhumus. Muindasitiri yemapakeji zvinozivikanwa kuti machubhu anorimwa muivhu resilt kana ivhu ane ganda rinoshambidzika zviri nani pane machubhu anorimwa muivhu rejecha rinoputika. Tubers dzakakura mu peaty ivhu dzinogona zvakare kuve neganda rakatsetseka, asi kutaridzika kweaya machubhu anogona kunge ane hurombo ruvara. Kureva kuti, pamachubhu akakura muvhu rinoputika, iyo cork layer yakakora, asi magadzirirwo, kutsvedzerera, uye kupenya zvinotaridzika zviri nani pane ivhu revhu. Kudyara kwakadzika kunoguma nematehwe matete zvichienzaniswa nekudyara kusina kudzika.
Mumamiriro ekushisa kwevhu kwepamusoro (28-33 ° C), machubhu ane matehwe akakora uye anowanzoita kusviba uye kugadzira network. Mune kumwe kuedza, kukora kwe periderm kana yakura patembiricha ye10,20,30оC yaive, zvichiteerana, 120, 164, 182 µm. Kudiridza zvakanyanya kunofungidzirwa kuwedzera kushamwaridzana kweganda uye kusasimba, asi pane humbowo hushoma kana husina kuburitswa hunotsigira izvi. Pane zvinyorwa zvekuti kupenya kweganda kunopesana nehurefu hwenguva kubva pakuomeswa kusvika pakukohwa (kureva kuti nguva pfupi yekukohwa inotungamira kune mbatatisi inopenya).
Kudya kwakaringana kwakaringana kunoderedza kuitika kwezvirwere zveganda uye kunonatsiridza kutaridzika kwepeel; inokanganisawo kukora kwepeel, asi kwete muzviitiko zvese. Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti kushandiswa kwakasanganiswa kweN, P uye K kana kushandiswa kwemafuta emagetsi kunowedzera kuwanda kwephellem uye kuwanda kwese kwe phellogen uye phelloderm kana ichienzaniswa nekushandiswa kwe nitrogen chete. Pane zvakawanda zvakaburitswa pamusoro pesimba rezvese macro- uye mamicronutrients pamhando yepeel, asi mazhinji emhando dzakatarwa dzinongoenderana nezvinovaka muviri zvishoma.
Nitrogen. Nguva uye huwandu hwe nitrogen fetiraiza inoiswa ine simba guru pakukonzeresa mavanga nekuda kwekukura kukuru. Kushaikwa kwenitrogen kunokwanisa kuita kuti chirimwa chitange kumera uye kukurumidza kuita mavanga kana matavi akachengetwa ari pasi pemadzinde ari kufa kwenguva yakareba asati akohwewa. Naitrojeni yakawandisa (kunyanya kunonoka kuibva kwechirimwa) inonotsa kuibva, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, kuwedzera kutapukira nekukuvadzwa kwemavanga, uye kusanyatsonamira kweganda. Varimi vembatatisi vekuAmerica vanotenda kuti mwero wenitrogen wembatatisi yakadiridzwa haufanire kudarika 350 kg yenitrogen pahekita, nepo pakati paAugust iyo nitrate iri mupetioles haifanire kudarika zviuru gumi nezvishanu pamiriyoni. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwenitrogen kune kukanganisa kuumbwa kweganda kana deiccation ikaitwa mukutanga kwekukura kwemiti. Kazhinji, kushandiswa kwe nitrogen yakawandisa kunotungamirira ku defoliation. Kuisa Nitrogen kunofanira kugadziriswa zvichienderana nehurefu hunotarisirwa hwemwaka. Kunyanya kuchenjerera kunofanira kutorwa kana uchishandisa nitrogen pamhando dzine ganda rakashata.
Phosphorus. Kusiyana nenitrogen, phosphorus, sekutonga, inokurudzira kuibva kwe tubers, kuumbwa kwepeel yakasimba uye kunyange kukura kwekugadzirisa. Phosphorus inobatwa nemazano emidzi panguva yekukura kwekushanda, saka phosphorus fertilizer inofanira kushandiswa isati yadyarwa.
Potassium pasi pembatatisi inofanira kugara ichishandiswa muhuwandu hwakakwana uye reshiyo kune zvimwe zvinovaka muviri. Kana pane kushayikwa kwe potassium, iyo tubers inowanzosvibisa nyama mushure mekutsvaira. Kunyanya kushandiswa kwe potassium kunoderedza giravhiti chaiyo uye kukura kwese.
Calcium inoderedza kubatwa nemavanga nekuda kwekuita kwayo pakusimba kwemadziro emasero. Kubatwa nemavanga kunowanzo kuderera apo tuber calcium concentrations inodarika 200-250 micrograms pakirogiramu yehuremu hwakaoma. Kunyura kwakanyanya kwecalcium kunoitika kana yawedzerwa muvhu risati radyarwa.
Sulfur inoderedza mwero wenguva dzose uye powdery scab. Mhedzisiro yakanakisa inowanikwa nekuwedzera sarufa kune ivhu nenzira inosvikika nyore pakudyara, asi kuisa foliar yesarufa kunogonawo kuderedza infestation.
Бор Inobatsira kudzikamisa calcium mumadziro emadziro uye zvakare inokanganisa kunyura kwecalcium, saka zvitoro zvecalcium zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekudya kwakaringana uye kuwedzera mabhenefiti ekudya kwecalcium.
Zinc inowanzoshandiswa kudzvanyirira upfu. Kushandiswa kwayo chete kune ivhu kunovimbisa kushanda kwakakwana.
Pane humbowo hwakawanda hwekuvandudzwa kwemamiriro eganda nekushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemafetereza munguva yekukura (mufananidzo 7). Zvisinei, mugumisiro unowanikwa kunyanya nekuderedza kukura kwezvirwere. Iko hakuna humbowo hwekuita kwakananga kwefoliar fertilizing pahupamhi, kutsvedzerera, uye kupenya kwepeel. Kuedza nekudya kwakaoma, semuenzaniso, hakuna kukwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko remapeel asina kusimba mune mamwe marudzi muEngland.
Mufananidzo 7. Kubudirira kwekuvandudza mamiriro epeel uchishandisa macro- uye microfertilizers
Mamwe maitiro ekutarisira zvirimwa anovandudza matehwe embatatisi anosanganisira:
• Kusarudzwa kweminda ine zvibereko zvakakwana, agrochemical parameters uye kuumbwa kwevhu. Kusabatanidzwa kweminda umo zvinhu zvisina kunaka zvakaita sehosha, mvura yakashata kana simba rekuchengetedza mvura shoma zviripo;
• Kushandisa zvizere agro-climatic resources kuti ganda rinyatsoibva. Kushandisa mbeu dzemhando yepamusoro dzine zvirwere zvakaderera;
• Kushandiswa kwefungicides, microbiological preparations, biologically active substances mukugadzira mbeu, panguva yekudyara uye munguva yekukura kuderedza kupararira kwezvirwere;
• Kudiridzira kudzivirira kana kuderedza zvirwere zvakadai segwero;
• Kubvisa panguva uye kukohwa mumamiriro ekunze akanaka kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemuviri uye kusvibiswa kwechirwere;
• Dzivisa kuisa liming pakarepo usati wadyara mbatatisi, sezvo izvi zvinobatsira pakuonekwa kwescab.
Iyo sisitimu yekudzivirira kwemakemikari ematehwe etuber kubva kuzvirwere haigone kutsanangurwa zvakadzama muchimiro chechikamu chechinyorwa ichi. Iyi inyaya hombe yakaparadzana; kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekudzivirira kunosungirwa mukukura kwembatatisi yakakura. Asi zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti zvirwere zvakawanda zvepeel zvinonyatso kudzora (rhizoctoniosis, yakajairika uye sirivheri scab) uye zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvinoshanda, sarudzo yakakura, uye kune akati wandei matambudziko kugona kwemakemikari emishonga hakuna kukwana (anthracnose, powdery. scab, bacteria rot) uye kune mashoma mamorekuru anoshanda .
Mikana yekuwedzera yekudzora zvirwere zvepeel inopiwa nekushandiswa kwemhando nyowani yekudzivirira - microbiological gadziriro uye kukura regulators. Semuenzaniso, muUnited States, mushonga wesora 50-D wave uchishandiswa zvakanyanya kwemakore anopfuura 2,4 kuvandudza uye kudzikamisa ruvara rwemarudzi embatatisi ane ganda dzvuku. Mhedzisiro yemuvara wakazara unogara kwemwedzi yakati wandei, uye kuderera kunooneka mukupararira kwescab kunowanikwa (mufananidzo 8). Izvi zvakatarisirwa kushandiswa zvinosanganisirwa mumirau yepamutemo yeiyo herbicide 2,4-D:Mbatata dzvuku (Yakagadzirirwa musika mutsva):Kushandiswa kwenguva kwayo kwechigadzirwa ichi kunowanzo wedzera ruvara rutsvuku, zvinobatsira mukuchengeta ruvara rutsvuku, inovandudza kutaridzika kweganda, inowedzera tuber set, uye inonatsiridza saizi yetuber (mashoma jumbos). Mhinduro yechirimwa inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nekusiyana, kushushikana kwezvinhu, uye mamiriro enzvimbo. Bvunzai ne Agricultural Extension Service uye vamwe vapangamazano vane hunyanzvi hwezvirimwa kuti muwane kurudziro yemuno. Mhando dzine ruvara dzvuku dzakasvibirira kazhinji dzinobatsira zvishoma kubva mukurapwa. Isa 1.6 fluid ounces echigadzirwa ichi paeka mu5 kusvika ku25 magaloni emvura uchishandisa pasi kana midziyo yemuchadenga. Iyo chaiyo yekupfapfaidza vhoriyamu yakasarudzwa inofanirwa kukwana kuvharika kwakanaka kwezvirimwa. Isai mbatatisi pekutanga kana mbatatisi yave mu pre-bud stage (inenge 7 kusvika 10 inches kukwira) uye shandisai kechipiri mazuva gumi kusvika gumi nemana gare gare. Usapfuure maapplication maviri pachirimwa. Usakohwa mukati memazuva makumi mana nemashanu kubva pakushandisa. Kushandisa zvisina kuenzana, kana kusanganiswa nemimwe mishonga yezvipembenene nezvinowedzerwa, zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi yekukuvara kwechirimwa.
Kazhinji, kutaridzika kwepeels hakugadzirise panguva yekuchengetedza, saka mhando yepeels kana ichipinda mukuchengetedza ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Kuti mbatatisi dzipe mhando yepamusoro mumusika wakagezwa uye kuchengetedza hunhu uhu muhupenyu hwavo hwesherufu, zvakakosha kuti agronomy yemumunda ishande mukuwana yakanakisa mhando yeganda. Neruzivo rwechizvino-zvino rwekuchengeta zvinokwanisika kuchengetedza kunaka kweganda kwemavhiki anopfuura makumi matatu nemashanu, asi chete kana kunaka kuri pamusoro panguva yekukohwa. Mazhinji maficha ekupedzisa peel akatotemerwa pakukohwa uye anochinja zvishoma mukuchengetedza. Izvi zvinoshanda kumambure, kutsemuka kwekukura uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakaita sechikwambo uye rhizoctonia. Panguva imwecheteyo, akawanda ma paramita epeel anogona kukanganisa panguva yekuchengetedza: gloss, saizi ye lentil, anthracnose, sirivha uye powdery scab.
Kuti uchengetedze ganda rakanaka panguva yekuchengetedza, zvinokurudzirwa kuisa chibage mufiriji nokukurumidza sezvinobvira mushure mekutakura mukati mekuchengetedza (chero bedzi makanda akasimba uye akaiswa zvakakwana zvakasimba uye zvakasiyana-siyana hazviitike kune ganda remavara). Pamusoro pezvo, chirimwa chinofanirwa kufefeterwa nemweya wakaoma panguva yekutanga kwekuchengetedza kubvisa hunyoro hwepamusoro. Edza kuchengeta mbatatisi patembiricha iri pasi pe4,0°C.
Pamusoro pe tubers kazhinji inorasikirwa nekupenya kwayo panguva yekuchengetedza. Zvidzidzo zvakakosha zvakaratidza kuti kuparara uku kunokonzerwa nekudonha kwemaseru ari mumucheka wekuputira mukati memavhiki maviri ekutanga ekuchengetedza kana maseru akarasikirwa nehunyoro panguva yekurapa. Kuchinja kwechimiro che periderm kunotungamirira kune roughening pamusoro peganda, izvo zvinokanganisa kupenya, uye ganda rinova rakasviba. Iyo yekunze yecork inobviswa panguva yekuchengetera, asi haichatsiviwa nechero chinhu; iyo svuura kubva kune yakatsetseka, inopenya, inopenya inogona kushata, isingaite uye yakaoma (mufananidzo 9) Naizvozvo, kuchengetedza hunyoro hwepamusoro panguva yekupora kukanganisa uye kusimbisa periderm kunofanirwa kucherechedzwa zvakanyanya.
Optimal ventilation regimes panguva huru yekuchengetedza nguva, sekutonga, ine zvishoma zvishoma pakuderedza kupenya kwepeel. Asi akati wandei emhando anoratidza zviri nani cork mamiriro pakunyorova kwe98% inochengetwa mukuchengetedza. Kuchengeta machubhu pahunyoro hwepamusoro kunoderedza uremu hwetuber ne1-2%. Panguva imwecheteyo, munhu anofanira kuyeuka njodzi yekunyorovesa kwehunyoro mukuchengetedza, mhedzisiro yakaipa iyo yemhando uye chengetedzo yechirimwa yakapetwa kakawanda kupfuura iyo inokwanisika kuchengetedza mukurasikirwa uremu kubva pakuoma. Mumamiriro emazuva ano ephytopathological, kuchengetedza humidity ye90-95% (uye iyi ndiyo humidity level inoumbwa nekuda kwekufema kwemachubhu munzvimbo ye intertuber panguva isina kufefetera, i.e. iyi inzvimbo yechisikigo yembatatisi yakachengetwa) yakakwana. . Uye kune mabheti ane njodzi yekuparadzira fungal uye mabhakitiriya zvirwere, zvinokurudzirwa kuchengetedza hunyoro hunyoro hwe85-90%, izvo zvinodzivirira kuderera kwemuviri uye bhakitiriya kuderera kwechigadzirwa chekuchengetedza. Kupenya kwepeel yemhando dzakawanda dzvuku kunokanganisa panguva yekuchengetedza kwenguva refu. Kuedza kukuru kuri kuitwa kuchengetedza mhando yepamusoro nekuputira nemafirimu ezvokudya. Mune kumwe kuedza, mana akasiyana-siyana ekushongedza akashandiswa. Alginate-based edible coatings yakavandudza zvakanyanya kuongororwa kwekunzwa, kunyanya maererano nemuvara, gloss uye kugamuchirwa kwese kwembatatisi tsvuku-ganda. Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti iyo inodyika yekubika kurapwa yakavandudza zvakanyanya ruvara rwepeel, kunyanya iyo F1 uye F2 maumbirwo.
Munguva yekugadzirira kusati kwatengeswa, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa matekinoroji anoita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza uye zvakare kugadzirisa kutaridzika kwemachubhu. Madhiramu anowacha ane mabhurashi anotenderedzwa (anonzi polishers, pikicha 11) anogona kuwedzera kupenya kwematehwe embatatisi, kureva kuti, kumwe kushata kwemaitiro ekurima nekuchengetedza kunogona kupedzwa zvakanyanya nekuwacha kwemhando yepamusoro. kuvimbika kwematehwe e-tuber, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira mukuparara kwembatatisi. Zvinogara zvichidikanwa kuti uongorore nekukurumidza kukanganisa kwekugezwa pamatehwe e-tuber paunenge uchichinja kune batch nyowani kana akasiyana uye kugadzirisa nzira yekugeza. Panguva ino, mwero wekusvibiswa kwemicrobiological, kusanganisira mvura inoshandiswa, inofanirawo kuongororwa, uye mishonga inouraya utachiona nemishonga inorwisa utachiona inotenderwa indasitiri yechikafu inofanira kushandiswa. Wese munhu achiri kuyedza kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza mirairo yekurapa mbatatisi yakagezwa nevamiriri vedziviriro mune yekuziva maitiro.
Kuchengetedza mhando yematehwe embatatisi padanho rekufambisa uye kutengesa kunovimbiswa nekushandisa kurongedza neyakakwana perforation yekufefetera uye kudzivirira kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune chiedza chakajeka, izvo zvinotungamira mukusvibira uye kuunganidzwa kweglycoalkoloids. Musoro wekusvibira kwematehwe embatatisi panguva yekurima, kuchengetedza uye kutengesa inofanirwa kutariswa zvakasiyana.
Nekudaro, iyo peel inoita mabasa akakosha ekudzivirira emachubhu uye inotaridza kuongororwa kwevatengi kwemhando yembatatisi. Sezvo kutengeswa kwezvigadzirwa zvakashambidzwa uye zvakaputirwa zvichikura, zvinodiwa pakuonekwa kwemachubhu zvinowedzera. Mazhinji mapatani ekuumbwa kweiyo yakasimba, yakatsetseka, inopenya cork layer yeperiderm yakaonekwa, asi hapana universal system algorithm yekudzora maitiro aya. Sarudzo dzinoshanda dzekuvandudza mamiriro ematehwe embatatisi ndiko kusarudzwa kwemhando dzakanakisa uye marudzi evhu, kushandiswa kwakazara kweagroclimatic zviwanikwa zvemwaka wekukura, kudzivirira kukura kwechirwere, kugadzika kwemvura, kuenzana uye kuzere fetiraiza ine macro- uye microelements. kushandisa biologically inoshanda zvinhu uye kukura regulators, panguva desiccation, yakakwirira-mhando yekuchenesa uye akakodzera uye nemazvo kuita matanho ekutanga ekuchengetedza, kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemichina, kukuya machubhu uchishandisa midziyo yakakosha.
Mufananidzo 11. Kupukuta muchina wokuwachisa
Munyori wezvinyorwa: Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences, Doc-Gene Technologies