Munguva ichangopfuura, mune zvekurima kwenyika dzeEU, kwave netsika yekudzikisa huwandu hwekushandiswa kwemiti yekudzivirira zvigadzirwa (zvino zvinonzi PPPs). Panguva imwecheteyo, pane kutsvaga kumwe kugadzirira kwezvipembenene zvine ngozi uye zvine ngozi (makirasi I, II), pamwe nekusimudzira kushingaira mune zvekurima nzira dzekudzivirira zvipembenene zvezvipembenene, phytopathogens nemasora. Semuyenzaniso, sechikamu cheFarm to Fork strategy (chikamu chakakosha cheEuropean Green Deal, zano rakaburitswa neEuropean Commission muna Chivabvu 2020), rakarongwa kudzikisa kushandiswa kwemakemikari ekuuraya zvipembenene (zvazvo zvinoshanda) ne 50% kusvika 2030. Zvinoenderana neyakaburitswa data yaFebruary 2022, 934 zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakabviswa mvumo muEU, 448 yakabvumidzwa uye 67 yakamirira. Zvinonzi muna 2022, zvibvumirano zvakapihwa zvemazana maviri ezvinhu zvinoshanda muEU zvichapera. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune njodzi yekubviswa kwemvumo, kusanganisira nekuda kwekunetseka uye kuwedzera kwemutengo weiyo nzira yekunyoresa inoshanda zvinhu muEU, ye200% yezvipembenene, 34% yefungicides, 23% yesora. Pamusoro pezvo, muEU mune kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo inogarwa nekurima kwezvirimwa zvezvirimwa. Saka, maererano nenhamba dzeFAOSTAT, semuenzaniso, muEU, nzvimbo yekurima inogarwa nekurima organic yaive 35 zviuru mahekita muna 2018, uye 13016,254 zviuru mahekita muna 2019; muna 13905,6276 - 2020 zviuru mahekita. Kana tichienzanisa, muRussian Federation yakasvika 14737,191 zviuru mahekita muna 2018, 606,975 zviuru mahekita muna 2019, uye 674,34 zviuru mahekita muna 2020.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa uye kupararira kwemaitiro ehupenyu pakukura zvirimwa, nyaya yekushandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzehunyanzvi hwekupfapfaidza zvakanyanya inova yakakosha. Chimwe chezvishandiso izvi zvakaratidza kushanda kwazvo imotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina kurongwa (pano dzinonzi drones), dzakashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekupfapfaidza zvirimwa uye kudyara kwezvirimwa zvekurima nemiti zvine zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa.
Parizvino, kushandiswa kwemadrones mukudzivirira chirimwa hakubvumidzwe zviri pamutemo muEU - EU Directive (2009/128/EC) inorambidza kupfapfaidza nendege munyika dzeEU. Kurambidzwa kwekupfapfaidza kwemuchadenga mukuita kunomisa kushandiswa kuzere kwemadrones muEU senzira dzemazuva ano dzehunyanzvi dzekuunza zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa. Uye zvakare, iyo yakasimba dhizaini yekurambidzwa iripo haibatsiri kufambira mberi kwakapararira mukuvandudza matekinoroji mundima iyi yekudzivirira zvirimwa. Nechikonzero ichi, vazhinji vane chekuita muEurope vari kusundira kuti iongororwe uye kugadziridzwa kwechirairo ichi maererano nekushandiswa kwemadrones pakupfapfaidza.
Parizvino, kufambira mberi kukuru mukuvandudza tekinoroji yekushandisa zvidhori zvekupfapfaidza zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa kwave kuwanikwa nenyika dzeAsia, kunyanya China.
Kana iri nyika yedu, muRussian Federation hazvisi zvese zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa zvine mvumo yekushandisa mukurapa kwemuchadenga. Unogona kuona kana mumwe mushonga une mvumo yakadaro nekutaura kune yazvino vhezheni yedhairekitori remishonga inotenderwa yezvipembenene nemaagrochemicals (mishonga yezvipembenene ine mvumo yakadaro yakanyorwa nemavara “A”). Mukuwedzera, maererano nemitemo, muRussian Federation, drones ine uremu hwekutora kubva pa 0,25 kg kusvika ku30 kg inotarisirwa kunyoreswa.
Pakupfapfaidza mishonga yezvipembenene, madrones akashongedzerwa nehurongwa hwekushandisa kwemishonga yezvipembenene. Imwe yemabhenefiti ekushandisa kwavo mukana wekuunza zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa zvine saizi yakanaka yekudonha pamutengo wakaderera wekushandisa. Kudonhedzwa kwakanyatsopararira kunopa kuvhara kwakanaka kwemiti, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kurwisa zvinomera zvinokuvadza zvipenyu pahuwandu hwekushandiswa kwepasi, izvo zvakakoshawo kudzivirira kubuda kwehuwandu hunopikisa hwezvinomera zvinokuvadza. Mukana usingarambiki wekuunza zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa uchishandisa drones inokanganisa yakaderera pane zvakatipoteredza, pamvura inobatsira uye ivhu macro- uye microbiota, pamwe nemutengo wakaderera wekurapa uye yakaderera mutengo wevashandi kuvarimi. Asi dambudziko hombe nekushandiswa kwemadrones rinoramba riri njodzi yekupfapfaidza kuminda yakavakidzana uko zvirimwa zvinonzwa nemushonga unoshandiswa zvinogona kukura. Sekureva kwechidzidzo ichi, njodzi yekupfapfaidza inodonha inogona kuderedzwa nekudzikisa kukwira kwendege yedrone. Zvichienderana nehurefu hwechirimwa chiri kupfapfaidzwa, iyo drone inogona kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana (kazhinji 3-10 m). Kazhinji, ivo vanobudirira pakupfapfaidza kwe-ultra-low-level aerial yezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa panzvimbo dzakaderera. Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti nerudzi urwu rwekurapa kunoshandiswa kushoma kwemushonga, sezvo drone ichipfapfaidza mushonga wezvipembenene munzvimbo dziya dzinodiwa (munzvimbo dzekukura kwezvirwere, sora, uye zvipembenene) kutora nzvimbo diki izvo zvingave zvipenyu zvinokuvadza zvirimwa. Muchiitiko ichi, chiyero chekugadzirira chinogona kugadziriswa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwehutachiona / weediness yezvirimwa (kureva, kuenderana nekuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu).
Iko kurongeka kwepamusoro kwekushandisa maPPP uchishandisa drones inokubvumira kukurumidza uye zvinobudirira kubata kuputika kwezvipembenene zvine ngozi, kunyanya kana uchiwedzera adjuvants kune mhinduro.
Saka, maererano nekuedza kunoshanda, kushanda kwemangwanani (pa7 am) uye manheru (7 pm) kurapwa ne6% mhinduro yepesticide (inoshanda ingredient chlorantraniliprole + abamectin) nemafuta adjuvant Refei (China) uchishandisa drones (China) kurwisa. corn fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda yakanga iri pamusoro pe90% mazuva manomwe mushure mekutanga kurapwa uye mazuva 7 mushure mekurapa kwechipiri kwepesticide. Panguva imwecheteyo, madrones akapfapfaidza mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene kubva pakakwirira mamita maviri, pamhepo inomhanya ye7 m/s. Pamusoro pezvo, pakanga paine kugona kwakanyanya kwekurapa zvirimwa zvechibage neiyo microbiological gadziriro yezvipembenene chiito chakavakirwa pakumiswa. Metarhizium anisopliae (8 bhiriyoni spores/g) - kushanda zvakanaka kwakabva pa37,1% neavhareji yezvipembenene zve16,6 makonye pa100 chibage chirimwa.
Inotsanangurwawo mumabhuku esayenzi kuti kuwedzera SURFOM ADJ 8860 adjuvants kune mushonga wepesticide mumusanganiswa wetangi; OXITENO (Brazil) yakaratidza kushanda kwayo kwepamusoro kurwisa powdery mildew pagorosi. Nokudaro, pachiyero chekushandisa che 15 l / ha chemishonga, 150 ml / ha yemusanganiswa wetangi yeSURFOM ADJ 8860 adjuvants yakawedzerwa; OXITENO (Brazil), asi kunyange kana muyero wemushonga wakaderedzwa ne 1/3 pamwe nekuwedzerwa kwemusanganiswa wevadjuvants SURFOM ADJ 8860; OXITENO (Brazil) kushanda kwekudzivirira kubva kune powdery mildew yegorosi yakaramba yakakwirira.
Pamusoro pezvo, ma drones anogona kushandiswa kunyatso kuburitsa biological control agents kubva mumhepo. Saka, maererano nekuongorora kwesayenzi, drones yakashandiswa kusunungura zvipembenene kubva mumhepo. Rhinocomimus latipes pamusoro pemasora Persicaria perfoliata, kuve nechimiro chezvipembenene zvakagovaniswa zvakaganhurwa munyika dzeEurope uye kukura zvakanyanya munyika dzeAsia.
Drones idzi dzakatakura midziyo yaive nemidziyo misere. Mugaba wega wega waive netwupukanana twekukura makumi maviri. Pasi pemidziyo yakagadzirwa nevhu rakatetepa revhu; panguva yekubhururuka yakaparadzwa, uye zvipembenene zvakasunungurwa. Zvakabuda muzvidzidzo zvemumunda zvakaratidza kuti nzira iyi yekuburitsa zvipfukuto haina kukanganisa zvakanyanya kurarama uye kugona kudya kwezvipfukuto. R. latipes. Kusunungura kushanda zvakanaka R. latipes against Persicaria perfoliata kubva 68,8 kusvika 88,8%.
Zvakare, maererano netsvagiridzo yesainzi, drones inogona kushandiswa kuburitsa zvipembenene zvechirume zvisina hutachiona. Tiri kutaura nezve nzira yekudzora zvipenyu umo varume vasina mbereko vemhando imwe chete vanoburitswa munzvimbo iyo tupukanana yakapararira. Hono dzisina mbereko dzinosangana nehadzi dzemunharaunda pasina kubereka vana vanokwanisa, izvo zvinoita kuti huwandu hwezvipembenene hudzikire. Munzvimbo dziri dzoga, kunyangwe kupedzwa kwechipembenene kunogona kuitika mushure mekutevedzana kwehurongwa hwekuburitswa munzvimbo yese. Kuve nechokwadi chekubudirira kwenzira uye kuderedza kusangana kwevarume vemunharaunda nevakadzi veko, chiyero chevarume vasina mbereko kune varume vemunharaunda chinofanira kunge chiri 1:10. Pamusoro pezvo, hunhu hwepabonde hwevarume vasina mbereko hunofanira kufanana nehwevarume vemusango. Mukana wakakura weiyi nzira kukonzeresa kushoma kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvisizvo zvipenyu, asi mukuita, kuburitswa kwezvipembenene zvisina hutachiona inzira inodhura, uye inodawo kutevedzera tekinoroji, nekuti kazhinji zvipembenene zvinogona kukuvadzwa uye kunyangwe. kufa panguva yekusunungurwa, pasina kuva nemigumisiro pahuwandu hwevanhu
Kupfupisa, tinogona kutaura kuti kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hutsva mukurima kune mukana wakakura kana uchishandisa zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa chemakemikari uye mubiomethod. Parizvino, matekinoroji ekushandisa ma drones mukudzivirira chirimwa haana chimiro chepamutemo chakanyatsotsanangurwa munyika dzeEurope, izvo zvinoderedza kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi munzvimbo ino. MuRussia, kushandiswa kwemadrones mukudzivirira kwezvirimwa kuri kutanga kuwedzera kufarirwa, asi zvakakosha kuziva kuti kushandiswa kwechiitiko chekunze mumamiriro enyika yedu kunoda kuongororwa kwakawanda kwehunyanzvi hwezvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana, pamwe nekusimudzira. uye kushandiswa kwevabatsiri vepamba. Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kukudziridzwa kwematekinoroji epamba emotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina kufambiswa kunotitendera kuti tiwane hutongi hwetekinoroji yenyika yedu, kusanganisira mumunda wekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa.
Maria Erokhova, muongorori wechidiki paVNIIF