MAERERANO NERUZIVO RWESAINDI, TOPINAMBUR YAVE KUZIVIKANWA KUVANHU KWEMAKORE ANOPFUURA ZVIKURU ZVINA.
PANGUVA IYI, TIKAMIRI IYI YAPONA ZVIRI MUKATI ZVIRI MUKATI PAKUMUKA KWEMUNHU UYE NGUVA DZAKATADZWA.
ASI NGUVA pfupi yapfuura, KUfarira TOPINAMBUR KWAKATSVA ZVAKARE. KUSIKIRA MURUSSIA.
Victor Starovoitov, mukuru. Dhipatimendi reTekinoroji uye Innovation Projects yeFederal Research Center yePotato yakatumidzwa zita A.G. Lorkha, Purofesa, Chiremba weTechnical Sciences, Anoremekedzwa Inventor weRussian Federation uye Denis Kozykin, Development Director weIstAgro Don LLC.
Natalya Anushkevich, mumiriri ane mvumo weJerusarema Artichoke Association mudunhu reNorth-West
KUNO Nhoroondo YENYAYA
Nzvimbo yekuzvarwa kweJerusarema artichoke iNorth America, nzvimbo dzeGreat Lakes, uko mhuka dzesango dzechirimwa ichi dzichiri kuwanikwa. MaIndia akaritumidza kuti "solar root" uye vaitenda kuti inopa varume simba remuviri nemweya, uye vakadzi - vechidiki uye runako.
Kwakabva izwi rokuti "Jerusarema artichoke" rine shanduro dzakawanda. Maererano nemumwe wavo, muna 1615 muenzaniso wechubhu wakaunzwa kuVatican kubva kuCanada. Ichi chiitiko chakabatana nekushanya kwemumiriri werudzi rweBrazilian Tupinamba. Zvakaoma kutaura kuti sei mupfungwa dzevanhu zita redzinza kubva kuSouth America rakabatana nechigadzirwa kubva kuNorth America, asi kwete zvekuda kuziva zvakaitika munhoroondo. Jerusarema artichoke inozivikanwawo se "earth pear" - nekuda kweiyo chaiyo pear-shaped tubers, uye munzvimbo inotaura Chirungu - zvakare se "Jerusalem artichoke", kunyangwe zvisiri izvo zvine chekuita neJerusarema. Vagari veItaly muUnited States vakadana Jerusarema artichoke "sunflower artichoke": mumaonero avo, machubhu akaravira seartichoke, uye chimiro chechirimwa chaiva sunflower. Izwi rechiItalian rokuti sunflower ndiro girasol. Kune vamwe vagari vomunyika, shoko iri rakaita serinopindirana nerokuti "Jerusal" (Jerusarema), uye rakanga rakaiswa muzita.
MuEurope, chirimwa chinoshamisa chakaonekwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, yakatanga kuunzwa nemuongorori Samuel de Champlain, maererano nevamwe - nemufambi Mark Lescarbault. Imwe nzira kana imwe, artichoke yeJerusarema yakasvika kuFrance, uye kubva ipapo muti wacho wakapararira kune dzimwe nyika. Yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru muBelgium neHolland. Asi kare muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, artichoke yeJerusarema yakakanganwika, nguva yembatatisi inonaka uye yakakwirira-calorie yakatanga.
MuRussia, kutaurwa kwekutanga kweJerusarema artichoke yakatanga kusvika kuhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechiXNUMX, asi pakutanga simiti yakashandiswa chete pamishonga yemishonga, yakatanga kushandiswa mukubika kwezana remakore chete gare gare.
ZVEKUSHANDISA ZVAKANAKA
Iyo tubers uye pamusoro-ivhu misa yeJerusarema artichoke ine yakawanda pectin, dietary fiber, protein, amino acids, kusanganisira yakakosha macro- uye microelements, pamwe chete nehupenyu uye mafuta acids, ane simba re antioxidant effect. Zvinoenderana nezviri mukati ma magnesium, iron, silicon, zinc, pamwe nevhitamini B1, B2 uye C, Jerusalem artichoke inopfuura mbatatisi, karoti, tafura beet.
Uye zvinonyanya kukosha, kusiyana nembatatisi, Jerusalem artichoke haigadziri starch, asi inulin. Inulin iri pedyo nefiber mumakemikari ayo, asi panguva imwe chete iyo inoratidza maitiro e prebiotic. Inogadzirisa kushanda kwegastrointestinal turakiti, inobatsira kuderedza cholesterol mazinga, ine hypoglycemic, choleretic, soothing, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory uye immunostimulating migumisiro pamuviri womunhu.
Jerusalem artichoke, sechitubu che inulin, ichangobva kukwezva kufarira kuri kuwedzera pasirese.
Sezvacherechedzwa Natalya Anushkevich, mumiriri ane mvumo weJerusarema Artichoke Association mudunhu reNorth-West, pamwe nemukuru wepurazi revarimi rinonyanya kurima ichi kubvira 2012, tekinoroji yekugadzirwa kweJerusarema artichoke mune zvakawanda zvakafanana nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira. zvembatatisi. "Iyi ipurasitiki yakanyanya, inogadzirisa tsika, inoregerera mamwe zvikanganiso kana uchikura. Wese munhu anogona kuzviita, asi midziyo yembatatisi inodiwa pakudyara, kutarisira uye kukohwa' anotsanangura.
«Jerusalem artichoke inorimwa pachishandiswa tekinoroji yakafanana nembatatisi- anogovera ruzivo rwake Denis Kozykin, Mutungamiriri weKutsvakurudza paIstagro Don LLC (parizvino ndiyo huru yeJerusarema artichoke processing enterprise muEurope. Bhizinesi rinokwanisa kugadzirisa matani anopfuura zviuru makumi mana zveJerusarema artichoke pagore, 40 matani pazuva), - zvinosanganisira kudyara nemutsara wemitsara 75 kana 90 cm, kugadzira mikova, mitsara yemitsara, kubviswa kwenhamburiko nekukohwa nemudziyo unokohwa mbatatisi.".
STORAGE
Kusiyana nembatatisi, Jerusalem artichoke tubers haina cork layer (yakafukidzwa neganda rakatetepa), saka inochengetwa zvakanyanya. Mumakore makumi matatu ezana remakore rechi30, ichi chimiro chetsika chakava chipingamupinyi chikuru pakuparadzirwa kwayo kukuru muUSSR.
Wechidiki geneticist Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov akaunza Jerusarema artichoke kubva parwendo kuenda kune dzimwe nyika uye aitarisira kuti chirimwa chinobereka uye chisingaremekedzi chaizobatsira nyika yeSoviet kukunda nzara. Muna 1937, People's Commissariat yakagamuchira chisungo chezvekurima pamusoro pekumanikidzwa kurimwa kweJerusarema artichoke nemapurazi akaungana. Asi zvakazoitika kuti "ivhu pear" mumamiriro emakamuri uye cellars inochengetwa kwete inopfuura mwedzi, uye vakakanganwa nezvazvo kwemakore mazhinji.
Nzvimbo dzemazuva ano dzekuchengetedza dzinoita kuti zvikwanise kuchengetedza Jerusarema artichoke tubers muhutano hwekutengesa kusvika kumwedzi 4-6, uye kune mamwe marudzi akareba. Tembiricha yakanaka yekuchengetera iri pakati pe0 kusvika +2°C.
Nyanzvi zvakare dzinoteerera kune chokwadi chekuti machubhu akacherwa kunze kwekuvhuvhuta anochengetwa kwenguva yakareba kupfuura matsutso echirimo.
Musiyano mukuru kubva mbatatisi: Jerusalem artichoke chirimwa chisingaperi. Chirimwa chinogona kukohwewa zvose mumatsutso uye muchirimo. Kudzika kunogona kuitwa zvakare muna Chivabvu uye muna Gumiguru. Machubhu anoramba akarara muchando uye anoshivirira tembiricha yakadzika se -40°C pasina kurasikirwa.
“Chakanakira Jerusarema artichoke ndechekuti inochengetwa muvhu kwenguva yakareba., — Natalya Anushka-vich comments, - kana usina kuichera muna Gumiguru, unogona kuzviita muna Kubvumbi-Chivabvu".
Jerusarema artichoke haina kusarudza nezvekukura mamiriro. Inenge chero ipi zvayo yevhu inokodzera iyo, kunze kweiyo yakasimba acidic uye ine mvura (tuber rot inogona kutanga kunyange kubva munguva pfupi yemafashamo). Inogona kurimwa paminda yakatorwa kubva mukutenderera kwekurima. Isu tinocherekedza zvakare kuti machubhu uye nepamusoro pevhu misa yeJerusarema artichoke haiunganidzi simbi inorema (lead, mercury, arsenic, nezvimwewo) uye radionuclides.
Asi tsika inoratidza zvakanakisa mhedzisiro pane yakaorera loamy uye sandy loamy, yakasununguka ivhu ine kwazvakarerekera kana zvishoma acidic reaction.
Jerusarema artichoke midzi inopinda mukati memamita maviri muvhu, nekuda kweizvi inodzivirira kusanaya kwemvura.
Chivanhu chinodavirwa nefodya. "Jerusalem artichoke inogona kukura zvachose organically - inosimbisa Natalia Anushkevich, - asi mineral fertilizer inogona kuwedzera goho".
Tsika inorimwa muRussia yose, inobereka zvibereko zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzepakati nekumaodzanyemba kwenyika (yakanaka mamiriro ekukura, somuenzaniso, muCrimea - kana purazi ine kudiridza). "Isu tinoshandawo mudunhu reLeningrad, Nyanzvi inotsanangura dunhu iri riri munzvimbo ine njodzi yekurima, asi tinowana goho rakagadzikana gore negore. Panyaya iyi, kukura kweJerusarema artichoke kwakavimbika kupfuura mbatatisi kana karoti.".
Mwaka wekukura weJerusarema artichoke unobva pamazuva zana nemakumi maviri. Zviyo zvechando uye zvechirimo, uswa hwegore negore, nyemba, zvirimwa zvemusara zvinogona kushanda sevakatangira. Jerusarema artichoke haina kukanganiswa nezvipembenene uye, nekutarisirwa kwakakodzera, hairware, saka kushandiswa kwemiti yekudzivirira zvigadzirwa hazvidiwe. Nenzira, izvi zvinoita kuti tsika inovimbisa yekurima kwekurima.
«Kambani yedu yave kuita certification ye organic farming- anodaro Denis Kozykin, - Isu hatishandise mineral fertilizer uye makemikari nzira dzekudzivirira pakukura Jerusarema artichoke. Nenzira, yeJerusarema artichoke hapana imwe HSZR mishonga yakanyoreswa muRussia Federation.".
Zvisinei, kana teknolojia yacho ikatyorwa, mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogona kusangana nechirwere chakadai se sclerotinia (ndicho chikonzero Jerusarema artichoke isingakurudzirwi kuiswa paminda mushure mezvirimwa zvinobatwa nechirwere ichi: somuenzaniso, mushure mezuva).
Kubudirira: kubva pa10 kusvika ku40 t/ha ye tubers uye 20 kusvika 50 t/ha yegirini mass - zvichienderana nenharaunda yekurima.
Machubhu akaita pear-shaped, oblong-oval kana spindle-shaped, ane nzvimbo yakatsetseka kana ine mabhunu. Coloring - kubva kuchena kusvika kutsvuku-violet. Maziso akakombama. Pane imwe yemiti yakasiyana-siyana, nhamba ye tubers inowanzosvika 20-30 zvidimbu, mune semi-musango mafomu - kusvika 70. Kuwanda kwehuputi - kubva ku10 g - kunonyanya kuenderana nemhando uye nzvimbo yekurima.
IstAgro Don LLC, inorima mbesa munzvimbo ine mahekita mazana mapfumbamwe, yasarudza mhando dzeSkorospelka kuti dzigadzire zvirimwa. и Omsk chena.
Denis Kozykin anotaura nezvavo seizvi: “Kukurumidza kuibva kwakasiyana-siyana kwekare, asi zvichida kwakajairika. Inokurumidza kuibva, inotsungirira kusanaya kwemvura, inobereka machubhu makuru. Gore rakapera, ndakayera imwe yezvienzaniso zvakauya, akabudisa 780 g, zvichida zvaive zvakakura. Asi pamusoro pemachubhu haana kuenzana, knobby. Omsk chena - yakawedzera tekinoroji, machubhu ane oval-erefu, kunyange, akafanana nembatatisi, ari nyore kusvuura.".
MaGrade | KUITA |
Kune anopfuura mazana matatu marudzi uye mahybrids eJerusarema artichoke munyika. Chikamu chakakosha chazvo chinoratidzwa muunganidzwa wesainzi weAll-Russian Institute of Plant Industry. Vavilov (VIR), Federal Research Center yePotato yakatumidzwa zita A.G. Lorkha, KFH "Scientific and production center yekugadzira mbeu uye kushandiswa kweJerusarema artichoke munharaunda yeNorth-West yeRussia", Viva LLC nevamwe vatsvakurudzi nevagadziri. Inonyanya kuvimbisa, maererano nemumwe wevanyori ve Union State Program " Kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwembatatisi neJerusarema artichoke" , sainzi maneja weIstAgro Don mapurojekiti muDankov, Lipetsk mudunhu uye Viva LLC, Kostroma mudunhu, Viktor Starovoitov, ndeaya: Pasko, Solnechny, VIR Nhau, Kufarira, Skorospelka, Sireniki, Omsky, Dessert , Anastas, etc. Musayendisiti anosiyanisa kubva kune dzimwe nyika marudzi Violet de Rens uye Spindel Panguva imwecheteyo, State Register yeKubereka Kubudirira nhasi inosanganisira marudzi mashanu chete etsika: Kufarira (gore rekubatanidzwa - 1986), Omsky Bely (gore kubatanidzwa - 2014), Pasko (gore rekubatanidzwa - 2010), Skorospelka (gore kubatanidzwa - 1965), Sunny (gore rekubatanidzwa - 2010) Izvi zvakakwana kuti zvibudirire basa?Isu tinoshanda nemhando nhatu dzakasimbiswa: Skorospelka, Solnechny uye Pasko- anodaro Natalya Anushkevich. - Mumigariro yedu, vakabvumikisa kuva vari nani kupfuura vamwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, Skorospelka neSolnechny inofungidzirwa kare, chirimwa chinogona kukohwa mazuva 120-140 mushure mekudyara. Pasko - gare gare, nguva yekuibva 160-180 mazuva. Pasko neSolnechny inoratidzirwa nehombe uye kunyange tubers, saka inonyanya kukodzera kugadzirisa. Mukuwedzera, machubhu emhando idzi ane gobvu cork layer (saka anogara kwenguva refu) uye yakakwirira inulin yemukati.“Maererano nenyanzvi, hapana matambudziko nekutengwa kwembeu dzemhando dzakaiswa muRejista yeHurumende muRussia. Kune mapurazi embeu munyika ari kuita kugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga, yakasarudzika uye yekubereka yeJerusarema artichoke maererano neGOST R 55757-2013. | «Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha icho murimi anosarudza kutora kurima kweJerusarema artichoke anofanira kuita, - Natalya Anushkevich ane chokwadi, - nderokuona kuti achatengesera ani zvirimwa” Panogona kuva nezvakawanda zvingasarudzwa. Mapurazi ari pedyo nemaguta makuru anogona kupa machubhu matsva kuzvitoro zvekudya zveutano (somuenzaniso, VkusVill kana Azbuka Vkusa) Imwe nzira ndeyokutanga kugadzira mbeu uye, mushure mokupfuura nzira yekupa zvitupa, kutengesa goho kune vamwe varimi. Pamusoro pezvo, Jerusalem artichoke chinhu chakakosha mbishi chekugadzirisa. Indasitiri yekugadzira muRussia ichiri mudiki, asi munzvimbo dzakawanda kune maindasitiri madiki anoburitsa syrups, michero ye candied, machipisi uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa kubva kuJerusarema artichoke. Iyo chete bhizinesi hombe - "Istagro Don" - iri munzvimbo yeLipetsk. Danho rekutanga rechirimwa rakaiswa mukushanda muna 2021. "Iyo chirimwa ikozvino inoshanda zvakanyanya pane yayo yega zvigadzirwa, asi isu takagadzirirawo kutenga Jerusarema artichoke kubva kuvarimi, - Denis Kozykin anoti - tiri mukurima chirimwa ichi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuitira kuratidza kuti chiri nyore uye chine pundutso.". » |
Nhasi, IstAgro Don inogadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri yechikafu uye kupfumisa zvigadzirwa zvine prebiotics. Pakati pavo:
- Jerusarema artichoke hupfu (ine inonaka inonaka, ine inosvika 70% inulin uye inoshandiswa sechinhu chinowedzera chinowedzera mumakeke, muesli, zviyo, uye zvakare sechingwa chezvigadzirwa zvenyama, sezvo iri nyama yechisikigo inonhuhwirira);
- akaomeswa akachekwa Jerusarema artichoke (inotengeswa semi-yakapera chigadzirwa kana muchimiro machipisi);
- high fructose syrup (yakawedzerwa kune confectionery kana kutengeswa seyakagadzirirwa-yakagadzirwa topping);
Mukuwedzera, kambani inogadzira chinwiwa chekofi kubva kuJerusarema artichoke ine yakakwirira inulin content (kusvika ku50%) uye inonaka inonaka inonaka (chigadzirwa chacho chinofananidzwa neinozivikanwa chicory chinwiwa).
Asi mamwe mafambiro ekugadzirisa anogonawo. Jerusarema artichoke, somuenzaniso, ine simba rekubudisa ethanol.
Chirimwa chirimwa chakanonoka uchi chirimwa, uye huchi hunowanikwa kubva kune nekita yeJerusarema artichoke maruva haana shuga. Maruva akaomeswa eJerusarema artichoke anoshandiswa kugadzira tii.
Jerusarema artichoke iwanikidzwa chaiwo kune vapfuri vezvipfuyo, sezvo ese machubhu uye girinhi yakawanda yemiti inogona kushanda seyakanyanya-simba rekudya kwemhuka. Saka, kana hupfu hwakasvibirira (kana hupfu hwemishonga kubva pairi) hunowedzerwa pakudya kwemhou (kusvika ku30%), kare pazuva rechi5-6, huwandu hwezvibereko zvemukaka hunowedzera, huwandu hwemafuta emukaka hunowedzera, mhuka. kurwara zvishoma. Stems uye mashizha eJerusarema artichoke anonyatso kuvharwa.
Jerusalem artichoke tubers inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzekuvhima uye inoshanda sechikafu chetsuro, elks, nguruve dzesango.
Jerusalem artichoke chirimwa chebiomeliorant, chakarimwa kuti chidzorere kubereka kweminda yakapedzwa nembesa yakasimba. Iko kune kunyange nzira yekushandisa Jerusarema artichoke mukurwisana neSosnovsky's hogweed. Iyo tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa uye patented naNatalya Anushkevich makore akati wandei apfuura.
«Ini ndinofunga kuti zvese zvakanaka zveJerusarema artichoke hazvisati zvamboongororwa, - Denis Kozykin anopfupisa, - uye ane tarisiro huru kwazvo munyika yedu. Kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zveJerusarema artichoke kuri kukura gore rega rega, zvinoreva kuti mabhizinesi matsva ekugadzirwa kwayo achavhurwa.".
«Ehe, iyi haisi tsika yechinyakare yeRussia, - anoenderera mberi Natalya Anushkevich, - uye isu hatisati tagadzira indasitiri yekugadzirwa kwayo nekugadzirisa, asi isu tiri kushanda nesimba pane izvi".
MASHOKO MASHOKO ABOUT CONS
Pane zvipingamupinyi zvipi nezvipi kutsika ine hunhu hwakawanda?
Sezvatakanyora pamusoro, Jerusalem artichoke ine hupenyu hushoma hwesherufu. Iine machubhu asina kuenzana, ayo anokanganisa basa rema processor. Asi chinonyanya kukosha, pane maonero akasimba pakati pevarimi vekurima kuti Jerusarema artichoke, semiti yakauya kunyika yedu kubva kune imwe kondinendi uye isina vavengi vepanyama mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, inokwanisa kubereka kusingadzorwi. Ndizvo chaizvo here?
Natalya Anushkevich ane chokwadi chokuti pakushandisa mbeu dzevarietal, varimi havazombosangana nematambudziko akadaro. "Kutora matunhu chete mhando dzesango dzezvinomera,inodaro nyanzvi. tinoshanda nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana: kana ukarega kuvatarisira, vanorega kubereka".
Purofesa Starovoitov anobvumirana naye: "Jerusalem artichoke inopokana zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwekunze. Nekuda kweizvi, vazhinji vasina kubatanidzwa mukurima kwayo vane pfungwa yekuti iyi "hog parsnip nhamba yechipiri", kunyangwe izvi zvisina kudaro. Jerusarema artichoke, kusiyana nehogweed, haiparadzirwe nembeu pamakiromita marefu. Mumakore makumi matatu, Jerusalem artichoke yakarimwa neanenge ese mapurazi akaungana, asi hapana mhedzisiro yakaipa. Mukuwedzera, nzira dzinoshanda dzekubvisa Jerusarema artichoke kubva mukutenderera kwezvirimwa dzinozivikanwa.".
Kana vaverengi vedu vaine maonero avo panyaya iyi, tichaonga nyaya pamusoro pezvakaitika pachedu.