Iyo nzira yekugadzira mbatatisi muRussia ine nhoroondo ipfupi, ichienzaniswa, semuenzaniso, nenyika dzeWestern Europe, kwayakaumbwa makumi akati wandei apfuura. Kurongeka kwehurongwa hwekugadzira mbatatisi yembeu yakatora chimiro mu60s yezana ramakore rapfuura muUSSR yakamiririrwa nematatu makuru ekubatanidza.
Mubatanidzwa wekutanga waisanganisira mapurazi aiburitsa vanhu vepamusoro (elitekhozes), yechipiri - mapurazi akaparadzira vanhu vepamusoro (semkhozes), yechitatu - minda yembeu yemapurazi akaungana uye mapurazi ehurumende akagadzira mbatatisi inotengeswa.
Mamiriro ekutanga akajairika uye ekutonga mumunda wekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi akagadzirwa uye akatanga kushanda pakati pema60s, kusanganisira "Regulation on the mbatatisi elite" uye "Regulation paminda yembeu dzembatatisi mumapurazi akabatanidzwa uye mapurazi ehurumende" ( 1966). Muzvikamu zviviri zvekutanga, zvakananga pasi pekutonga kwezviremera zvekurima zvehurumende, kurimwa kwematato emhando yepamusoro kwakaitwa maererano ne "Regulations on the Potato Elite". Gare gare, iyo "Mitemo paPrimary Nurseries yeKukura Mbatatisi Elite" yakagamuchirwa, yakagadzirwa neResearch Institute yePotato Farming uye yakabvumidzwa neUSSR Ministry of Agriculture (1971).
Muchikamu chechitatu, maererano ne "Mitemo yembeu dzembeu dzembatatisi mumapurazi akabatanidzwa uye mapurazi ehurumende", mbatatisi yembeu yekuberekwa yakaparadzirwa (papurazi kugadzirwa kwembeu) kuti ishandiswe mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi dzinotengeswa. Imba yembeu yaionekwa seyakanyanya kukosha yekubatanidza mukugadzirwa kwembeu papurazi, ichisangana nezvinodiwa zvemapurazi embeu mbatatisi dzemhando dzakaburitswa dzekugadzira mbatatisi dzinotengeswa. Nzvimbo yembeu yembeu yaive ingangoita 20-30% yezvirimwa zvembatatisi papurazi.
Maererano nehurongwa hwekukura kwembeu hwakatangwa muma60, mapurazi akatenga mbatatisi yembeu - vanhu vepamusoro vakapiwa kubva kumapurazi akakura, kana mbatatisi yepamusoro yekutanga kana yechipiri kubereka kubva kumapurazi embeu (Fig. 1).
Mukuronga nekuita basa rine chekuita nekukohwa, kuchengetedza uye kutengeswa kwematapi emhando yepamusoro uye yemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, basa guru rakagoverwa kusangano reSortsemovoshch. Zvimiro zvakapatsanurwa zvesangano reSortsemovoshch munzvimbo dzebasa ravo rakatengwa uye kutengeswa emhando yepamusoro, mbatatisi dzembeu dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuvandudzwa kwakasiyana-siyana uye shanduko dzakasiyana, pamwe nekutenga, kuchengetwa uye kutengeswa mari dzerepublic uye dzemuno dzevakuru uye varietal mbeu mbatatisi dzemhando dzakazoniwa.
Nyanzvi dzesangano re "Sortsemovoshch", pamwe chete nevamiriri vezviremera zvekurima uye marabhoritari ekudzora mbeu, vakatora chikamu mukuongorora uye kugamuchirwa kwezvirimwa uye zvikwata zvepamusoro zvakagadzirirwa kutengeswa. Uye zvakare, ivo vakaita ongororo yeminda, kubvumidzwa uye tuber ongororo yemhando yembeu mbatatisi yekutanga kubereka, yakagadzirirwa kukohwa uye kutengeswa kwekuvandudzwa kwemhando uye shanduko dzakasiyana. Zvinoenderana nenhamba dzepamutemo muUSSR, pakupera kwema80, huwandu hwakazara hwembeu dzembatatisi dzakakohwewa uye dzakatengeswa nesangano reSortsemovoshch dzaidarika zviuru mazana matatu ezviuru, kusanganisira zvinopfuura zviuru zana zvematani muRSFSR. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kusvika pakutanga kwema300, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi dzepamusoro muRSFSR kwakanga kusina kukwana (100-70 zviuru matani pagore), uye hunhu hwayo hwaifanira kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya. Kubudirira kwakanyanya kwekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi muRussia kwakatanga pakati pemakore ekuma25 nema28. Yakanga iri panguva iyi iyo kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya muhurongwa uye nzira dzenheyo, zvigadzirwa zvemichina uye zvirongwa zvekugadzirwa kwembeu yevakuru zvakatanga, uye mazinga akakwirira ekuwedzera mukugadzirwa kwevakuru akawanikwa (Fig. 70).
Chimiro chesangano chekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi yakavambwa muRSFSR pakati pemakore ekuma70, zvichibva pahunyanzvi hwakadzama hwemapurazi mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzematanho akasiyana ekubereka, yaisanganisira matanho matatu:
- Kurimwa kwe super-super elite mumapurazi akasarudzika ekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi;
- kuendeswa kwepamusoro-soro-epamusoro-soro kumapurazi anokura-elite (elitekhozes) uye kutorwa kwevakuru mukati mavo nenzira yekuberekwa kaviri;
- kutamiswa kwevakuru vakananga kumapurazi akaungana uye mapurazi ehurumende kubereka uye kugadzirwa kwembatatisi dzekutengesa kwete kuderera pane III-V reproductions (Fig. 3).
Iyo yakasimbiswa network yemapurazi akasarudzika ekugadzira mbatatisi yembeu yakaita kuti zvikwanise kutanga ma80 kuwedzera huwandu hwekutengesa hwevakuru kusvika ku100-110 zviuru matani, kuitira kuti pamahekita zana ega ega ekudyara mbatatisi mumapurazi akaungana uye nyika. mapurazi aiveko angangoita matani mashanu embatatisi dzepamusoro. Basa rinokosha mubasa iri rakapiwa kuAll-Russian Production uye Scientific Association yePotato Mbeu Inokura "Rossemkartofel", iyo yakavambwa muna 100 sechikamu chemaitiro mukati meMinistry of Agriculture yeRSFSR.
Sangano panguva iyoyo raisanganisira Research Institute of Potato Farming (NIIKH), NIIKH Breeding Center, Experimental Design Bureau, zviteshi zvekuedza uye mapurazi ekugadzira eNIIKH, pamwe nemapurazi anopfuura makumi mashanu ehurumende ari mumatunhu gumi nemanomwe. 50 yakazvimirira republics RSFSR. Pahwaro hwemapurazi makumi maviri nemana ehunyanzvi, marabhoritari eNIIKH ekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi akarongwa. Sangano remubatanidzwa "Rossekartofel" rakaita kuti zvikwanise kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwembeu munzvimbo idzodzo, matunhu uye marepublic akazvimirira, uko pamwe chete 17% yehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yeRussia panguva iyoyo.
Pamusoro pezvo, sangano reRossemkartofel rakapa manejimendi akabatana ekugadzira mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro uye dzakasiyana muRSFSR, ichipa kutaurirana kwakananga nezvekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi nevakuru vezvekurima nemasangano ekutsvagisa.
Mumapurazi akasarudzika eRossemkartofel Association, hwaro hwakanaka hwakateyiwa yekuwedzera kukuru kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembeu dzekutanga dzemhando dzakatemerwa uye dzinovimbisa. Muna 1979, marabhoritari ekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga yeNIIKH pahwaro hwemapurazi akasarudzika akagadzira nzvimbo dzekugadzira mbeu dzemhando makumi mana nemana dzembatatisi dzainyanya kudiwa mukugadzirwa. Zvinoenderana nedatha yepamutemo ye Ministry of Agriculture yeRSFSR, nzvimbo iri kurimwa super elite mbatatisi yakawedzera kubva 44 ha muna 149 kusvika 1976 ha muna 495, uye iyo yeelite mbatatisi, zvichiteerana, kubva 1979 kusvika 382 ha (Anisimov, 1313). Izvi zvakave zvichigoneka nekuda kwerutsigiro rwepakati kubva kuhurumende uye kugoverwa kwakanangwa, sekureva kweChisungo cheDare reMakurukota eRSFSR (1981), yemari yakakosha iyo yakanangidzirwa mukusimudzira zvinhu uye tekinoroji yembeu yakasarudzika. mapurazi ari mumatunhu makuru ekurima mbatatisi uye kusikwa mukati mawo akanyatsoshongedzerwa zvenguva iyoyo, marabhoritari-greenhouse mbeu-inokura macomplexes, pamwe nekuvakwa kwematatisi ekuchengetedza mbatatisi anodiwa kune izvi zvinangwa.
Pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwechimiro chesangano chekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi munguva ye70s nema80s, rimwe rematambudziko ekukurumidzira kwaive kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro uye optimization yevakuru vemhando dzekugadzira mbeu dzembatatisi. Muitiro wakagadzwa wemakore iwayo wakanga wakanangana nekugadzirwa kwembeu yeclonal. Kazhinji, mumapurazi akawanda epamusoro-soro, zvirimwa zvekutanga zvekugadzirwa kwembeu zvakasarudzwa munzvimbo dzinochengeterwa clones dzegore rekutanga zvichibva pakuonekwa kwezvinomera mumunda uye kuongororwa kwerabhoritari yemashizha emashizha achishandisa nzira ye serodiagnosis. Nekudaro, chikamu chemaclones mugore rekusarudzwa chaigara chichiiswa kune hutachiona hutsva. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinomera zvichangobva kutapukirwa, kana zviedzwa mumunda, zvinogona kupa maitiro asina kunaka kune mavhairasi uye, sekutonga, hazvigone kuonekwa uye kuraswa mugore rehutachiona. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvidyarwa zvakasarudzwa mumaclones egore rekutanga zvine maitiro asina kunaka kune mavhairasi, payakaedzwa muvana, gore rakatevera rakatove rakatapukirwa zvakanyanya kana zvishoma, zvichienderana nekusiyana uye mamiriro ezvinomera. nguva yegore rapfuura. Mimwe mibairo yakabudirira yakawanikwa uchishandisa cheki chekuwedzera chetachiona chezvakasarudzwa clonal zvinhu munguva yechando nenzira ye indexing yakavakirwa pa "yedzo yeziso" (inokura zvirimwa kubva kune yega tuber maziso (indices) mu laboratori greenhouse mamiriro). Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuziva uye kuramba machubhu emiti ine utachiona uye clones ane hukuru hukuru hwekuvimbika vasati vadyara mumunda.
Mhedzisiro yebasa rakaitwa kuAll-Union Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) yakaratidza kuti kushandiswa kweiyo serological nzira maererano neyakaomeserwa hurongwa hwekugadzirwa kwembeu yeclonal mumamiriro edunhu reNorth-West kwakaita kuti zvikwanisike. tora mbeu isina kutapukirwa nehutachiona hunozivikanwa (X, S, M). Yakaitwa naV.I. Sadovnikova (1965), maitiro akasarudzika ekuyedzwa, umo makumi ezviuru zvezvirimwa zvakaongororwa, zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kutora mhedziso ine hwaro yekuti mumamiriro eNorth-West, mbeu yembeu inowanikwa maererano neiyo clonal mbeu yekugadzira mbeu inogona. kuchengetedzwa kwenguva yakareba mumamiriro ekusununguka kubva kuhutachiona hwehutachiona (Fig. 4). Yakaratidzwawo kuti kushandiswa kwekusarudzwa kwakashata chete nekubvisa mbeu dzine utachiona kubva pakudyara hakuna kupa migumisiro yakadaro.
Mumakore akatevera, zvichibva pamhedzisiro yekutsvagisa neNIIKH uye ruzivo rwakaunganidzirwa, zvakaonekwa kuti zvinonyanya kushanda kushandisa kwete makwenzi ega ega akasarudzwa mu nursery ye clones yegore re1, asi munhu ane hutano (asina hutachiona) se machubhu akasarudzwa munzvimbo yakakosha yekuchengetera vana nekuyedzwa kunosungirwa kweumwe neumwe wavo neserodiagnostics mumashure ekukohwa kudzora system. Pakuvandudzwa kwegore negore kwenzvimbo yekusarudza, pamatani ega ega epamusoro-soro epamusoro-soro, zvakakurudzirwa kudyara anenge 100 indexed tubers, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuderedza zvakanyanya mari uye nhamba yekuongorora kwakaitwa.Mupunga. Fig. 5. Kugovera uye miganhu yekusarudzwa kwema clones paunenge uchiongorora dendere, zvichienderana nekudyara maitiro (zvakasiyana-siyana Ramensky, 1979-1981)
Nechinangwa ichi, akaiswa indexed machubhu mahombe anorema 100 g kana kupfuura akashandiswa kumisa nzvimbo yekusarudza. Kudyarwa kwemachubhu akadaro kwaiitwa nemutsara wakasarudzika we 140 cm uye chinhambwe pakati pemachubhu mumutsara we70 cm.
Mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pahwaro hweZavorovo mutyairi wekugadzira nzvimbo yeNIIKH yakaratidza kuti chirongwa chakadaro chekudyara indexed tubers mune yekusarudzwa nursery yakavimbisa kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwenhamba yemachubhu muchirimwa pane yega yekutanga tuber. Saka, mune imwe yekuedza pakudzidza kwezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuisa zvivako zvekusarudzwa kwemhando itsva yeRamensky panguva iyoyo, zvinotevera zvakawanikwa. Mumusiyano wekutonga (kudyara zvinoenderana neyakajairwa chirongwa che 70x30 cm, machubhu anorema 60-80 g), 45% yemakwenzi ane anosvika gumi machubhu pagwenzi akave akakohwewa, ayo anowanzo kuraswa panguva yekusarudza. Pachikamu che10% chegwenzi chakasara, 55% chaive ne47-11 chubhu uye 20% chete yaive ne8 kusvika 21 machubhu pagwenzi.
Muchiitiko chekuedza (kudyara maererano nechirongwa 140x70 cm, machubhu makuru anorema 100 g), chete 11% yemakwenzi akanga asina kukodzera kusarudzwa (ane asingasviki gumi tubers pagwenzi). Iyo yakasara 10% yemakwenzi yaiva nenhamba yakawanda yehuputi, kusanganisira 89% kusvika ku47 tubers pagwenzi, 20% kubva pa24 kusvika ku21 uye 30% kubva pa18 kusvika ku31 tubers pagwenzi (Fig. 50).
Izvo zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti chirongwa chekudyara chakadai chakagadzira mamiriro akanyanya kunaka kwete ekukura nekukura kwezvirimwa chete, asiwo nekuita kwakaringana kwekunyatsoongorora kwekuona kwechirimwa chimwe nechimwe panguva yekukura kwezvinomera, pamwe chete kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvose zvinodiwa zvekudzivirira nekudzivirira mukusarudza nursery.
Mukuita kwekuwedzera kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwekugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi mumapurazi akasarudzika, akati wandei matanho anoshanda akatorwa kuti avandudze mhando yemhando huru dzakaburitswa panguva iyoyo uye dzinovimbisa. Kuti izvi zviitike, iyo NIIKH yakagadzira uye, sechikamu cheyedzo yakafara yekugadzira, yakabudirira kuyedza tekinoroji nyowani yenguva iyoyo yekuwana uye nekukasira kubereka kweiyo sosi zvinhu, yakagadziridzwa neapical meristem nzira, iyo zvishoma nezvishoma yakava hwaro hwehutachiona. -isina kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi (Trofimets, Boyko, Anisimov, nezvimwewo, 1990). Iyo tekinoroji yakagadziridzwa yaisanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu zvikuru:
- kugadzirira kwemachubhu ekuparadzanisa apical meristems; kutarisa utachiona hwavo hwekutanga ne enzyme immunoassay (ELISA); kumera murima pane tembiricha ye35-37 ° C kwemwedzi imwe kusvika miviri;
- Kuparadzaniswa kwemameristems ane saizi ye100-200 mamicrons mubhokisi remicrobiological pasi pebinocular microscope ine giradhi yechikero pakukura kwe30-50 nguva nekuadyara mumachubhu ekuyedza pane inovaka muviri ine mineral base maererano naMurashige-Skoog. ine yakakwirira ye kinetin;
- kurima zvirimwa mumachubhu ekuyedza mukamuri ine tembiricha inodzorwa, hunyoro uye kuvhenekera (tembiricha 23 ° C, humidity yemhepo 70%, kuvhenekera 5-10 zviuru lux panguva ye12-awa yechiedza);
- kucheka kwemiti yakawanikwa maererano nehuwandu hwe internodes uye kudyara kwekucheka pane imwe nhengo inovaka muviri mu test tubes; kushandiswa kwekucheka kumwe chete pazasi pechirimwa chimwe nechimwe kuona kubatwa ne electron microscopy uye enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- yakadzokororwa kaviri-katatu-cheki yemitsara yekutapukirwa nemavhairasi neELISA mukugadzirisa;
- kutamisa zvirimwa kubva ku test tubes kuenda ku greenhouses kuti uwane goho remachubhu;
- kuongororwa kwezvinomera zvinopisa neELISA; kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekukurumidzira kuparadzira mu vitro kuitira kuti uwane mabheti makuru ezvekutanga zvinhu zvinodiwa pakugadzirwa kwembeu (midzi yekumusoro uye axillary nhungirwa dzezvirimwa, kudyara kucheka nenzvimbo shoma yekudyisa - 6x6 cm. , kucheka kwezvimedu mushure mekukura kwenguva refu kwe tubers, nezvimwewo.);
- kuyedza kumunda uye kupararira kwegreenhouse meristem clones munzvimbo yakasimba yekuparadzaniswa kubva kune chero mimwe minda yembatatisi.
Kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yakagadziridzwa kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana zviuru zvakati wandei meristem clones mukati megore rimwe chete kuti zvibatanidzwe mukugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga yembatatisi.
Mukuita hunyanzvi hwekuita tekinoroji yekuwana meristem sosi zvinhu zvekurima-isina hutachiona mbatatisi, NIIKH yakatanga zvidzidzo zvakakosha munzira yekuvandudza tekinoroji yekutevedzana kuberekana kwezvirimwa zvisina hutachiona nekuyedzwa kwevana vavo mukutanga. munda nurseries uye kuvaunza kune super-super-elite uye elite. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabasa akaiswa pamusoro pekugona kuderedza nguva yekukura epamusoro (kunyanya mhando itsva uye inovimbisa), kuvandudza kunaka uye kuderedza mutengo wekugadzirwa kwayo. Kuti ugadzirise mabasa akaiswa muna 1972-1977, zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvirongwa zvekurima zvemhando yepamusoro zvakadzidzwa kuDhipatimendi Rinokura Mbeu yeNIIKH: ine makore maviri eclone test (chinyakare chirongwa), ine gore rimwechete clone nursery, se pamwe neakasiyana-siyana ekuedza zvirongwa zvine gore rimwechete clone kusarudzwa uye kuberekazve kweiyo yakasanganiswa clone zvinhu uchishandisa tuber unit nzira.
Kubva pamigumisiro yezvidzidzo zvakaitwa naV.N. Akatiev mumamiriro ezvinhu edunhu reMoscow, achishandisa iyo sosi yakagadziridzwa neapical meristem nzira, kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya mukuita, chirongwa chekuita kugadzirwa kwembeu yemhando yepamusoro nebvunzo yegore rimwe yemaclones yakakurudzirwa, kusanganisira:
- Munda kuyedzwa kwe meristem clones.
- Pre-kuparidzirwa kwema clones akasanganiswa.
- Kuberekerwa.
- Kurimwa kwe super-superelite.
- Kurimwa kwepamusoro-soro.
- Kurera VaElite.
Kukura uye kutevedzana kwebasa rakaitwa pasi pechirongwa ichi chekugadzirwa kwembeu yevakuru kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6.
Kuti uwane huwandu hwekuwedzera huwandu mumakirisi, kuyedzwa kwemumunda kwemeristem clones uye pre-kuparadzira, yakakosha mhedzisiro yakawanikwa pakukura zvine hutano (isina hutachiona) uchishandisa tuber unit nzira. Mhedzisiro yeiyi nzira yaive inotevera: musati madyarwa, machubhu anorema kubva ku60 g mune imwe neimwe clone akachekwa kuita zvidimbu zvinoverengeka kuitira kuti uremu hwechikamu chimwe nechimwe hwaive hunenge 30 g, nemeso rimwe kana maviri. Zvese zvikamu kubva kune imwe neimwe yakachekwa tuber inoumba "tuber unit" yakaiswa mubhegi rakasiyana. Mabhegi ose ane tuber units kubva kune imwe clone akaiswa mumudziyo wakasiyana. Clones akagadzirirwa nenzira iyi akadyarwa mumutsara mumwe. Pakudyara, miganhu pakati pema clones yakakamurwa, mukati mayo ma tuberous units akaiswawo. Mune imwe neimwe clone, tuberous units ine nhamba yakawanda yembeu yembeu yakatanga kudyarwa, ipapo nenhamba shoma (mukudzika kurongeka) uye yakaguma nemabhubhu maduku asina kuchekwa echikamu che25-50 g (Fig. 7). Mukuita, nzira iri nyore yaiwanzoshandiswa, apo machubhu akachekwa mavhiki akawanda asati adyarwa, achisiya bhiriji rekubatanidza pakati kana pazasi petuber. Muchiitiko ichi, zvikamu zve tuber zvakaramba zvakatsikirirwa kune mumwe. Pakupedzisira, ma tubers akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakananga pakudyara.
Zvimwe zvigubhu zvetuber units zvaisadiwa.
Munguva yekukura, zvidyarwa zvakaongororwa uye zvakaongororwa mavhairasi nekuona uye serologically. Kana imwe chirwere chechirwere chakawanikwa mune tuber unit, yakaraswa zvachose; zvisinei, iyo clone yose haina kurambwa, asi chete inowirirana tuber unit yakabviswa; boka remiti yakabva kune imwe tuber. Iyo data yakawanikwa yakaratidza kuti kudyara clone nursery uchishandisa tuber units nzira yemhando dzakawanda kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera iyo yekuwedzera chinhu nehafu nehafu kusvika kaviri uye, nekudaro, zvakanyanya kuderedza huwandu hwezvakasarudzwa zvidyarwa uye clones uye zvakanyanya kuderedza mutengo. pa 100 matani e super-super elite mbatatisi. Panguva imwecheteyo, mhedzisiro yakakosha yakawanikwa kubva pakutsiviwa kweiyo yakawanda yebasa-yakanyanya nursery yeclones yegore rechipiri nekireshi yekuberekesa kwekutanga kweiyo clones yakasanganiswa.
Nekufananidza nenzira yetuber units, zvichibva pakushandiswa kwekucheka machubhu ekudyara, muminda yekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga, kana uchishandisa meristem sosi zvinhu, dzimwe nzira dzekuwedzera iyo yekuwedzera chinhu dzave dzakapararira mukuita, kunyanya kurima mbatatisi mbesa. kubva kunomera kucheka mumapoto epeat nekuzoadyara mumunda, kubereka nekuisa, stem cuttings, nezvimwewo (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Zvichienderana nemiedzo yekuenzanisa yemhando dzakasiyana dzezvirongwa zvekugadzira mbeu, zvakaratidzwa kuti kana uchishandisa iyo sosi zvinhu zvakawanikwa nemeristem tsika nzira yakabatana neclonal micropropagation, nguva yekugadzira mbatatisi yemhando yepamusoro inogona kudzikiswa kusvika pamakore matatu kusvika mana. yainyanya kukosha pakukurumidza kubereka nekusimudzira.mukuita kwemhando itsva uye dzinovimbisa. Mumapurazi ekugadzira ekufambisa eNIIKH mumamiriro ezvinhu edunhu reMoscow, maererano nemhando dzese dzakadzidzwa dzezvirongwa zvekuedza, mabheti emhando yepamusoro-soro mbatatisi akatorwa. Iyo super-superelite, yakawanikwa maererano nechirongwa chine gore rimwe chete clone test, yakanga, zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva ku90 kusvika ku99% yemiti ine utano, i.e. yakanga yakangofanana neye-super-elite, yakawanikwa maererano nechirongwa chacho nemakore maviri eclone test. Chiyero chekubudirira kweiyo super-super elite yembatatisi yakawanikwa maererano neakasiyana zvirongwa zvakare yakada kufanana uye yaive mumhando ye300-350 c/ha.
Imwe yenzira dzakakosha mukuvandudza kweiyo system yekugadzirwa kwembeu isina hutachiona yembatatisi rave sangano repakati pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekutanga zvisina hutachiona mumavhoriyamu akakura kupa mapurazi akasarudzika ekutanga kugadzirwa kwembeu. Kuti izvi zviitike, mukati mehurongwa hwesangano reRossemkartofel, zvakange zvakarongwa kugadzira super-super elite pahwaro hwehutachiona hunosvika zviuru zvinomwe nemazana mashanu ezviuru zvematani makumi matatu nemana ainyanya kudiwa panguva iyoyo. Zvinoenderana nekuverenga kunoratidzwa muTebhurari 7,5, kuitira kukura yakarongwa vhoriyamu ye-super-superelite kubva kumeristem sosi yekushandisa uchishandisa yakakurumidza nzira dzekuparadzira mumagreenhouses eNIIKH, zviuru mazana mana emachubhu akarimwa pagore munzvimbo ye34 mahekita, kukohwa imwe neimwe. dyara muhomwe yakasiyana. Izvo zvakazoitika zvakaendeswa kunzvimbo dzekuyedza kugadzirwa kweInstitute, kwavakadyarwa mu clonal nurseries - panzvimbo ye1 hectares nekunyatso kucherechedzwa kwetsika dzakatangwa dzekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo kweinenge 1,2 km kubva pakudyarwa kwemakirasi akaderera. yemhodzi mbatatisi. Munguva yekukura, ese anodiwa agrotechnical uye phytosanitary matanho akaitwa nehanya zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzega dzemunda.
Izvo zvakakonzerwa zvakasanganiswa clone zvinhu muhuwandu hwematani zana nemakumi matanhatu zvakagoverwa kumapurazi akakosha makumi maviri nemana ane marabhoritari ekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga (pachiyero chematani maviri ekugadzirwa kwematani zana ega ega epamusoro-soro). Nzvimbo yese yenzvimbo dzekuberekesa kwekutanga kubereka mumapurazi akakosha ekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga yaive mahekita makumi mana, kubva mairi matani mazana masere embeu akawanikwa. Gore rakatevera, chinhu ichi chakadyarwa panzvimbo ye160 ha munzvimbo yekuberekesa uye 24 matani emachubhu akawanikwa, ayo akashandiswa gore rakatevera kudyara panzvimbo ye2 ha uye kuwana 100 matani epamusoro. -super elite standard seed fraction (Table 40).
Tafura 1. Kuronga pahwaro hweNIIKH yemapurazi akasarudzika ekugadzira mhodzi dzembatatisi (Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Kuwanda kwekugadzirwa | |||
Mhando dzebasa | Vatambi | Nzvimbo yekugara, ha | |
Kugamuchira meristem clones murabhoritari greenhouse mamiriro | Rabhoritari yekuwana hutachiona husina hutachiona hwekutanga kuNIIKH Laboratory yekukurumidza kubereka uye kuongororwa mumunda wehutachiona husina hutachiona hwema clone zvinhu pachikoro. | 1,2 | 400 zviuru tubers |
Munda bvunzo clonal zvinhu ne application tuberous nzira zvikamu | Marabhoritari ekukurumidza kubereka kuitira kuongororwa mumunda wehutachiona-isina clonal zvinhu paInstitute's OPH. | 8 | 160 t |
preliminary breeding yakabatana clones kubva application tuberous nzira zvikamu | Mapurazi akakosha ekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga PNO "Rossekartofel" | 40 | 800 t |
Kubereka zvinhu | Zvakare | 200 | 3000 t |
Kukura super super elite | 750 | 7500 t |
Sekureva kweNIIKH, pakukura super-super-elite maererano nechirongwa chepakati kugadzirwa kwehutachiona-isina sosi zvinhu, nekuda kwemhando yakagadziridzwa, goho muvakuru uye kubereka kwaro kwakawedzera paavhareji kune ese akaedzwa marudzi ne20-25% .
Kubva kuma90, mukati mekuchinja kuri kuitika muagro-industrial complex, mamwe mapurazi akakosha ekugadzirwa kwembeu yekutanga uye mapurazi emhando yepamusoro akarega kuvapo, uye huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi hwakadzikira zvakanyanya, izvo zvakaomesa zvakanyanya. zvakanyanya kukanganisa hurongwa hwakagadzwa hwekuchinja kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye kuvandudzwa kwemhando dzembatatisi nguva dzose maererano nekushomeka kwembeu dzemhando yepamusoro dzemapurazi ane kutengeswa kwembatatisi. Pakupera kwema90s, sisitimu yekugadzira mbatatisi muRussia zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kuvakwa pamisimboti yehukama hwemusika zvichienderana nemutemo uye hurongwa hwekutonga hwakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo mumunda wekuberekesa nekugadzirwa kwembeu yezvirimwa zvekurima (Malko. , Anisimov et al., 2003).
Munguva iyi, kunyanya kutarisisa kwakabhadharwa mukuvandudza uye kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwekutonga mumunda wekutonga kwemhando uye certification yembeu mbatatisi, tichifunga nezve ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa rweakanakisa maitiro epasirese. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kukwidziridza zvakanyanya zvinodikanwa zvehutengesi hwemhando dzakasiyana dzembeu dzembatatisi munzira yekubatana kwavo uye kuenzanisa nezvinodiwa zvemazuva ano zvakabvumiranwa pasi rose (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007) )
Mushure mekuunzwa kweMutemo weKugadzira Mbeu (1997) muRussian Federation, yakavambwa yakabatana yakamisikidzwa yembeu yembatatisi, kusanganisira mapoka matatu embeu yembeu: mini-tubers uye super-super elite mbeu mbatatisi (yechipiri chizvarwa chemunda) inogadzirwa. nemuvambi wezvakasiyana-siyana kana munhu akatenderwa naye uye akaitirwa kugadzira mhodzi dzemhando yepamusoro.
Elite mhodzi mbatatisi: mhodzi mbatatisi (super elite, elite) yakawanikwa kubva mukutevedzana kunotevedzana kwembeu yekutanga mbatatisi.
Kubereka mhodzi mbatatisi: mbatatisi mhodzi (1-2 reproductions) yakawanikwa kubva mukutevedzana kwekuparadzira mhodzi dzemhando yepamusoro.
Ongororo yekuenzanisa yemasisitimu emhando akatorwa muRussia nenyika dzeEU inoratidza kuti chikamu chembeu yekutanga mbatatisi inogona kuenzaniswa nechikamu che pre-basic seed mbatatisi (PB). Saizvozvo, chikamu chembatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro chinogona kuenzana nechikamu chembeu dzembatatisi (makirasi SE uye E) uye chikamu chembeu dzembeu dzekuberekesa inofananidzwa nechikamu chembeu dzakasimbiswa mbatatisi (makirasi A 1-2). Panguva imwecheteyo, kana tichienzanisa zvikamu zvakaenzaniswa maererano nehuwandu hwezvizvarwa zvemunda zvembeu dzembatatisi muRussian Federation uye EU nyika, misiyano yakakura inogona kuoneka zvakajeka (Tafura 2).
Tafura 2. Kuenzaniswa kwemhando dzakafananidzwa dzembeu mbatatisi nehuwandu hwezvizvarwa zvemunda muRussian Federation uye EU nyika.
Mbatatisi | Nhamba yezvizvarwa | Mazita |
Russian classification system | ||
Chekutanga (OS) | 2 | PP-1 uye SSE |
Elite (ES) | 2 | SE uye E |
Kubereka (RS) Total Generations | 2 6 | PC1-2 |
Classification munyika dzeEU | ||
Prebaseline Baseline Certified | 4 3 2 | PB – PB 4 S, SE, E A1 – A2 |
Total Generations | 9 |
Mune yemazuva ano yeRussia classification system yembeu mbatatisi zvinoenderana neGOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu mbatatisi. Tsanangudzo uye Nzira dzekuona Hunhu” huwandu hwezvizvarwa zvemumunda hazvifanirwe kudarika nhanho nhanhatu dzekuberekesa, kusanganisira yechikamu OS - 6, ES - 2 uye RS - 2 zvizvarwa. Munyika dzeEU, maererano nekurudziro yeEuropean Seed Association (ESA), zvizvarwa zvipfumbamwe zvemumunda zvinotenderwa, kusanganisira muchikamu chembeu prebasic - 2, basic - 9 uye Certified - 4 munda zvizvarwa (Anisimov, 3 Simakov, Anisimov 2).
Mukuona kwese, chirongwa chemazuva ano chezvikamu zvinoteedzana zvekugadzirwa kwekutanga, emhando yepamusoro uye kubereka mbeu mbatatisi inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 8.
Mukana mukuru weiyo yemazuva ano hurongwa hwekugadzira mbeu inoratidzwa mumufananidzo ndeyekuti ese matatu ezvimiro zvematanho anoteedzana ekugadzirwa kwekutanga, epamusoro uye kubereka mhodzi mbatatisi zvakabatana zvisingagoneki. Izvi zvinovhura mikana mitsva chaiyo yekuvandudza nzira dzinonyanya kushanda dzekushandira pamwe pakati pemasangano ese ari kutora chikamu, kusanganisira masangano esainzi akasarudzika uye zvimiro zvebhizinesi.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano, kuwedzera kukura kwekugadzira mbatatisi hakugoneki pasina hurongwa hwakasimba hwekupa mabhizinesi ekurima mbatatisi, mabhizinesi evarimi (vemapurazi) uye mabhizinesi ega ega ane mhando dzemhando yepamusoro dzemhando dzekirasi uye kubereka kwakanyanya. Panyaya iyi, kuwedzera kwemavhoriyamu ekugadzira uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya kwemhando yembatatisi yekutanga uye yemhando yepamusoro kuri kuita chimwe chezvakakosha zvekutanga kune yakagadzikana uye ine pundutso manejimendi eindasitiri yembatatisi.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo nekushandiswa kweiyo iripo mukana wemhando dzembatatisi dzepamba inoda kukurumidza kuwedzera mukugadzirwa kwembeu. Nekudaro, kutorwa kwematanho anoshanda ekugadzirisa zvinhu uye hunyanzvi hwaro hwekugadzira mbeu yembatatisi uye kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzinodiwa dzekusarudza uye nzvimbo dzekugadzira mbeu iri kuve rimwe remabasa ekukurumidzira mukusimudzira kugadzirwa kwembatatisi muRussia. Panguva imwecheteyo, kufambiswa kwakabudirira kweakasanganiswa esainzi uye tekinoroji mapurojekiti (KSTP) akaitwa mukati meiyo Subprogram "Kuvandudza sarudzo uye kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi" yeFederal Sayenzi neTekinoroji Chirongwa cheKuvandudza Zvekurima kwe2017- 2030 ichave yakakosha zvikuru. Kubudirira kuita sarudzo dzakakosha munzvimbo ino munguva pfupi iri kutevera kuchabatsira zvikuru mukuvandudza indasitiri, kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yakagadzikana, kugadzira masisitimu emazuva ano ekusimudzira mhando dzemhando yepamusoro kubva kune vakatanga kuRussia kuenda kumusika, kuderedza kutsamira kunze kwenyika uye kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwechikafu muRussia.