Kuvepo kwemhando dzembatatisi dzinobereka zvakanyanya dzinokwanisa kuzadzisa kugona kwavo muvhu chairo uye mamiriro ekunze ndiyo kiyi yekuwana zvirimwa zvakapfuma uye zvakatsiga mumatunhu. MuRepublic yeTatarstan, basa rekugadzira marudzi akadaro rakaitwa kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura. Nezve mabasa api masayendisiti anogadza nekuzvimisira ivo uye kuti ndeapi budiriro yavakatokwanisa kuita, inoudza Zenon Stashevsky, Mumiriri weBiological Sayenzi, Musoro weDhipatimendi rekurima Biotechnology, Anotungamira Muongorori weTatar Scientific Research Agricultural Institute, chikamu chakasiyana cheiyo Federal Research Center Kazan Scientific Center yeRussia Academy yeScience (TatRISH FRC KazSC RAS) .
A bit of history
Nechekare mumazuva eUSSR, mbatatisi zhinji dzairimwa muTatarstan; mumakore iwayo, mafekitori matanhatu estarch aishanda munharaunda yerepublic. Chaizvoizvo, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi inotengeswa yakaitwa munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe, inoratidzirwa nevhu rinorema loamy. Zhizha muRiphabhuliki rinowanzopisa uye kusanaya kwemvura hakuna kujairika, uye ivhu revhu rinochengeta mwando kwenguva refu, uye izvi zvinobvumira varimi vekurima kuti vabudirire kurima zvirimwa zvinoda mwando, kusanganisira mbatatisi.
Mumakore ekuma50, masayendisiti kubva kuKazan Breeding uye Experimental Station akagadzira marudzi maviri embatatisi, uye kwenguva yakareba basa resangano resainzi rakapihwa nyaya dzekurima zvirimwa tekinoroji uye kunyanya kugadzirwa kwembeu, nzvimbo iyi yanga ichikura.
Mumakore ekuma90, nechekare pahwaro hweTatar Research Institute of Agriculture, yakarongwa microclonal propagation laboratory, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira 50-80 zviuru mbatatisi microplants gore negore. Greenhouse mini-tubers yakawanikwa kubva kune microplants mune yakakosha isolator. Rimwe basa rakaitwa maererano nehurongwa hwakazara hwekugadzirwa kwembeu: mini-tubers yakasimwa mumunda uye yakaunzwa kune vepamusoro uye super-elite. Mumakore akabudirira zvikuru, nyanzvi dzeTatNIISH dzakagadzira kusvika ku2 matani embeu mbatatisi. Munguva iyi, masayendisiti akafunga nezvekuti nharaunda inoda marudzi ayo anogona kuratidza migumisiro yakanaka mumamiriro ekunze akaoma eMiddle Volga.
Basa rekuberekesa rakatangazve muna 2002. Vapfuri vakatarisana nebasa rekugadzira marudzi, kutanga, anopesana nezvirwere zvehutachiona (zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune goho rembatatisi). Zvakare, mhando nyowani dzaifanira kusiyaniswa nekushivirira kune tembiricha yakakwira, ndiko kuti, kugona kugadzira chirimwa pasina kukanganisa kunaka panguva yekusanaya kwemvura kwenguva pfupi.
Muna 2015, State Register yaisanganisira mhando dzekutanga dzakagadzirwa paTatNIISH - Courtney naReggie. Muna 2019, mhando yeSamba yakaonekwa. Muna 2020 - Zumba, muna 2021 - Salsa. Mhando nhatu dzekutanga dzinodzivirirwa, dzinoshingirira kuhutachiona hwey. Zumba neSalsa ndeemhando dzakasiyana, dzakanyanya kukodzera kukura mukati memugwagwa, sezvo dzichinyanya kupikisa kunonoka blight.
Ndinocherechedza kuti marudzi ose aya anotanga kuibva uye ari pakati nepakati. Munharaunda yedu, zviri nani kurima marudzi emapoka aya, nekuti kutarisana nekusanaya kwemvura, peel yembatatisi tubers inoumbwa kwenguva yakareba (yakareba kupfuura yaizove nehunyoro hwemazuva ese). Mumhando dzekupedzisira-kuibva (nemwaka wekukura kwemazuva anopfuura 120), peel haina nguva yekugadzira, uye ma tubers anokuvadzwa zvakanyanya panguva yekukohwa.
Motion vectors
Basa rekugadzirwa kwezvakasiyana rave richienderera mberi kwenguva yakareba, uye kazhinji panguva ino misika inoda shanduko. Iye zvino ndinogona kutaura kuti dai iyo Courtney yakasiyana-siyana yakaonekwa makore makumi maviri apfuura, ingadai yakaonekwa zvakasiyana. Mazuva ano, inonyanya kufarirwa nevagari vezhizha, kunyanya avo vasina mukana wekudiridza minda yavo, sezvo inopa zvirimwa mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu. Asi kune varimi vemazuva ano vekurima, avo vanoshandiswa kushanda nemhando dzakanakisisa dzeEurope, kuratidzwa kwetuber kwakakosha zvikuru: ganda rakatsetseka, chimiro chinoyevedza. Nokudaro, munguva pfupi yapfuura takaisa pfungwa dzedu pabasa iri.
Dambudziko rechipiri ratiri kushanda pariri nderekupokana kwemachubhu kukuvadzwa kwemichina. Kusvikira kutanga kwema2000, chiratidzo ichi hachina kuita basa guru, sezvo mbatatisi dzaikohwewa nemaoko kunenge kwese kwese. Asi ipapo kugadzirwa kwakasimba kwemaitiro ese kwakatanga, uye panguva iyoyo zvakava pachena kuti marudzi mazhinji echiRussia aive asina kukodzera kukohwa nemusanganiswa uye pre-kutengesa basa pane conveyor. Munharaunda yeMiddle Volga, nyaya iyi ichiri yakaoma zvikuru, sezvo panguva yekusanaya kwemvura nyika inooma zvikuru, bundu rinoita, uye kurasikirwa panguva yekukohwa kunogona kusvika 60%, hapana hupfumi hunogona kumira.
Imwe vector ndiko kusikwa kwemhando dzine high starch content. Munharaunda yedu, nguva yekukura haina kureba, asi nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya, mbatatisi inokwanisa kuunganidza yakawanda starch. Ndinotarisira kuti kugadzirwa kwe starch munyika yedu kuchakurumidza kusvika kune imwe nhanho, uye marudzi e-high-starchy achave ari kudiwa, kunyange zvazvo tichiri kugamuchira zvikumbiro zvembatatisi dzakadaro nguva nenguva.
Zvingave zvisinganyanyi kunakidza kugadzira mhando dzekugadzirisa kuita machipisi uye fries. Zvigadzirwa zvakakura zvekugadzira zviri kushanda muRussia zvave kushanda nemhando dzekunze, hapana kana maanalogue epamba. Asi izvi zvinoda kugadziriswa kwakakwana kwechirongwa chiripo chekupfuya. Isu tinofunga nezvazvo, tora matanho - senzvimbo yekuchengetera ramangwana. Asi pane imwe caveat: iwe unofanirwa kufunga kuti mamiriro ekunze edunhu reMiddle Volga haana kunaka pakugadzirwa kwemhando dzakadaro. Yakapinza tembiricha inosvetuka, kushushikana kunobatsira mukuwedzera kwemukati mukuderedza shuga mumachubhu. Ndokunge, mbatatisi inogadzirwa munharaunda yerepublic inogona kunge isiri yekutanga yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwekupedzisira zvigadzirwa. Ichi chokwadi chinoomesa basa rekusarudza, asi zvine hungwaru tinogona kuronga kuyedzwa kwemasampuli kumwe kune imwe dunhu.
kusarudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza
Imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzebasa redu nhasi ndeye ecological (adaptive) kuberekesa: isu tinoyedza yedu yekuberekesa samples mumatunhu akasiyana (kusvika parizvino padyo, anowanikwa kune nyanzvi dzedu). Nzvimbo dzekuedza matinji dzakagoverwa kwatiri nemapurazi makuru embatatisi anofarira mhando itsva dzinovimbisa. Isu tinogadzirisa kuti ivhu uye mamiriro ekunze anokanganisa sei kukura kwezvirimwa. Tinotorawo minda yekudiridzira tichiongorora kuti mhando dzemhando dzemhando dzinoita sei paruzivo rwepamusoro pehunyanzvi hwekurima.
Zviripachena kuti nhasi hapana munhu anorima mbatatisi muchikamu cheindasitiri pane yakaderera kumashure - isina mafetiraiza, nezvimwewo, nekuti haina hupfumi hunobatsira. Vagadziri vanotorawo izvi.
Development tarisiro
Kufambira mberi, kuitwa kwezvirongwa zvose zvakarongwa zvinokurumidza kana masayendisiti akanzwa kutsigirwa kwehurumende.
Muna 2020, Bazi reDzidzo neSainzi reRussia rakazivisa makwikwi emapurojekiti ekusarudza nekugadzirwa kwembeu nekusarudza uye nzvimbo dzekuberekesa. Chirongwa cheKazan Scientific Center cheRussia Academy of Sciences chakasarudzwa, uye muna 2021 takatanga kuchiita.
Mari yakawanda yakagoverwa kugadzirira nzvimbo yacho, iyo yatakakwanisa kutenga nayo michina ye laboratory ye biochemical uye molecular genetic analysis; midziyo yekurima nekukohwa mbatatisi.
Nhasi, masayendisiti edu akatarisana nechinangwa chekusimbisa kugona kwesangano idzva resainzi kuitira kuti rigone kubudirira kugadzirisa matambudziko ekugadzira nekuparadzira marudzi matsva.
Parizvino, isu takatarisana nekuberekesa: isu gore rega rega tinoita ecological uye geographical bvunzo ye30-50 mhando nyowani uye mahybrids embatatisi; mana marudzi embatatisi ari pasi pehurumende siyana bvunzo.
Kuti tiwedzere hunyanzvi hwekuunza mhando nyowani uye kusimukira kwesainzi muketani yekugadzira mbatatisi, isu tiri kufunga nezve mukana wekugadzira yakaparadzana yekutengeserana chimiro panzvimbo yekusarudza uye yembeu (kana kambani inoshanda semubatanidzwa nesangano resainzi). iyo yaizotora nzvimbo huru yekuberekesa nekusimudzirwa kwemhando itsva . Kunyange zvazvo nyaya iyi ichiramba iri pamwero wehurukuro, asi pakarepo kana migumisiro yaonekwa, isu tichanyatsotaura nezvavo.
Chikwata chedu chinogara chakavhurika kuitira kubatana kunobatsira.
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