Icho chokwadi chekuti nyika yedu iri pakati pevatungamiriri venyika mukutengeswa kwezviyo ichokwadi chinozivikanwa. Uye izvo zvekuti isu tinopa gumi nemaviri nyika dzekunze nemafuta edu ezuva (sunflower) haiziwo nhau. Isu tinotopa nyama yemombe kumisika yekunze. Asi hechino chokwadi chekuti Russia yakapinda mumusika wepasi rose neayo ... machipisi! - chokwadi chisingatarisirwi.
Zvinokuvadza. Asi ini ndinoda
"Zvisingatarisirwi, asi zvazadziswa," - vanodaro nyanzvi dzesangano rekushambadzira Roif Expert, uyo akadzidza musika wezvipisi zvemazamu Chokwadi, vanoti, machipisi edu haasati asvika kure kure kwazvo kunze kwenyika, asi Kazakhstan, Belarus, Azerbaijan nedzimwe nyika dzaimbova USSR dzakapindwa muropa nazvo. Neraki, vashambadzi vanosimbisa, mumakore matatu apfuura, kukura mukugadzirwa kwezviputi munyika kwakapfuura nekuwedzera simba rekushandisa kwemumba. Uye uyu mutsauko wakaita kuti zvive nyore kuwedzera kutengeswa kunze neinenge 10% gore rega.
Gore rakapera, zvaisvika kungangoita 20% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa munyika. Mukukosha mazwi, aya mamirioni makumi manomwe nemashanu emadhora ekuAmerica. Kutaura chokwadi: machipisi ekunze anotumirwawo kuRussia. Asi kana, semuenzaniso, muna 75 mavhoriyamu ekupinza uye kutamisa kunze kwenyika anga akaenzana, saka muna2015 zvigadzirwa kubva kunze kwenyika zvakazove zvakapetwa katatu pane zvakatengeswa kubva kuRussia.
Pane izvi, iyo ledger ine mhedzisiro yeiyo yepasirese kudzidza inogona kuiswa padivi. Uye teerera kune zvakasarudzika zvemamiriro azvino mamiriro, akacherechedzwa nevashambadzi vevatengesi batanidzo - avo vanoteedzera kufamba kwevatengi zvakananga muzvitoro. Saka, zvinoitika kuti kutengwa kwezvikafu zvishoma mumavhiki maviri ekumanikidzwa "zororo" mumaguta zvakapetwa kaviri. Uye machipisi anongova chikamu cheiyo snack chigadzirwa boka.
Zvikafu zvishoma zvigadzirwa zvekukurumidza uye nyore kugutsa nzara. Ivo vanobatsirawo kupfuudza nguva. Kusanganisira avo vava kuzvisarudzira vega. Iyi ndiyo tsananguro yekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwevatengi.
Musika wese wakakura wekudyira wakakamurwa kuita maviri, zvakare akakura, mapoka - ezvikafu zvinonaka uye zvinotapira. Yekutanga inotungamirwa nemachipisi edu (ivowo vane yavo hombe mugove mumusika wese wekudyira - ingangoita 30%). Shure kwavo kune mhodzi, nzungu; munyu matsotsi, mashanga, makuki; hove, hove; kusvuta masoseji, nezvimwe.
Zvinoenderana nekambani yekutsvaga "Market Analytica", machipu anozivikanwa pakati pevaRussia machizi-akachekwa machizi. Ivo vanosarudzwa ne36% yevatengi. Zvino mukudzika odhiza: machipisi ane anovava kirimu uye mahebhu (14%), echisipisi machipisi ane munyu (12%), nehanyanisi (10%), nebhekoni (8%), nekirimu yakasviba uye howa (4%). 3% yevatengi "havana basa, ini ndinoda ese marudzi".
Varume kubva pamakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi mashanu vanopa zvimwe zvinoda kwete kwete machipisi chete, asiwo zvese zvinwiwa zvine munyu. Vatengi vanonyanya kushandira ndevechidiki kubva pamakore gumi nematanhatu kusvika makumi maviri nematatu uye vanhu vepakati nepakati.
Kunyangwe vazhinji vatengi - 80% - vachifunga machipisi uye zvimwe zvinwiwa zvine munyu zvisina hutano, vanozvitenga zvakadaro. 37% inokanda chikafu chinonaka kamwechete pasvondo, 30% - kamwe chete pavhiki mbiri kana nhatu. Asi 10% vanodya zvigadzirwa izvi zuva nezuva.
Kutsiva kweMweya Wakaipa
Nhoroondo yenyika yekubika inoziva zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvakazvarwa nekuda kwemukana wakachena. Saka zvaive nemachipisi.
... Magnetium emhepo, muridzi wengarava mukuru muNyika Itsva, Cornelius Vanderbilt, aive nehunhu husingaite. Pane imwe nguva iye akagara pane yakanakisa hotera iri yekutandarira guta reSaratoga Springs uye akakokwa patafura panguva yekudya kwemasikati.
Nhoroondo yakanyarara nezve izvo chaizvo zvakapihwa masikati. Asi mumapendi anotsanangura kunyangadza kwakakonzerwa nembatatisi mumirionea. Iye, iwe unoona, akachekwa zvakanyanya. Ndiro rakadzoserwa kukitchen, kwakaunzwa imwe nyowani. Mhinduro yacho yakafanana: fi, hombe! .. Uye kechitatu - chinhu chimwe chete ...
Nhamo mubiki George Crum akatambudzwa kukuya mbatatisi. Uye, achigadzirira ndiro kechina, mukusvotwa, akachekera materu mumatete akanakisa. Akabva avatsvaira mumafuta kusvikira apora. Gare gare, anobvuma kuti kwaive kudenha - kunyangwe paine gussion.
Kutsamwisa kwakakundikana. Vanderbilt akafara nechikafu chitsva ichi. Uye ini ndakaraira zvidimbu zvembatatisi (muChirungu - machipisi) nguva yese yandaigara muhotera. Dhishi idzva rakatumidzwa zita rekuti "Chips Saratoga" uye rikava zita rechiratidzo.
Zvino muna 1853. Uye munguva pfupi Krum akavhura yake yekudyira. Zvakare, machipisi haana kutengeswa mairi kuti atore, zvaingova zvekugaya matapiri akagochwa patafura. Iyo dhishi yakave yakakurumbira pakati peAmerican beau monde uye yakapinda mumenyu yezvivakwa zvemafashoni muUnited States.
Makore makumi matatu chete gare gare mbatatisi dzakasviba dzakabuda mumugwagwa. Makumi matatu emakore gare gare, muma20s ezana ramakore rapfuura, akayambuka muganho weUnited States ndokuenda "munyika."
MuSoviet Union, machipisi akaonekwa muna 1963. Iyo yekugadzira yakavambwa muMoscow pane bhizinesi Mospishchekombinat Nha. 1. Chigadzirwa chakadaidzwa "Crisp mbatatisi (muzvidimbu). Moscow ". Yakagadzirwa yakarongedzwa mumabhegi e50 gramu uye inodhura gumi kopecks. Mumatunhu, kunyangwe mumaguta makuru ematunhu, hapana zverudzi irworwo rwakagadzirwa. Naizvozvo, bhegi remakungu mbatatisi chaive chipo chakanaka cheMoscow. Kunyange ine mafuta akawanda.
Yakanga isiri netsaona kuti ini ndayeuka nezve mafuta. Iye zvino rimwe remabhizinesi rinogadzira Moskovskaya kartoshka, inonamatira kune yekare Soviet kosi, asi ichiita kumwe kugadziridza kune tekinoroji maitiro. Izvi zvakabvisa oiri yakawandisa kubva pachigadzirwa chekupedzisira.
Uye wekutanga kuzivana neRussia nevekunze-akagadzirwa machipisi akaitika pakati pema1990. Tinofanira kubvuma: iyo nyika yese, kubva kudiki kusvika kune hombe, yakasungirirwa pavari. Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti paitova nemhedzisiro mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvesainzi izvo zvakaona chigadzirwa ichi sechikafu chisina kudya (chikafu chisina kudya - "marara chikafu").
Yakakosha chinangwa matapiri
Iyo yetsika nzira yekugadzira machipisi, senge anopfuura makore zana nehafu yapfuura, ndeyokufasha mbishi mbishi. Nekudaro, izvozvi zvinowanzo tsiviwa nezvinhu zvakabikwa. Chero zvazvingaitika, mhando yezvinhu zvakasarudzika yakakosha, nekuti zvakajairika tafura yetapiri haina kukodzera machipisi.
Vaberekesi vakagadzira mhando dzemhando dzakakosha dzembatatisi. Matubhu ake anofanirwa kuve akaomarara, aine yakati sandara uye yakatenderera pamusoro. Rondedzero yezvisungo zvinodikanwa kunyangwe yakadudzira izvo izvo maziso ayo anofanira kunge ari - asina kudzika, kuti agadzirise nzira yekuchenesa. Iyo kemikari inogadzirwa inofanirwa zvakare kuve yakasarudzika: yakaderera shuga uye yakakwira solids zvemukati.
Kwemakore gumi nemashanu apfuura, mhando nyowani uye mahybrids akaonekwa, kwete kwete vekunze chete, asiwo kusarudzwa kwemhuri. Uye mazuva ano nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzakapihwa kurima machipisi eRussia. Yakakura kwazvo zvekuti kazhinji kugoverwa kwezvirimwa zvitsva zvinopfuura kudiwa kwayo kubva kumabhizimusi ekugadzirisa. Ipapo machipisi embatatisi anoenda kune yekutengesa pamwe necanteen.
Nematanho evanogadzira mazhinji, mafuta ekutsvaira haafanire kuendesa hwema kune chakapedzwa chigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, mafuta emichindwe kana soya anonyanya kushandiswa. Yepimiyamu machipisi - maorivhi. Mushure mekutsvaira, machipisi akaomeswa, akaiswa munyu, akasaswa uye akarongedzwa.
Imwe nzira yekugadzira kuumba. Kubva pamukaka wembatatisi wakarungwa neupfu hwezviyo, starch, munyu, mahwendefa matete anogadzirwa - akapfava kana akaora, iwo akaomeswa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuravira kwembatatisi dzakakangwa zvakarasika, saka, zvinwiwa zvinowanzounzwa mumachipisi akadaro. Uye kuitira kuti "kunhuhwirira" kusanyangarika chero kupi, monosodium glutamate inowedzerwa - inonyanya kuzivikanwa uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kunhuhwirira kwekusimudzira pasirese.
Imwe nzira yekugadzira ndeye kuzvitutumadza machipisi. Izvo zvinogadzirwawo "pane starch". Asi kuravira kwayo hakuna kumbonzwa. Uye mashoma ekuwedzera anodiwa kuravira machipisi aya. MuEurope, ivo vava kuda iyi chaiyo mhando. MuRussia, zvakadaro, machipisi akadaro achiri kumucheto kwekutarisirwa kwevatengi. Kudhiza machipisi kana vangova kurapwa kwemazuva ese hazvisi nyore. Kuvimba navo kwakafanana nenjodzi - izvi zvakaratidzwa nemasayendisiti eGerman. Asi hapana munhu ati ambotaura nezve "kudzima huropi" sei kubva pakusadzora kushandiswa kwechikafu chisina kudya.