Maererano neFAO (2011) fungidziro, kudyiwa kwepasirose kwematapiri uye zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi pamunhu zvinosvika 35 kg pagore, nepo avhareji yenharaunda yese yeEurope iri 85 kg pamunhu. uye muRussia - 90 kg pamunhu.
Boris Anisimov, Advisor weDziviriro yeSainzi uye Dzidzo Zvirongwa - Musoro weIdzidzo Center yeFGBNU VNIIKH
MuRussian Federation, avhareji pagore vhoriyamu yembatatisi inoshandiswa kuita chikafu zvinofungidzirwa pamamirioni gumi nemakumi matatu nematanhatu ematani. Zvekugadziriswa kwakadzika kwezvigadzirwa zvembatatisi (mafrimu echiFrench, machipisi, mbatatisi yakaoma), anenge matani miriyoni imwe anoshandiswa. Iko kudiwa kwembeu mbatatisi yezvikamu zvemasangano ezvekurima (AHOs), varimi (mapurazi) mapurazi (PFHs) uye vamwe vanhu vezvemabhizimusi (IE) nenzvimbo yekudyara yakazara yeanopfuura 13 zviuru mahekita inofungidzirwa ingangoita miriyoni imwe yematani. Izvo zvakanyanyisa kuoma kufungidzira iwo chaiwo mavhoriyamu ekushandisa mbatatisi yembeu uye chikafu chezvipfuyo muchikamu chemhuri dzevagari, kunyangwe huwandu hunofungidzirwa pano hunogona kunge huri mamirioni mashanu kusvika matanhatu ematani. Kurasikirwa panguva yekuchengetedza mumapurazi ezvikamu zvese kunogona kufungidzirwa pamamirioni 14 mamirioni, zvekutengesa kunze - 1-300 zviuru zvematani.
Nekudaro, muRussia, iyo nhanho yekugovera nematata anogadzirwa epamba anofanirwa kuve anosvika mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri ematani. Kuderera kweiyi nhanho kunogona kusanganisira kushomeka muhuwandu hwakazara hwembatatisi dzinotengeswa, uye nekudaro, kuwedzera mugove wezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Chikamu chakafungidzirwa chekupinza muhuwandu hwakazara hwembatatisi dzakadyiwa inofungidzirwa pamazana mazana matatu kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu ematani. Idzi ndidzo dzinonyanya kutanga, mbatatisi "diki", idzo dziri kudiwa zvakanyanya uye dzinowedzera kutengesa mumaketani ezvitoro mumwaka wekusiya-mwaka, apo masherufu hupenyu hwegore rapfuura masheya ezvirimwa ave kuda kupera (muna Chivabvu) kana mwedzi miviri.
Mutengi wemazuva ano anonyanya kufarira kutenga mbatatisi ine yakanaka mhando tubers, inoratidzika chitarisiko uye, sekutonga, yakajeka ganda rakatetepa. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro uye saizi yematubhu, kudzika kwemeso, ruvara rwe peel uye pulp, kusavapo kwekuremara kwekunze uye kwemukati kunokonzerwa nekombamiro yemamwe marudzi kune yechipiri kukura (kuwanda), kuumbwa kwekutsemuka kwekukura, kusagadzikana, shanduko muvara repurp (discoloration) uye zvimwe zvakakosha. zvemukati zvinokanganisa zvinogona kumuka mune tubers nekuda kwemhando dzese dzechisikirwo uye mamiriro ekunze panguva yekukura kwekukura kana kukuvara kwemishini, kunyanya panguva yekukohwa, kutakura uye kurongedza.
Chimiro chetubers chematafura emhando chinogona kusiyana kubva kutenderera kusvika pakureba, saizi yakaenzana yehukuru hukuru hwakatenderera ndeye 40-60 mm, kudzika kwemeso kuri kubva kudiki kusvika pakati, ruvara rwe peel rwuri kubva chena kuenda kutsvuku, ruvara rwepurpiti chena - kirimu - yero. Iko kuomarara kwezviratidzo izvi zvakanyanya kunoisa hunhu hwevatengi hwetafura mbatatisi uye mikana yekushandisa kwavo kwekugadzirira madhishi akasiyana siyana uye kazhinji inosarudza kufarirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana uye kudiwa kwavo mumusika wepamusha wematata mbatatisi, kunyanya kana ivo vachiendeswa kutengeswa kumaketani ezvekutengesa ezvazvino.
Nyika yekubatira mbatatisi ndeye South America, uko "tsika" iyi yakazivikanwa 12 BC. e. pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwePeru. Sezviri pachena, mbatatisi yakasimwa yakaunzwa kubva kuAmerica kuenda kuEurope (Spain) muna 500. Peter the Great akaendesa mbatatisi yekutanga kubva kuRussia kuenda kuNetherlands mukati merwendo rwake kuenda kuEurope. Kuedza kwekutanga kugovera mbatatisi muRussia kazhinji kwaive kusina kubudirira nekuda kwekuti machubhu akaiswa nechando panguva yekutakura. Nechikonzero ichi, muna 1565, komisheni yakatumirwa kuSiberia mbeu yakaunganidzwa mubindu remishonga reSt. MuIlimsk, hofisi ye voivode yakachinjisa 1769 g yembeu kuna A. Berezovsky, akakwanisa kukura mbesa nekuwana tubers. Sekureva kwaV.S.Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, ndisingazvizive, vakaita sarudzo yekutanga yekubika mbatatisi muSiberia, uye pamwe muRussia.
CHIRONGWA CHETE
Nhasi, mazano pamusoro pekukosha kwehutano hwematatisi sechinhu chakakosha muzvigadzirwa zvevanhu zvinochinja zvinonzwisisika, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwesarudzo munzira yekuwedzera hutano hwembatatisi, pamwe nezvidzidzo zvakadzama mundima yekuumbwa kwayo.
Kwemakore apfuura 50-100 makore, ruzivo rwedu rwekuumbwa kwemakemikari echikafu uye nehunhu hwepanyama hwezvinhu zvaro (uye zvivakwa) zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Zvese izvi zvakakosha kutarisisa muhurongwa hwepfungwa yemazuva ano yekudya kwevanhu, kwete chete kugutsa kunzwa kwenzara, asiwo kubva pakuona kwekudya kunovaka muviri. Iyi nzira inomanikidza kuongorora zvakare zvese zvinoumbwa mumatato tubers.
Iko hutano hwekukosha mbatatisi hwakanyanya kutsanangurwa nekunaka kwakaringana huwandu hwezvakanyanya zvakakosha michero mu tubers (starch, protein, mafuta, mavitamini, zvicherwa, antioxidants yeanthocyanin uye carotenoid chimiro nezvimwe zvinhu).
Panguva imwecheteyo, mune yepasirese zvinyorwa zvemashoko pane zviri mukati mezvakakosha zvinovaka muviri mumatatata tubers zvinosiyana zvakanyanya. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti chimiro chemakemikari ematubhu anoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda: zvakasiyana, ivhu uye mamiriro ekunze, mafetiraiza, teknolojia yekukura, degree rekuibva, hutongi hwekuchengetedza, nezvimwewo nguva yekuongorora (matsutso kana matsutso) zvakare inokanganisa mhedzisiro.
Nyanzvi dzepasi rese mukati mehurongwa hweSangano reUbatanidzwa hwehupfumi uye Budiriro (OECD) dzakabvumirana paavhareji zviratidzo zvezvinhu zvemukati zvekushomeka uye kushomeka kwavo kunogona kuitika nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana (tafura 1 papeji 22).
Kukosha kwembatatisi muhutano hwevanhu zvakare kunokonzerwa nezviri mukati memidziyo yakaita sevhitamini, zvicherwa, organic acids (Tafura 2).
Kuve nehuwandu hwakakwana hwepamusoro hwemukati we ascorbic acid uye kunyanya zvinhu zvakakosha - antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), mbatatisi inogona kutora basa rakakosha mukudzivirira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere, uye mune izvi, chimwe chezvakakosha zvekudya mune hutano hwevanhu chikafu.
Muchiedza cheruzivo rwechizvino uye mazano, kukosha kwezvikamu zvemunhu hwekuumbwa kwemapapu kubva pakuonekwa kwekudya kwakanaka kwevanhu kunoongororwa zvakasiyana.
Zvakaratidza kuve zvakakosha kwazvo kuti iyo mbatatari tuber ine mvura yakawanda (75% kana kupfuura) uye simba rekusimbisa iro pachayo (kureva kuti kuwanda kwemuviri pa100 kcal) kwakadzikira. Mune mbatatisi, uku kusangana kunowirirana neinongedzo yesimba inodiwa nemuviri wemunhu mukuita kwekugaya uye kugadzirwa kwechikafu. Sekureva kwayo, mbatatisi yakawanda inosangana nezvinodiwa nevakuru mukuenzanisa nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvekudya zvemiti nemhuka zvakatangira.
Tsvaga. Ichi ndicho chikamu chikuru chembatatisi uye chikafu chayo chikuru uye hupfumi (hupfumi) chiremera. Mune nyowani tuber, paavhareji, chiyero che starch chingangoita 17,5% (kuchinja-chinja renji 8,0-29%) kana 75-80% mune yakaoma nyaya.
Raw starch haina kunyudzwa nevanhu. Zvisinei, mushure mekurapa kwekupisa (semuenzaniso, kubika), kugaya kwayo kunowedzera zvakanyanya - kusvika kuma 90%. Inofanira kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti mune yemudumbu turakiti, starch iri zvishoma nezvishoma (nhanho) inonongedzwa nemaamylolytic enzyme kune glucose, uye chete iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisirwa mukutenderera kwemetabolism yemuviri wemunhu.
Mbatatari starch muvanhu gastrointestinal turakiti haina kunyatso kugayiwa kune yakapusa shuga; chikamu chayo chiri undigested fomu inopinda muura hukuru. Iyi ndiyo inonzi "starch yakachengetedzwa". Zvinoenderana nedata nyowani rekurapa, starch iyi yakakosha kwazvo substrate yemunhu colon microbiota.
Mhedzisiro yemuviri ye "yakachengetedzwa starch" ndeyekuti kujekesa kwayo nemukati me microflora inosimudzira kuumbwa kweanogic acid, iyo, pamwe chete, pamwe nezvinonzi ballast zvinhu, zvinodzivirira kukura kwemaseru emukati mucolon. Iyo yekupedzisira yakakosha zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kwegomarara reichi mudumbu.
MAPUROTINI (RAW PROTEIN).
Izvo mapuroteni asina kugadzirwa mumatezi akaderera uye angangoita 2% (0,69-4,63%). Nekudaro, hazvisi zvehuwandu chete, asi zvakare nezve mhando yemapuroteni embatatisi. Chiyero cheakakosha uye asingakoshe amino acids mairi chakakosha (chakada kufanana neprotein yemhuka kwakatangira); saka, mapuroteni embatatisi anoonekwa seakakosha, achiuya mukuumbwa kwezvikamu zvinopfuura makumi masere kubva muzana kusvika kune protein yezai rehuku. Kugaya kwemapurotini embatatisi mudumbu remunhu mudumbu iri pamusoro pe80%. Pakati pemapurotini emiriwo kubva kuzvirimwa zvakarimwa, mapuroteni embatatisi ane kukosha kwakanyanya kwehupenyu; maererano nehutano hwayo hwechipiri ndiyo yechipiri chete kumapuroteni emhuka (nyama, mukaka, mazai ehuku). Izvo zvava kuzivikanwa kuti mapuroteni embatatisi akapfuma muLysine uye nesarufa-ine zvakakosha amino acids.
Maererano nevanoongorora nezvehutano kubva kuUK, mune hutano hwevanhu vemazuva anoYekukosha kwakakosha chiyero chakaringana chemhando dzemumwe neumwe zvigadzirwa. Zvakare, mukudya zvine hutano, huwandu hwakanyanya hwunotariswa kana huwandu hwemapoto, chingwa nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvichinge zvasvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana miriwo nemichero - 33%, mukaka uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka - 33%, nyama, hove uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa - 15 %, zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta uye shuga - 12%.
Potato mbatatisi ine masere emakumi maviri anokosha maamino asidhi. Chikamu chakakosha chezuva nezuva chinodiwa chevhitamini C chinosangana nembatatisi. Paunenge uchidya 8 g mbatatisi yakabikwa mune peel uye yakadzikwa isati yashandiswa, muviri wemunhu unogashira anenge 20 g emakabohidrate, 100 g yemapuroteni, 20 g yemafuta uye 2 g ye fiber, kunyange zviverengero izvi zvinogona zvakare kusiyana zvichienderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana.
Pakati pezana ramakore reXVIII. mbatatisi dzakange dzakatekeshera muEurope, uye panguva yekutonga kwaCatherine II, yakatanga kukura muRussia munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika.
Vanhu vekuEuropean zvishoma nezvishoma vakadzidza kuwana yakakura mbatatisi zvirimwa. Izvi zvaikosha zvakanyanya kune varimi vepasi pevhu uye vanhu vetaundi, vaigona kugara, kunyanya mumakore ekutadza kwezvirimwa, vazvipe ivo nemhuri dzavo nechikafu. Saka, mbatatisi yakava mhando yevimbiso yekuchengetedza chikafu. Munyori mukuru weRussia L.N. Tolstoy akataura nezvenyaya iyi mumabhuku ake enhau paakadzidza zvakakonzera nzara muRussia mukupera kwezana ramakore reXNUMX. Aitenda kuti mbatatisi dzaive muzvikafu zvevarimi veRussia kusvika padanho rakatsiva chingwa uye ndokuvabatsira kurarama mumakore enzara.
Iyi tsika zvakare yakaponesa mamirioni ehupenyu kwete chete mukati memakore ekutadza kwezvirimwa, asi zvakare munguva dzehondo muEurope kwemazana matatu emakore apfuura.
Izvo zvakagadziriswa zvine simba kare kare kuti kuputika kwehuwandu muEurope mune XVIII-XIX mazana emakore. yaibatanidzwa nenyaya yekuti mumakore iwayo kudya kweveEuropean kwaisvika mazana mana emakirogiramu embatatisi (pamunhu mukuru pagore), nemukaka wakakwana uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvigadzirwa izvi kwakapa hutano kukosha kwehuwandu hwevanhu.
FATS. Zviri mukati memafuta mbatatisi hazvina kukosha, izvo pachazvo zvakakosha muchirongwa chekudya mukugadzirwa kwemidziyo yakasiyana uye kugadzirira kwezvekudya. Nekudaro, kuumbwa kwemafuta acids kwakakosha kwazvo - kunyanya nekuda kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai zvakapetwa kaviri kusagadziriswa linoleic (inenge makumi mashanu muzana muzana yemafuta mbatatisi) uye katatu zvisingaitwe linolenic (anenge 50%) asidhi.
BALLAST ZVINHU.
Kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvinonzi michero yemiti yakadzikisirwa nenyanzvi dzezvehutano. Ballast zvinhu zvinonzwisiswa, kutanga kwezvose, sezvinhu zvisinga gundike zvemiti yemasero maseru senge makabhohaidhiretsi (cellulose, pectins, hemicellulose, lignin), iyo inoita yakakosha, chikamu chakasiyana zvakasiyana mashandiro ekugaya, ichikanganisa metabolism. Ivo vanoita basa rakakura mukudya zvine hutano. Izvo zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti zvinhu izvi chinhu chemuviri substrate yeiyo microbiota yemukati mehomba yemunhu. Ichi chaicho "chechipiri dumbu"; organic acids akaumbwa semhedzisiro ye microbiological maitiro anokanganisa vanhu metabolism.
Shinda dzesimbi dzisina kumisikidzwa dzinoshanda senge inoshambadza mvura, magasi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisina basa, zvichibatsira kubvisa mumuviri. Kunyangwe chikamu chezvinhu izvi mumachubhu chisina kukwirira (2,5%), chikamu che 200 g yematatata inogutsa chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zvezvinhu izvi zvinoda munhu.
VERUME.
Mbatatari tubers ine huwandu hwakawanda hwe macro- uye ma microelements, ayo anoita basa rakakosha mumetabolism. Nekushandisa kwezuva nezuva kwe200 g yemapatata, munhu anodikanwa wezuva nezuva anogutswa: mu potassium - ne30%, magnesium - 15-20%, phosphorus - 17%, mhangura - 15%, iron - 14%, manganese - 13%, ayodhini - 6% uye mu fluorine - ne3%.
VITAMINS... Mbatatisi ine huwandu hwakazara hwevhitamini hunobatsira vanhu, kunyanya inosungunuka nemvura, asi huwandu hwayo mumatubhu inoenderana nekuchinja kukuru. Zvinonyanya kukosha ihwo huwandu hwehuwandu hwevhitamini C (10-20 mg / 100 g huremu hunyoro), iyo iri pamusoro zvishoma pane maapuro (10 mg / 100 g huremu hunyoro). Munguva yekubika, 10-20% yevhitamini iyi inorasika.
Muna 1902, iyo nyanzvi yekurapa kwemauto eGerman uye hygienist M.Rubner yakaratidza kuti mapuroteni ehupamhi ndeemhando yepamusoro, kusanganisira zvirimo zvakakosha amino acids. Pashure pazvo, izvi zvakawanikwa zvakaramba zvichisimbiswa. Huchapupu hwakanakisa mukufarira kwavo hwakapihwa muna 1965 nenyanzvi dzepanyama dzeGerman VaE Kofrani naF. Dzhekat, avo vakaona kuti mbatatisi nemazai ehuku akaenzana mumhando yeprotein, uye kuyedza kwavo kwakaratidza kuti huwandu hwakawanda hwehutachiona hweprotein mukudya musanganiswa we mbatatisi nezai rezai (chiyero 65:35, i.e. musanganiswa we500 g we mbatatisi nezai imwe). Muongorori wechirungu A. Jones akacherekedza kuti mapuroteni ari mumidziyo yemapoto anosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzirira: mune dzakajairwa mbatatisi - 1,5%, mune yakaomeswa - 2,8%, mune yakarongedzwa - 3,8%, uye mune zvakakangwa mbatatisi flakes - kusvika ku6%.
Nekunwa kwemazuva ese mazana matatu g mbatatisi, chinodiwa chemazuva ese chinogona kugutsikana: Vitamini C ne 300%, B70 ne6%, B36 ne1%, pantothenic acid ne 20%, uye B16 ne2%.
ANTHOCIans Uye CarOTINOIDS.
Mukuvhenekerwa kwepfungwa nyowani nezve basa rechikafu chekudya pakukonzeresa hupenyu hwevanhu, mbatatisi dzinoonekwa seimwe yezvakakosha zvirimwa zvine mukana wakakura wekuti zvirimo zveanopidididant, kunyanya anthocyanins uye carotenoids, inosimbisa immune system yemunhu.
Mune mbatatisi, aya flavonoid ane chekuita nebhuruu, pepuru, tsvuku, orenji uye inopenya yero yeganda uye nyama yeiyo tubers. Idzi ndidzo pigments idzo dzakakosha kwazvo sosi dzeanopa antioxidants nekuda kwekugona kwavo kuburitsa mahara radical oxygen mumuviri wemunhu. Izvo zvava kunyatso kuzivikanwa kuti chikafu chakapfuma muma antioxidants chinobatsira kudzikisa njodzi ye atherosclerosis, mamwe marudzi ekenza, shanduko-inoenderana nezera mune ganda pigmentation, cataract, nezvimwe.
Kuenzanisa kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuti mhando dzakapenya yero, orenji, tsvuku, uye yepepuru pulp zvakanyanya yakasimukira mhando dzakapetwa chena dhiza re tubers mune zviri mukati meanthocyanins uye carotenoids (Tafura 3).
Iyo huwandu hwekushanduka kwezvinhu zviri mukati meanthocyanins mune mbatatari dzakagayiwa iri muhupamhi hwe9,5- 37,8 mg pa100 g yehuremu huremu hwebhubhu. Tarisiro dzezvekuvandudza hunhu munzira iyi bvumidza kuisa mbatatisi ine ruvara dhiza pane imwe yakakosha nezvirimwa zvemakwenzi se broccoli, tsvuku bhero pepper uye sipinachi, inozivikanwa nekuda kwavo antioxidant zvinhu. Mbatatisi ine yero yenyama yakave yakakurumbira munyika dzakawanda dzepasi nekuda kwechinhu chakanyanya chemukati che carotenoids.
Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvinosimbisa mukana wekuwedzera kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kwezvibodzwa izvi zvakavakirwa pakusikwa kwemhando dzakapenya, yero uye tsvuku tsvuku, nekuda kwechinhu chakakwira che carotenoids (500-800 mg pa100 g yehuremu hutsva). Kunyangwe kubudirira kwakanyanya kusarudzika munzira ino kunogona kuve kwakakosha mukudya kwevanhu zvekudya uye kupa simba idzva kukurudziro yekugadzira mbatatisi sechirimwa chakakosha pasi rose.
Muchidimbu, tinogona kutarisira izvozvo mhando dzakasvibirira yero, orenji, tsvuku uye yepepuru dhiza zvinowedzera kuve zvakakurumbira, uye mupiro wavo kuhutano hwevanhu hwekudya unowedzera.
Nekudaro, kuongorora basa rembatatisi mune chikafu chevanhu vemazuvano, zvinogona kutaurwa pasina kuwedzeredza kuti mbatatari tubers hazvisi zvekudya chete, asiwo mushonga. Dzakatsetseka uye dzakapinza, dzinenge dzisina ma allergener, dzinogona kushandiswa mune yakakosha mapuroteni chikafu, muzvikafu uko kunofanirwa kudzikisa acidity, nezvimwe.
Nekudaro, hatifanire kukanganwa kuti mbatatisi ndidzo dzeve nightshade mhuri, iyo inoratidzwa nezvakanyorwa nezvimwe alkaloids zvinokanganisa hutano hwevanhu. Mbatatisi zvakare ine nitrate, anorema simbi uye acrylamide. Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kutariswa kana uchishandisa mbatatisi tubers chikafu.
Mishonga yekurapa mbatatisi yakagara ichizivikanwa. Zvikurukuru mushure kupararira kwembatatisi muEurope kwanyangarika denda re scurvy. Raw mbatatisi muto unoshandiswa kurapa gastric ulcer uye duodenal ulcer. Mbatatisi ndechimwe chezvikafu zvekudya zvevarwere vane itsvo uye chirwere chemoyo. Mumaruva uye machubhu emazipatata, mumiriri wekusimbisa-capillary akawanikwa.
Iyo glycoalkaloid nyanya inowanikwa mune mbatatisi ine mushonga wekudzivirira kubva kune imwe pathogenic fungus nemabhakitiriya, pamwe antihistamine chiitiko, chakakosha pakurapa kwema allergies.
Mune mushonga wevanhu, mbatatisi dzakabikwa dzinoiswa munzvimbo dzakakanganisika nekuipisa, eczema uye zvimwe zvirwere zveganda. Nekufemera mweya mbatatisi, katurakiti kemukati yekufema inorapwa.
NITRATES. Sezvaunoziva, mbatatisi tubers zvine mashoma mashoma nitrate. Mumakore achangopfuura, sainzi yakaunganidza dheti yakakwana kuti isimbise kuti kunwa zvine mwero nitrate nechikafu kunotobatsira kunyange kuhutano hwevanhu. Mumuviri wemunhu, nitrate inoputsa kune nitrites, uye iyo yekupedzisira disinate muromo wemuromo uye gastrointestinal turakiti.
Nekudaro, izvi zvinoitika neyakaenzana nitrate yezvinyorwa. Mukuita, huwandu hwakawandisa hwenitrate mumatati hunowanzo nyorwa. Zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinoverengeka: zvakasiyana, mamiriro ekunze uye ivhu mamiriro ekurima, madosi epamusoro efetiraiza, mamiriro ekuchengetedza, nezvimwewo. Zvinyorwa zve nitrate mumatatata zvinoderedzwa panguva yekubika, peeling, uye kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri (kukanga, kuomesa, machipisi).
SOLANIN... Munhengo dzese dzemuti wembatatisi, incl. machubhu ane iyo ine chepfu steroid glycoalkaloid solanine, ine-solanine uye-hacoin. Asi iko kusungwa kweiyi alkaloid yakaderera: 2-60 mg / kg yematotamu mashoma. Solanine wevasungwa padanho re300-500 mg pa1 kg inoonekwa sengozi kune hutano hwevanhu. Sezvo solanine yakakosha kune icho chirimwa pachacho sekudzivirirwa kubva kune chaiwo vavengi, inoiswa zvakanyanya mune peel. Chikamu chevasungwa chakasiyana mumhando dzakasiyana. Munguva yekuchengetedza uye kukuvara kune tubers, iyo yekumanikidza kwesolanine inowedzera zvishoma. Asi mumwe anofanira kuchenjerera matubers ayo asanduka girini uye akamera murima. Iko kusungwa kwesolanine mavari kunova nenjodzi kuhutano hwevanhu. Inofanira kutarisirwa mupfungwa kuti solanine haina kuparadzwa panguva yekubika.
ENZYME (ENZYME) INHIBITors - Kunge solanine, ivo vanoshanda senge yekudzivirira mbatata tubers. Kune vanhu, ivo havana njodzi, nekuti vanongopedzwa zviri nyore nekuratidzwa kwekushisa.
Kunze MARI. Iyo ngozi yehutano inonyanya kuve cadmium uye kutungamira. Nekudaro, izvo zvirimo mumapatata zvakaderera kwazvo kupfuura zvikumbaridzo zvemadhiragi anotenderwa. Kana uchenesa, iyo inotungamira yemukati mbatatisi inoderera ne80-90%, cadmium - ne20%. Kana uchibika, iyo cadmium level inoderera neimwe 25-30%; izvo zvinotungamira hazvichinje panguva yekubheka.
ACRYLAMIDE mune zvigadzirwa mbatatisi yakaumbwa kubva mahara amino asidhi uye kubva nyore shuga (glucose, fructose) panguva yekurapa kupisa (pamusoro + 1200С) ine mvura yakadzika yakawanda. Nekuwedzera tembiricha panguva yekugadziriswa kwema potato tubers, huwandu hwe acrylamide hunowedzera.
Ma processor anozviziva izvi, uye nekudaro ita yakawedzera blanching uye nekushandisa dzimwe nzira dzetekinoroji kudzikisa iyo acrylamide yezviri mune yekupedzisira mbatatari chigadzirwa (machipisi, mafrimu eFrance).
Pakati pezvakakosha zvekudyara hunhu iyo inocherekedza rudzi rwembanje rwembatatisi mhando, dhigirii yekuchera, dhiri density, mealy uye ine mvura tuber yakakosha zvakanyanya. Zvinoenderana nema parameter aya, mbatatisi dzakasiyana siyana dzakakamurwa kuva 4 mhando dzemhando: kubva ku salad arigestible (yemhando yeaion A) kune mamwe marudzi akadzika uye akagaya mhando (B, C, D) yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mukugadziriswa kwemamwe mbatata ndiro.
Type A - saladi mbatata, usabika, tubers inoramba yakasimba panguva yekubika, iyo pulp ine dense, kwete hupfu, kwete yemvura.
Type B - yakachekwa zvishoma, iyo pulp ine mwero dense, zvishoma mealy, zvishoma mvura. Iyo machubhu yakazara zvakakwana kuravira zvakanaka. Inokodzera kushandiswa mukudya kwemumba kugadzirira soups uye micheka yepadivi (yakabikwa mumvura kana yakabiwa, yakabikwa kana yakabikwa mupeturu, mbatatisi dzakabikwa kana fizi dzakagadzirirwa imba, nezvimwewo).
Type C -inobika mushe, nyama ine mwero zvinyoro nyoro, nyoro (nyoro), pane kuoma, iyo tuber cracks, asi haina kupatsanuka panguva yekubheka. Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ezvekudya.
Type D - mbatatisi dzakabikwa zvakanyanya, mealy zvakanyanya, kwete mvura uye dzinonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mbatatisi yakashambadza nekugadzirisa kuita starch.
Nhamba yakakosha yehuwandu hwemabhatisi anoratidza hunhu hwepakati pakati pemhando mbiri dzehupiki (AB uye BC). Mune ino kesi, iyo yekutanga tsamba inoratidza iripo irwo rudzi rweconic.