Boris Anisimov, Advisor pane kuvandudza kwezvirongwa zvesainzi uye zvedzidzo - mukuru wedare redzidzo yeAll-Russian Sayenzi Yekutsvakurudza Institute of Science Science
Maererano nefungidziro yeFAO (2011), kushandiswa kwepasi rese kwemapotatisi uye mbatatisi zvigadzirwa zvekisita anenge makumi matatu nemakumi matatu emakirogiramu pagore, nepo pachiyero mudunhu rese reEurope chiratidzo chinenge chiri pamasendi makumi masere nemasere pahekita. uye muRussia - 35 kg pamunhu.
MuRussian Federation, avhareji yegore rimwechete yehuwandu hwemapatatisi anoshandiswa nekuda kwezvekudya anofungidzirwa pamatani gumi nematatu nemakumi manonwe. Nekugadziriswa kwakadzika, anenge matani miriyoni imwe anoshandiswa pane zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi (maFrench fries, machipisi, mbatata yakaomeswa). Kudiwa kwe mbatatisi yembeu kwema mapoka emasangano ezvirimwa (mabhizimusi ezvekurima), varimi (varimi) mapurazi (mapurazi evarimi) uye vemabhizimusi vamwe nevamwe (SP) nenzvimbo yekudyara yakazara anopfuura zviuru mazana matatu ematani. Izvo zvakanyanya kuomesesa kuongorora huwandu chaihwo hwekushandisa mbatatisi yembeu uye fodder iri muchikamu cheedzimba, kunyange huwandu hunofungidzirwa pano hunogona kunge huri mamirioni mazana matanhatu nemashanu. Kurasikirwa panguva yekuchengetedza mumapurazi emarudzi ese kunogona kufungidzirwa pamatani 13 miriyoni, kuburitsa kunze kwenyika - zana nemazana mashanu ezviuru nemazana mashanu.
Saka, muRussia, mwero wekupihwa mbatatidziro yemumba unofanirwa kunge unosvika mamirioni mazana maviri ematani. Kuderera kweiyi nhanho kunogona kutungamira mukushomeka mukuyerwa kwese kwemapotiti emidziyo, uye, zvichikonzera, kuwedzera kwechikamu chekunze. Mugove unofungidzirwa wekupinza mune yakazara mbatatisi yekushandisa inofungidzirwa kusvika mazana matatu matatu kusvika mazana matatu emakumi mashanu. Iyi inowanzo mbanje "mudiki" mbatatisi, iyo kudiwa uye kutengeswa mumaketeni emaketeni kazhinji inokura panguva yekunge isati mwaka wegore, apo hupenyu hweasherufu hwezvitoro zvegore rapfuura zvave kutopera (muna Chivabvu), uye hapasati paine yakawanda mbatatisi itsva inowanikwa yekutengesa. isingasviki mwedzi miviri.
Nyika yekubatira mbatatisi ndeyeSouth America, uko "tsika" iyi yakazozivikanwa kusvika kure kusvika 12500 BC. e. pamhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kwePeru. Kubva kuAmerica kuenda kuEurope (Spain), mbatatisi dzakasimwa dzakaunzwa, sezviri pachena, muna 1565. Mbatata yekutanga yakatumirwa kuRussia kubva kuNetherlands naPeter Ⅰ panguva yerwendo rwake kuenda kuEurope. Kuedza kwekutanga kuparadzira mbatatisi muRussia kazhinji kwaive kusingabudirire nekuda kwekuti ma tubers akaiswa nechando panguva yekutakura. Nechikonzero ichi, muna 1769, komisheni yakatumirwa kuSiberia mbeu yakaunganidzwa mumunda wepamuri weSt. Petersburg kuti ugovaniswe kune "vafambisi vane ruzivo" uye "vanovaka dzimba". MuIlimsk, hofisi ye voivode yakachinjisa 15 g yembeu kuna A. Berezovsky, akakwanisa kukura mbesa nekuwana tubers. Maererano neV.S. Lekhnovich, A. Berezovsky, asingazvizive, akatakura kusarudzwa kwekutanga kwembatatisi muSiberia, uye pamwe muRussia.
Mutengi wemazuva ano anonyanya kufarira kuwana mbatatisi dzakanaka dzemukati tubhu zvine chitarisiko chinotaridzika uye, sekutonga, yakajeka yakatetepa peel. Panguva imwecheteyo, chimiro uye saizi yemachubhu, kudzika kwemaziso, ruvara rwepuru uye purpiti, kusavapo kwekuremara kwekunze uye kwemukati nekuda kwekuda kwemhando dzakasiyana siyana kusvika pakukura kwechipiri (kukura), kuumbwa kwekukura kwematanda, hollowness, uye ruvara rwepuripiti (discoloration) zvakakoshawo. zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvemukati zvinogona kuitika mumatumbu nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze panguva yekukura kwemuti kana kukuvara kwemuchina, kunyanya panguva yekukohwa, transpor irovki uye kufambira.
Chimiro chemachubhu etafura mbatatisi mhando inogona kusiyana kubva kutenderera kusvika pakureba, saizi yakaenzana nehuremo hukuru huchitsikisa: 40-60 mm, maziso akadzika: diki kusvika pakati, ganda ruvara: chena kusvika tsvuku, dhiza ruvara: chena - kirimu - yero.
Izvo zvakaoma zvese zvezviratidzo izvi zvinonyanya kusarudza iwo mutengi hunhu hwetafura mbatata uye mikana yekushandiswa kwavo kwakabikwa pakubikisa zvikafu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kazhinji inowanzoda mukurumbira wemarudzi akasiyana siyana uye kudiwa kwavo mumusika wemumba mbatatisi dzekudya, kunyanya kana ichitengeswa iri kutengeswa mumaketeni emazuva ano ekutengesa.
Nutrition Facts
Mumakore achangopfuura, mazano pamusoro pekukosha kwehutano hwematatisi sechigadzirwa chakakosha kwazvo mune hutano hwevanhu zvachinja zvakanyanyisa, izvo zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwesarudzo munzira yekuwedzera hutano hwembatatisi, pamwe nezvidzidzo zvakadzama mundima yekuumbwa kwayo.
Iko kukosha kwehutano hwembatatisi hakuna kuzivikanwa pakarepo. Yakawanda nyaya dzinosetsa dzakabatana neizvi. Semuenzaniso, muna 1586, muEngland Admiral Francis Drake akaendesa mbatatisi kuEngland uye akaendesa kumuchengeti wake kuti arimere pavhu rakanaka uye nekutarisisa zvirimwa. Iye murimi akaita basa racho nekushingaira kukuru. Mbatatisi yakanga yamera, yamaruva, michero yakasvibirira yakaonekwa pamisoro. Iye murimi, achivatora ivo semichero, akaedza. Kuona kuti izvo zvainge zvisingaite, akati nekutsamwa: "Zvese zvandakabatira zvakaparara." Iye murimi akaratidzira mauto, iye akamuraira kuti abudise chirimwa icho nemidzi kuti irege kuzokuvadza mubindu. Akashamisika, muradhi uyo aive pasi pegwenzi rimwe nerimwe akaona mazhinji emawo tubers aakadyara. Midzi yacho yakabikwa uye ikapihwa muchengeti kuti aridze. “Ah! Akasheedzera achiti, "chirimwa chakakosha sei!" Mushure maizvozvo, murimi haana kungokura mbatatisi iyega, asi akabatsirawo kurima vamwe.
Kwemakore makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe apfuura, ruzivo rwedu rwekuumbwa kwemakemikari chikafu uye kukosha kwomuviri pazvinhu zvaro (uye tata) zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Zvese izvi zvakakosha kuti tifunge nezve muchimiro chechimiro chechizvino chekudya kwevanhu, kwete kungogutsa nzara chete, asiwo kubva padanho rekutarisa hutano hwakanaka. Iyi nzira inoita kuti ikwanise kuongorora zvakare izvo zvese zvinowanikwa zvimiro zvechikafu mune mbatata tubers.
Iko hutano hwekukoshesa mbatatisi hwakanyanya kutsanangurwa neyakajairika chiyero chezvakanyanya kukosha zvinovaka muviri (starch, protein, mafuta, mavitamini, zvicherwa, antioxidants yeanthocyanin uye carotenoid hunhu uye zvimwe zvinhu) mumachubhu.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mupasi rose zvinyorwa, data pane zviri mukati mezvakakosha zvinovaka muviri mune mbatata tubers dzinosiyana zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yekuti iyo biochemical kuumbwa kwemachubhu kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda: hwakasiyana, ivhu nemamiriro ekunze mamiriro ekunze, mafetiraiza, tekinoroji yekukura, degree rechai, mamiriro ekuchengetedza, etc. Nguva yekuongorora (nguva yekutanga kana yechirimo) inobata zvakanyanya mhedzisiro.
Nyanzvi dzepasi rese mukati megadziriro yeSangano reUbatanidzwa hwehupfumi uye Budiriro (OECD) dzakabvumirana paavhareji zviratidzo zvemukati wezvinhu zvekutanga michero uye kusimuka kwavo kunokonzeresa nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana (tafura 1).
Kukosha kwe mbatatisi mune zvinovaka muviri zvevanhu zvakare zvakakonzerwa nezvirimo zvezvinhu zvakaita sevhitamini, zvicherwa, organic asidhi (tafura 2).
Kuve nekwakaringana mukana wepamusoro weiyo inowanikwa mune ascorbic acid uye kunyanya zvinhu zvakakosha - antioxidants (anthocyanins, carotenoids), mbatatisi inogona kutora basa rakakosha mukudzivirira kwehuwandu hwezvirwere uyezve mune ichi ndicho chimwe chezvakakosha zvigadzirwa mukudya zvine hutano hwevanhu.
Zvinoenderana nenyanzvi dzezvehutano kubva kuUK, mukudya kwemunhu wanhasi, chiyero chakaringana chemamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvakakosha kwazvo. Zvakare, mukudya zvine hutano, huwandu hwakanyanya hwunotariswa kana huwandu hwemapoto, chingwa nezvimwe zvigadzirwa zvichinge zvasvika makumi matatu neshanu muzana miriwo nemichero - 33%, mukaka uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka - 33%, nyama, hove uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa - 15 %, zvigadzirwa zvine mafuta uye shuga - 12%.
Potato mbatatisi ine masere emakumi maviri anokosha maamino asidhi. Chikamu chakakosha chezuva nezuva chinodiwa chevhitamini C chinosangana nembatatisi. Paunenge uchidya 8 g mbatatisi, yakabikwa mune peel uye yakadzikwa isati yashandiswa, muviri wemunhu unogashira anenge 20 g emakabohidrate, 100 g yemapuroteni, 20 g yemafuta uye 2 g ye fiber, kunyange izvi zviratidzo zvinogona zvakare kusiyana zvichienderana neaya akasiyana maitiro, kukura mamiriro uye zvimwe zvinhu.
Muchiedza cheruzivo rwechizvino uye mazano, kukosha kwezvikamu zvemunhu hwekuumbwa kwemapapu kubva pakuonekwa kwekudya kwakanaka kwevanhu kunoongororwa zvakasiyana.
Zvakazove zvakakosha kuti mune mbatata tuber mune mvura yakawanda (75% kana inopfuura) uye iyo simba yakasarudzika pachayo (i.e., huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvikamu pa 100 kcal) yakaderera. Mu mbatatata, iyi svutugadziro inoenderana neinodikanwa nemuviri wemunhu muchirongwa chekuchera uye kusimudzira chikafu. Zvinoenderana nechiratidzo ichi, mbatatisi inoenderana nezvinodiwa nemunhu mukuru zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvekudya zvechibereko nemhuka.
Starch. Ichi chikamu chikuru che mbatata uye chikafu chayo chikuru uye hupfumi (hupfumi) mukana. Mune bhubhu nyowani, paavhareji, chikamu cheti starch chingangoita 17,5% (kusanduka kwemhando kubva pa8,0-29%) kana 75-80% mune yakaoma nyaya.
Raw starch haina kuomeswa nevanhu. Nekudaro, mushure mekurapa kwekupisa (semuenzaniso, kubheka), kupisa kwaro kudya kwakawedzera kuwedzera - kusvika panosvika 90%. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti mune gumbo remunhu gumbo, gadziriso inokora zvishoma nezvishoma (nhanho) inoputswa neamylolytic enzymes kuenda kuglucose, uye chete iyo yekupedzisira inosanganisirwa metabolic kutenderera kwemuviri wemunhu.
Mbatatisi starch muvanhu gastrointestinal turakiti haina kunyudzwa zvakakwana kune yakapfava shuga; chikamu charo mune chisina undesheni fomu chinopinda mudumbu rakakura. Izvi ndizvo zvinonzi "yakachengetedzwa starch." Maererano neruzivo rutsva rwekurapa, ichi starch yakakosha kwazvo substrate ye microbiota yekoloni yemunhu.
Pakati XVIII c. mbatatisi dzakange dzakatekeshera muEurope, uye panguva yekutonga kwaCatherine II Yakatanga kukura muRussia munzvimbo huru munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika.
Vanhu vekuEuropean zvishoma nezvishoma vakadzidza kukurisa zvirimwa zvembatatisi, kunyanya kuchamhembe kwenyika. Izvi zvaikosha zvakanyanya kune varimi vepasi pevhu uye vanhu vetaundi, vaigona kugara, kunyanya mumakore ekutadza kwezvirimwa, vazvipe ivo nemhuri dzavo nechikafu. MuEurope, uye neimwe nguva gare gare muRussia, mbatatisi dzave mhando yevimbiso yekuchengetedza chikafu. Iye munyori mukuru weRussia L.N. akacherekedza mamiriro ezvinhu aya mumabasa ake enhau. Tolstoy, paakadzidza zvinokonzeresa nzara muRussia pakupedzisira XIX c. Aitenda kuti mbatatisi dzaive muzvikafu zvevarimi veRussia kusvika padanho rakatsiva chingwa uye ndokuvabatsira kurarama mumakore enzara.
Uyezve, vazhinji vanoongorora zvemadimikira vanoti huwandu hwevanhu vanokurumidza kukura muEurope nekuRussia XVIII-XIX mazana emakore nembatatisi. Iyi tsika, mumaonero avo, zvakare yakaponesa mamirioni ehupenyu kwete chete mukati memakore ekutadza kwezvirimwa, asiwo munguva dzehondo muEurope kwemazana matatu emakore apfuura.
Mhedzisiro yemuviri ye "yakachengetedzwa starch" ndeyekuti kujekesa kwayo nemukati me microflora inosimudzira kuumbwa kweanogic acid, iyo, pamwe chete, pamwe nezvinonzi ballast zvinhu, zvinodzivirira kukura kwemaseru emukati mucolon. Iyo yekupedzisira yakakosha zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kwegomarara reichi mudumbu.
Protein (protein isina kuchena). Izvo zvakashata mapuroteni ari mune mbatatisi ari mashoma uye anosvika panenge 2% (0,69-4,63%). Nekudaro, izvi hazvingori nyaya dzehuwandu, asiwo zve protein mbatatata. Kuyerwa kwezvakakosha uye zvisina-kukosha maamino asidhi mazviri kwakakosha (inenge yakafanana nepamapuroteni emhuka), saka, mapuroteni ehupfu anoonekwa seanonyanya kukosha, achiswedera kupfuura 80% yeprotein yezai mukuumbwa kwezvinhu zvidimbu. Digestibility yeproteni mbatatisi mune gumbo remunhu gomarara iri pamusoro pe90%. Pakati pezvirimwa mapuroteni kubva pazvinodyarwa zvirimwa, mapuroteni embatatisi ane huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuzvarwa, mukukosha kwayo mune hutano ndeyechipiri chete kumapuroteni emhuka (nyama, mukaka, huku yei) Mazuva ano zvinozivikanwa kuti mbatata yemaputi yakapfuma mu lysine uye sarufa-ine anokosha amino acids.
Impirally yakagara yakatemwa kuti huwandu hwekuputika muEurope muXVIII-XIX mazana emakore. zvaive zvakakonzerwa nekuti mumakore iwayo mukudya kweVarungu kwaive nemakiromita mazana mana emapato (pamunhu mukuru pagore) uye mukaka wakakwana uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zviviri izvi kwakaratidza hutano hwehuwandu.
Mafuta. Izvo zvemukati zvemafuta zvakabikwa mune mbatatisi hazvina kukosha, izvo pachazvo zvakakosha muchirongwa chekudya mukugadzira kwezvekudya zvakasiyana siyana pamwe nekugadziriswa kwezvikafu. Nekudaro, kuumbwa kwemafuta acids kwakakosha kwazvo - kutanga kwezvose, nekuda kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai zvakapetwa kaviri kusagadziriswa linoleic (inenge 50% yemafuta mbatata acid) uye katatu noaturated linolenic (anenge 20%) asidhi.
Muna 1902, chiremba weGerman nyanzvi yemuviri uye wehutsanana M. Rubner akatanga kuti protein yemapoto ndeyemhando yepamusoro, kusanganisira zvirimo zvakakosha zveamino asidhi. Pashure pazvo, izvi zvakawanikwa zvakaramba zvichisimbiswa. Hufakazi hunoshamisa kwazvo mukufarira kwavo hwakapihwa muna 1965 nenyanzvi dzepanyama dzeGerman E. Kofrani naF. Jackat, vakawana kuti mbatatisi uye mazai akazara akaenzana mumhando yepuroteni, uye mukuyera kwavo kwekuyedza pane vanhu, huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuzvarwa kwepuroteni hwakaratidzirwa nekushandiswa kwemusanganiswa we mbatatisi nezai yakawanda mukudya (chiyero 65: 35, i.e. musanganiswa we500 g we mbatatisi nezai rimwe. Muongorori weChirungu A. Jones akacherekedza kuti zvirimo zveprotein zviri mbatatisi ndiro dzinosiyana zvikuru zvichienderana nenzira yekugadzirira kwavo: mune zvakajairika mbatatisi yakabikwa - 1,5%, mune yakarongedzwa - 2,8, mune yakarongedzwa - 3,8, uye mune zvakakangwa mbatatisi flakes - kusvika 6%.
Ballast zvinhu. Kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvinonzi zvinomera zvinomera zvaive zvisingafarirwi nevanochengetedza hutano. Ballast zvinhu zvinonzwisiswa, kutanga kune zvese, sevasingaverengeki nzvimbo dzezvidyarwa cell membrane dzakadai seicarbohydrate (cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, lignin), iyo inoita zvakakosha, muchidimbu zvakasiyana mabasa muchimiro chekuchera, inokanganisa metabolism. Ivo vanoita basa rakakura mukudya zvine hutano. Izvo zvinoratidzwa kuti zvinhu izvi chinhu chinogadzira substrate yeiyo microbiota yekoloni yemunhu. Chaizvoizvo i "yechipiri dumbu"; organic asidhi akaumbwa semhedzisiro yebiquobiological mashandiro anokanganisa metabolism muvanhu. Undigested chirimwa fibers inoshanda senge adsorbent yemvura, magasi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisina basa, zvichibatsira kuvabvisa kubva mumuviri. Kunyangwe chikamu cheizvi zvinhu mumabhubhu chakaderera (2,5%), chikamu che200 g che mbatatisi chinogutisa chinenge chikamu chimwe chezvinhu zvezuva nezuva zvinodiwa nevanhu pazvinhu izvi.
Zvicherwa zvinhu. Mbatata machubhu ane huwandu hukuru wemacro- uye ma microelements, ayo anoita basa rakakosha mumetabolism. Nekudya kwemazuva ese kwe 200 g mbatatisi, zvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva zvevanhu zvinoguta: mu potasium - ne makumi matatu, magnesium - 30-15, phosphorous - 20, mhangura - 17, iron - 15, manganese - 14, iodine - 13 uye mune fluorine - 6%.
Vitamine. Mbatatisi ine yeseti yevhithamini inobatsira kuvanhu, kunyanya mvura-inonyungudutswa, asi huwandu hwadzo mumabubers hunoenderana nekuchinja kukuru. Kunyanya kukosha ndeye yakanyanya kuwanda yevhitamini C (10-20 mg / 100g yakanyorova uremu), iri zvishoma kumusoro kupfuura mumaapuro (10mg / 100g yakanyorova uremu). Kana uchibika, 10-20% yevhithamini iyi inoraswa. Nekunwa kwemazuva ese 300 g mbatatisi, chinodiwa chemazuva ese chinogona kugutsikana: Vitamini C - nemakumi manomwe, B70 - 6, B36 - 1, pantothenic acid - 20, muB16 - ne2%.
Anthocyanins uye carotenoids. Muchiedza chetsva mazano ezve basa rechikafu chekudya muhutano hwekuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu, mbatata dzinoonekwa seimwe yezvakakosha zvirimwa zvine mukana wakakura wezvinhu zve antioxidants, kunyanya anthocyanins uye carotenoids, inosimbisa immune system yemunhu (Anisimov 2006, Simakov 2012).
Mu mbatatisi, aya flavonoids ane mhosva yebhuruu, violet, tsvuku, orenji, yakajeka yero ruvara rwepuru uye pulp ye tubers. Idzi ndidzo pigment dzinokosha kwazvo sosi dzeanodoxidants, nekuda kwekugona kwavo kusunungura yemahara oxygen radicals mumuviri wemunhu. Izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa chaizvo kuti antioxidant-ehupfumi zvekudya zvinobatsira kuderedza njodzi ye atherosulinosis, dzimwe mhando dzekenza, shanduko-inoenderana nezera mune ganda pigmentation, katsi.
Kuenzanisa kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuti mhando dzakapenya yero, orenji, tsvuku uye violet dhiza zvakanyanya kupfuura mhando ne chena dhiki re tubers mune zviri anthocyanins uye carotenoids (tafura 3).
Iyo huwandu hwekushanduka kwezvinhu zviri mukati meanthocyanins mune mbatatari dzakagayiwa iri muhupamhi hwe9,5- 37,8 mg pa100 g yehuremu huremu hwebhubhu. Tarisiro dzezvekuvandudza hunhu munzira iyi bvumidza kuisa mbatatisi ine ruvara dhiza pane imwe yakakosha nezvirimwa zvemakwenzi se broccoli, tsvuku bhero pepper uye sipinachi, inozivikanwa nekuda kwavo antioxidant zvinhu. Mbatatisi ine yero yenyama yakave yakakurumbira munyika dzakawanda dzepasi nekuda kwechinhu chakanyanya chemukati che carotenoids.
Zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvinosimbisa mukana wekuwedzera kukosha kwekuvandudzwa kwezvibodzwa izvi zvakavakirwa pakusikwa kwemhando dzakapenya, yero uye tsvuku tsvuku, nekuda kwechinhu chakakwira che carotenoids (500-800 mg pa100 g yehuremu hutsva). Kunyangwe kubudirira kwakanyanya kusarudzika munzira ino kunogona kuve kwakakosha mukudya kwevanhu zvekudya uye kupa simba idzva kukurudziro yekugadzira mbatatisi sechirimwa chakakosha pasi rose.
Muchidimbu, tinogona kutarisira izvozvo mhando dzakasvibirira yero, orenji, tsvuku uye yepepuru dhiza zvinowedzera kuve zvakakurumbira, uye mubairo wavo pakudya kwevanhu zvekudya unowedzera.
Nekudaro, kuongorora basa re mbatatisi mune zvinovaka murume wemazuva ano, hazvisi kuwedzeredza kutaura kuti mbatata tubers hausi chikafu chete asiwo mushonga. Dzakanyudzwa zvakanaka uye dzakabatwa, dzakasununguka dzisina allergens, dzinogona kushandiswa mumapuroteni ezvikafu, mune zvikafu pazvinofanirwa kuderedza acidity, nezvimwe.
Nekudaro, hatifanire kukanganwa kuti mbatatisi ndidzo dzeve nightshade mhuri, iyo inoratidzwa nezvakanyorwa nezvimwe alkaloids zvinokanganisa hutano hwevanhu. Mbatatisi zvakare ine nitrate, anorema simbi uye acrylamide. Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kutariswa kana uchishandisa mbatatisi tubers chikafu.
Nitrate. Sezvaunoziva, mbatatisi tubers zvine mashoma mashoma nitrate. Mumakore achangopfuura, sainzi yakaunganidza dhata yakawanda ichisimbisa kuti kushandisa zvine mwero nitrate nechikafu kunotobatsira kunyange kuhutano hwevanhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumuviri wemunhu, nitrate inoputsa kune nitrites, uye iyo yekupedzisira disinate muromo wemuromo uye gastrointestinal turakiti.
Nekudaro, izvi zvinoitika uine mwero nitrate zvemukati. Asi mukudzidzira, kazhinji, chikamu chakakwirira cheetrate mumapatata zvakarekodhwa. Zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvinoverengeka: kwakasiyana-siyana, mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekudyarwa kweivhu, yakakura madosi efetiraiza, mamiriro ekuchengetedza, nezvimwewo Nitrate yemukati mbatatisi inoderera panguva yekubika, peeling, uye yekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri (kutsvaira, kuoma, machipisi).
Mishonga yekurapa mbatatisi yakagara ichizivikanwa. Chaizvoizvo, mushure mekupararira kwembatata muEurope, denda reururopa rakanyangarika. Raw mbatatisi muto unoshandiswa kurapa gastric ulcer uye duodenal ulcer. Mbatatisi ndechimwe chezvikafu zvekudya zvevarwere vane itsvo uye chirwere chemoyo. Mumaruva uye machubhu emazipatata, mumiriri wekusimbisa-capillary akawanikwa.
Iyo glycoalkaloid nyanya inowanikwa mune mbatatisi ine mushonga wekudzivirira kubva kune imwe pathogenic fungus nemabhakitiriya, pamwe chete nebasa re antihistamine, rakakosha pakurapwa kweanodzvinyirira.
Mune mushonga wevanhu, mbatatisi dzakabikwa dzinoiswa kunzvimbo dzakakanganisika dzeganda nekutsva, eczema uye zvimwe zvirwere zveganda. Nekufemera mweya mbatatisi, katurakiti kemukati yekufema inorapwa.
Solanin. Mune zvese nhengo dzechibereko mbatatisi, kusanganisira mune tubers, ine ine chepfu steroid glycoalkaloid solanine, inosanganisira-solanine uye-ipapoin. Asi iyo yekusangana yealkaloid iyi yakaderera: 2-60 mg / kg yetsva mbatata uremu. Iko kuunganidzwa kwe solanine pamwero we 300-500 mg pa 1 kg yeyakagadziriswa mbatatisi uremu inoonekwa seine ngozi kuhutano hwevanhu. Sezvo solanine yakakosha kune iyo chirimwa pachayo sekudzivirirwa kubva kune vavengi vechisikigo, iyo inosangana zvakanyanya mukati peel. Chikamu chekusungwa chakasiyana mumhando dzakasiyana. Munguva yekuchengetedza uye kukuvara kune ma tubers, iyo yakasangana ye solanine inowedzera zvishoma. Asi mumwe anofanirwa kuve anongwarira nezveti tubers dzakashanduka dzakasvibira uye dzakamera murima. Mavari, iwo musangano we solanine unova nengozi kuhutano hwevanhu. Inofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti kana uchibika, solanine haina kuparadzwa.
Enzyme (enzyme) inhibitors - Kunge solanine, ivo vanoshanda senge yekudzivirira mbatata tubers. Kune vanhu, ivo havana njodzi, nekuti vanongopedzwa zviri nyore nekuratidzwa kwekushisa.
Simbi dzinorema. Iyo ngozi yehutano inonyanya kuve cadmium uye kutungamira. Nekudaro, izvo zvirimo mumapatata zvakaderera kwazvo kupfuura zvikumbaridzo zvemadhiragi anotenderwa. Kana uchenesa, iyo inotungamira yemukati mbatata inoderera ne80-90%, cadmium - ne20%. Kana uchibika, iyo cadmium level inoderera neimwe 25-30%; izvo zvinotungamira panguva yekubheka hazvidonhe.
Acrylamide. Acrylamide mune mbatatisi zvigadzirwa inoumbwa kubva emahara amino acid uye kubva nyore shuga (glucose, fructose) panguva yekurapa kupisa (pamusoro +1200C) ine mvura yakadzika yakawanda. Nekuwedzera tembiricha panguva yekugadziriswa kwema potato tubers, huwandu hwe acrylamide inowedzera.
Ma processors anoziva izvi, uye nekudaro anotora yekuwedzera blanching uye anoshandisa dzimwe tekinoroji nzira kuderedza izvo acrylamide yemukati mune yekupedzisira mbatatisi chigadzirwa (machipisi, french fries).
Culinary mhando mbatatisi
Pakati pezvakakosha zvekudyara hunhu iyo inocherekedza mhando yehupamhi hwemhando mbatatisi, huwandu hwekugaya, huwandu hwekudhara, mealy zvirimo uye zvemvura zvemukati zveetubhu zvakakosha zvakanyanya (Bukasov, 1975; Anisimov et al., 2012). Zvinoenderana neiyi parameter, mbatatisi mhando dzakakamurwa mune zvina marudzi ehupfumi: kubva ku salad isiri-digestible (yehupfumi mhando A) kusvika kune mamwe marudzi akachekwa uye akagomara mhando (B, C, D), yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mukugadziriswa kwemamwe mbatata ndiro (zviverengero 1,2).
Type A - saladi mbatatisi, isina kumonyudzwa, tubers inoramba yakasimba panguva yekubika, iyo pulp ine dense, kwete hupfu, ine mvura.
Rudzi B - isina kufashaira yakabikwa, pulp ine mwero gobvu, mealy zvishoma, zvishoma mvura. Iyo tubers yakanyatso kukwana, inonakidza kuravira. Izvo zviri nyore kuti zvishandiswe muchikafu chakagadzirwa zvekugadzira masupu uye madivi edivi echipiri anopisa ndiro (mbatatisi yakabikwa mumvura kana yakabikwa, mbatatisi yakabikwa kana kubikwa mune peel, mbatatisi yakakwenenzverwa kana mafirimu ekuzvigadzira, nezvimwewo).
Type C - yakanyudzwa-nyatso, nyama ine mwero mealy, nyoro (nyoro), pane kuoma, tuber makatsemuka, asi haaruke kana achibika. Iyo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri ezvekudya.
Type D - mbatatisi yakabikwa kwazvo, yakawandisa, kwete nemvura uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzira mbatatisi yakatemwa uye kugadzirwa kwemarara.
Nhamba yakakosha yehuwandu hwemabhatisi anoratidza hunhu hwepakati pakati pemhando mbiri dzehupiki (AB uye BC). Mune ino kesi, iyo yekutanga tsamba inoratidza iripo irwo rudzi rweconic.
Nzira yekutanga yekuparadzira mbatatisi yakashandiswa nemukurumbira French chemist Permantier. Akadyara mbatatisi nechekunze kweParis uye akarinda kubindu. Mukupera kwezhizha, apo mbatatisi dzaibva, varindiri nemaune vakatanga kusiya machira avo manheru. Pasi pechifukidziro cherima, varimi, vachitarisa-tarisa vachitenderedza, vakadurura mibhedha ndokutakura mbatatisi. Iyo sainzi yakakunda kubva mukugadzirwa kwayo - mufananidzo wakasarudzika kune dictum: "Chibereko chakarambidzwa chinotapira."
Permantier akanyengerera mambo weFrance Louis XVI pini pachipfuva chako chiumbwa chemaruva ekutanga akaoneka pamakwenzi ezvinwi. Izvi zvakaita kuti aparadzike mumuzinda wamambo, akapfeka maruva embatatisi mumachinjisi ave kuita fashoni. Varimi vaigara padyo neParis vakatanga kurima mbatatisi kutengesa maruva.
Prussian King Frederick William I yakapa chirevo chakakosha chekuti ucheke mhino nenzeve kune avo vasingadyara mbatatisi.
Iko kusazivikanwa mbatatisi sechigadzirwa chekudya kunosanganiswa ne "mbatatisi" kumukira muRussia.