"Nzira yekugadzirisa genome haifanirwe kupesana nemaitiro echinyakare ekusarudza. "Ichi chinhu chitsva chishandiso," anosimbisa mukuru werabhoritari yezvekudyara kusagadzikana All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISB) Vasily Taranov. - Pane imwe nguva, vanachiremba vakavhiya nebanga, vakabva vaoneka scalpels, ipapo lasers. Zvisarudzo zvakasiyana zvachose zvakave zviripo pakuvhiya. Saka genetic engineering inopa chishandiso chaunogona kutora nekuvandudza chimwe chinhu, asi haikanzure kana kutsiva zvese zvaimboshandiswa. ”
Iyo All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISB) inoshanda murabhoritari yechirimwa kusagadzikana kusagadzikana, basa rayo rinoitwa munzira mbiri huru: kutsvaga majini anotaridza kuramba kwechirimwa kune abiotic uye biotic kusagadzikana, uye kugadzirisa iyo genome. yezvinomera zvinorimwa kuitira kuti zviwedzere kusagadzikana. Nzvimbo yekutsvagisa yesainzi inosanganisira mbatatisi nemiriwo yakavhurika.
Isu tinotaura nemukuru werabhoritari Vasily Taranov uye muongorori mukuru Marina Lebedeva nezve izvo zvimiro uye zvakanakira tekinoroji ichangoburwa, ndedzipi mhedzisiro dzavanogona kuwana uye ndeapi matambudziko evagadziri vekurima eRussia anoshandiswa nemasaenzi emurabhoritari kugadzirisa.
- Nhasi kune kutaura kwakawanda pamusoro pekuda kwekukurumidza kuita sarudzo. Zvinotendwa kuti nzira yekugadzira genome inobvumira izvi kuti zviitwe. Ichi ichokwadi here?
V.T.: Zvingave zvakanyatsonaka kutaura kuti nzira dzebiotechnological dzinobatsira kwete zvakanyanya kukurumidza kusarudzwa sekuwedzera kugona kwesainzi. Maitiro ekushanda pane akasiyana anoramba akareba, sezvo isu tiri kutaura nezve zvirimwa zvine humwe hupenyu kutenderera.
Asi zvinogoneka kuti nyanzvi dziwane mibairo iyo ingave yakaoma zvakanyanya (kana zvisingaite) kuwana vachishandisa nzira dzechinyakare dzekurera.
Nerubatsiro rwekugadzirisa genomic, isu tinogona nemaune kuunza shanduko inobata zvakananga hunhu hwemhando dzakasiyana, tichichengeta iyo yakasara yakaoma yehutsika hunokosha hwehupfumi husina kuchinjwa.
M.L.: Fungidzira kuti tinoda kuunza jena rekudzivirira kubva kumbatatisi yemusango mumhando yatakarimwa tichishandisa nzira dzechinyakare dzekuberekesa. Kuti aite izvi, muchengeti anotakura michinjikwa ye "sage" nemimwe mitsetse yetsika. Dambudziko nderekuti pamwe chete nejene rekudzivirira, mamwe ese "emusango" majini anotamirwa kune akasiyana, ayo anowanzo kunyanyisa kudiwa. Genetic engineering inobvumidza iwe kutora / kushandura chete gene raunoda.
- Pane maonero ekuti pasinei nokuti nzira yekugadzira genome yave ichizivikanwa kwemakore anenge 10, haisati yabudisa zvinoonekwa zvekutengeserana.
V.T.: Ichi hachisi chokwadi zvachose. Makambani anotungamira ekuberekesa pasi rose anoshandisa genome editing uye haazvivanze. Asi isu hatizive kuti chii chaizvo chavanoita uye kuti vanowana mibairo ipi.
Zvakabudirira hazvishambadzirwe nekuti zvinodhura kuunza kumusika chirimwa chakagadziriswa pachishandiswa nzira dzemajini einjiniya pane imwe yakawanikwa pachinyakare. Uye dzimwe nguva izvi hazvigoneki kuita.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakaoma zvikuru kuratidza kuti genome editing yakashandiswa kugadzira imwe siyana uchishandisa nzira dziripo.
Munguva yekuyedzwa, nyanzvi dzinotsvaga kutevedzana kwechiratidzo mujenome remuviri; kana iripo, chirimwa chinozozivikanwa seyakagadziridzwa. Asi nekugadzirisa genomic, hapana chinounzwa mujenome, saka hapana chinogona kuwanikwa.
Shanduko dzinowanzokanganisa kwete jena rimwe chete, asi nzvimbo chaiyo mujeni, chaizvoizvo nucleotide imwe, vara rimwe. Uye mabhiriyoni asara emabhii anoramba akadaro. Kuti uone kuti chirimwa chakagadziridzwa, unofanirwa kunyatso verenga genome yayo yese, ine chivharo chakapetwa kagumi kupfuura mwero wekubvisa kukanganisa. Hapana achaita ongororo yakadaro uye inodhura zvakanyanya, uye muchengeti anogona kugara achitaura kuti akawana chirimwa ichi uchishandisa mutagenesis kana kusarudzwa kwechinyakare.
-M.L.: Genome editing kazhinji, uye kunyanya ruzivo rwekushandisa tekinoroji pazvirimwa, inyaya ichangoburwa.
Zvisiri diki nekuti kuti uchinje chimiro unofanirwa kuziva kuti chii chaizvo uye sei kuchigadzirisa. Zvimiro zvezvirimwa zvinotemerwa nemajini, kazhinji kacho seti yemajini, kubva kwairi kwakakodzera zvinangwa zvekugadzirisa zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa. Asi kujekesa mashandiro uye kudzora kwemajini chaiwo anobatsira kune hunhu hwekufarira kunoda zvidzidzo zvakaoma uye zvinowanzoreba. Kana tichienzaniswa nemhuka nevanhu, tinogona kutaura kuti hatizivi akawanda emamolekyuli emaitiro echirimwa (semuenzaniso, kuramba, kubereka, nezvimwewo) zvakanyanya. Panguva imwecheteyo, majenome emiti akakura uye akaoma kunzwisisa, izvo zvisingarerutsa basa zvachose. Nekudaro, zvakawanda zvave kutozivikanwa kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwekutanga mubiology yezvirimwa, uye patinowedzera kunzwisisa izvi, ndipo patinowedzera mikana yedu yekuchinja.
Mukuwedzera, isu tiri kutaura nezve nzira inoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa mamwe maitiro, asi kwete kuunza mhando nyowani pamusika, shanda pane iyo, kunyangwe kumwe kukurumidza, ichiri kutora makore.
- Ko biotechnologists vanoita gene editing? Vanoona sei gwara chairo rebasa (chinangwa chekugadzirisa)?
V.T.: Iyo biotechnologist inofanirwa kushanda pamwe chete nemurimi akabudirira wechirimwa chakasarudzwa uye, zvine hungwaru, kusanganisira vamwe vanogadzira nyanzvi. Murimi, pamwe chete nevarimi, vanoisa basa, muchengeti anobatsira kusarudza ma genotype akakodzera. Isu, zvakare, tinobvunzana ne biochemists uye geneticists, tinofunga izvo zvatinogona kupa pahwaro uhwu (hunhu hunodiwa hauwanzo kudzidza zvakakwana kubva kune yebiological point of view). Isu tinotarisa izvo zvatingaite chaizvo, kuita nhanho yedu yebasa, kudzorera mutsara unoguma kumurimi, uye muchengeti anounza mhedzisiro kune akasiyana.
- Kugadzirisa genome itekinoroji inodhura here?
V.T.: Mutengo wekuwana chirimwa unoenderana nechirimwa uye kuti chirimwa chabuda chakagadziridzwa here kana kuti chachinja.
Kana tikataura nezvemidziyo, saka kune kambani yakatoita mukuwana hutachiona husina hutachiona uye microcloning, kutenga michina uye reagents ekugadzirisa genome kunodhura mari shoma. Chipingamupinyi chekutanga basa rakadaro chingave chisiri icho chakawandisa chekudyara, asi kushaya kwevashandi vanokwanisa. Kune vashoma vanhu vanogona kutora uye kuita basa rakadaro.
Uye kudzoka kumitengo: kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi munzvimbo ino kunokurumidza. Nzira dzekugadzirisa genome, dzinoti, muna 2012, apo CRISPR / Cas9 yakawanikwa (teknolojia yekugadzirisa genomes yezvipenyu zvepamusoro, zvichienderana nehutachiona hwehutachiona hwehutachiona), uye zvatinazvo zvino zvakasiyana zvikuru. Kushanda kwekushanda kunowedzera gore negore, uye mari inoderera.
M.L.: Izvi zvinogona kufananidzwa neprojekti yekuenzanisa genome yemunhu. Yekutanga genome yemunhu yakatevedzana nemubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda kwemakore gumi nekuda kwe10 bhiriyoni emadhora nekuda kwekuti matekinoroji akadaro aivepo muma2.7s. Parizvino, kuteedzera genome remunhu rakazara kunodhura isingasviki madhora zviuru uye zvinotora mazuva akati wandei.
-Ngatienderere mberi nekutaura nezverabhoritari yako, yakatarisana nesainzi yakakosha kana tsvakiridzo yekushandisa?
V.T.: Tinoedza kuita zvose. Pakutanga, zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaiswa pekutanga, asi ikozvino tiri kuedza kushandisa budiriro yedu kudzidzira.
Parizvino, semuenzaniso, isu tiri kudzidza maitiro ekutambisa mbatatisi kuhutachiona Y. Iri ibasa rakawanda rakakosha, asi kana rakabudirira, mhedzisiro ichave inonakidza kwazvo pakusarudzwa kwemhando dzinopesana.
M.L.: Yakakosha uye yakashandiswa sainzi yakabatana zvakanyanya; imwe haigone kuvapo pasina imwe. Kana isu tisingazive kuti hutachiona hunobatana sei nechirimwa, chine mapuroteni chaiwo, hatizokwanisi kuachinja kuti chititi chirambe chiripo.
Isu tanga tichiita tsvagiridzo yehutachiona Y kubva muna 2018 uye tave kusvika kune chokwadi chekuti mumakore mashoma anotevera tichawana fomula yekupokana, uye mune ramangwana mhedzisiro inodiwa inoshanda: chirimwa chembatatisi hachizogadzira mapuroteni ehutachiona. richange richishingirira kuutachiona.
- Iwe unobatirana here nemakambani ekurera eRussia / vapfuri?
V.T.: Pambatatisi, tinoshanda nemuridzi wechidiki Maria Polyakova, achishingairira kutaurirana nenyanzvi kubva kuPotato Union, uye chengetedza kutaurirana nePotato Federal Research Center yakatumidzwa zita. A.G. Lorja. Kana iri kabichi, tinodyidzana nevarimi uye varimi vembeu yeRussian State Agrarian University-Moscow Agricultural Academy yakatumidzwa zita. K.A. Timiryazev naGrigory naSocrates Monachos. Uye mune zvatinoita munharaunda iyi, tinotungamirirwa zvachose navo.
- Uye zvakare nezve mavhairasi. Marina Valerievna, mararamiro ako esainzi anosanganisira kwete hutachiona chete Y. Muna 2023, wakagamuchira rubatsiro kubva kuRussian Science Foundation kuti uite tsvagiridzo yepurojekiti "Kudzidza maviromes embatatisi yakarimwa (Solanum tuberosum L.) uchishandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzekuteedzera." Nei nyaya iyi ichinakidza?
M.L.: Mbatata, kusvika pamwero mukuru kupfuura mimwe miti yakawanda, inotambura nezvirwere zvehutachiona, sezvo inoparadzirwa nevegetatively. Utachiona hunoungana mumachubhu uye hunopfuudzwa kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera, saka hutachiwana huri kuramba huchikura. Pavanotaura kuti mbatatisi iri kupera, ndizvo zvatiri kutaura nezvazvo.
Mavhairasi haasi inert masisitimu; ivo vanoshingairira kupindirana nezvose zviri zviviri chirimwa chinotambira uye mumwe nemumwe. Pane zviitiko apo chirimwa chakatorwara nehumwe hutachiona hachigone kutapukirwa neimwe. Uye kune mavhairasi asingakwanise kutapurira chirimwa chete; anongoshanda pamwe chete nemamwe mavhairasi. Nguva pfupi yadarika, pakabudiswa bhuku rinotsanangura marudzi emavhairasi anobatsira zvirimwa kurarama mukusanaya kwemvura. Kuchinja kwakadaro kusingatarisirwi kubva kuparasitism kuenda kumutualism.
Iko hakuna makemikari anoshanda ekurwisa zvirwere zvehutachiona pamatato. Kuvandudza hutano hwayo, hwakanyanya kuoma uye, kunyanya kukosha, nzira dzinodhura dzakagadzirwa: kuburikidza ne in vitro tsika, kuwana microtubers. Asi mhedzisiro yacho inongogara kwezvizvarwa zvishoma. Kuti uwane dzimwe mhinduro, unofanirwa kudzidza maitiro evhairasi zvakadzama, saka chidzidzo chacho chakanyanya, chakakosha.
- GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu mbatatisi. Mamiriro ehunyanzvi uye nzira dzekuona mhando" mavhairasi mashanu akanyorwa (PVK - X mbatatisi hutachiona; SBK - S mbatatisi hutachiona; MVK - M mbatatisi hutachiona; YBK - Y mbatatisi hutachiona; VSLK - leaf curl virus mbatatisi) uye imwe viroid (PSTV - mbatatisi spindle tuber viroid). Uchaisa pfungwa pazviri here?
M.L.: Purojekiti yangu ine chinangwa chekushandisa nzira dzepamusoro-soro yekudzidza iwo ma viromes (kuunganidzwa kwehutachiona) aripo pamatato muRussia. Izvi zvinonakidza zvese kubva pakuona kweapi macomplexes emavhairasi akasiyana anowanikwa pachirimwa chimwe, uye kubva pakuona kwekupararira kwehutachiona uhu.
Pakazara, mavhairasi anopfuura makumi mashanu anowanikwa pambatatisi anozivikanwa munyika. Vaya vakanyorwa muGOST ndevamwe vane ngozi zvikuru, uye nekuwedzera, vane zviratidzo zvekunze zvakajeka. Saka, mosaic necrosis chiratidzo chakajairika chehutachiona Y hutachiona, uye kuvepo kweshizha curl virus kunogona kutsanangurwa nehunhu deformation yemashizha emashizha.
Asi kune mavhairasi mazhinji asingazviratidzi phenotypically, kunyangwe iwo anogona zvakare kuve nemhedzisiro pachirimwa. Iwo haawanzowanwa, asi chete nekuti iwo haana kutsvakwa.
Semuenzaniso, ndinogona kutaura basa revamwe vandinoshanda navo kubva kuAll-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR). Muna 2019, vakaburitsa chinyorwa pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwehutachiona hwembatatisi P muRussia.
Mubvunzo ndewekuti tichawanei kana tikatarisa kwete "pasi pechiedza chemumugwagwa" pane chiedza, asi kwatisati tatarisa.
- Uchaitisa tsvagiridzo yako kupi?
M.L.: Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa nerubatsiro, chirongwa ichi chinotora makore maviri. Gore rapfuura takashanda pamwe nepurazi rembatatisi mudunhu reTula, takaunganidza zvinhu, tichishanda nemhando dzakasiyana uye kubereka. Gore rino tichaenda kune mamwe matunhu tonoona kuti ma virus anowanikwa ikoko.
Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi ichapfupikiswa muna 2025, uye isu tichanyatso taurira varimi veRussia mbatatisi nezvavo.