Tsika yekushandisa zvipembenene kuparadza zvipembenene muminda yekurima yave iripo kwemakumi emakore munyika yedu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuwanikwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza makemikari kuri kudzikira uye kudiwa kwezvinhu zvine hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza kuri kukura, zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa zvebiological zviri kuwedzera mukurumbira.
Chipo kubva kune zvakasikwa
Zita rekuti "entomophages" rinogona kushandurwa sezvipembenene zvinodya. Chokwadi chaicho chekuvapo kwavo chinotiyeuchidza kuti zvisikwa zvakatarisira kuenzana mune ecosystem, zvichipa kutonga kwenhamba dzezvimwe zvipenyu nezvimwe. Uye munhu anogona kushandisa chete mikana iripo nenzira kwayo
"Zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa zvebiological zviri kuramba zvichidiwa gore rega rega," anodaro mukuru wezvefitophytopathologist webazi reKabardino-Balkarian reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" Tatiana Kisheva.– Kune vakawanda, zvinova pachena kuti kushandiswa nesimba kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunokanganisa kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvekurima uye kukuvadza zvakatipoteredza.
"Kushandiswa kweentomophages kunodzima mishonga yezvipembenene kana kuderedza kuwanda kwayo," anodaro mukuru werabhoritari yekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa zvipenyu yeAll-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Natalia Belyakova. “Pamusoro pezvo, iyi biomethod inoita kuti varimi vagadzirise dambudziko rekusagadzikana, kana twumbuyu twakasiyana twusina kudzivirirwa nemishonga inodzivirira zvirimwa.
MuRussia, vanotungamira vanogadzira entomophages ndiwo matavi eRussia Agricultural Center muStavropol Territory, Belgorod neRostov matunhu, marepublic eTatarstan, Bashkortostan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia neNorth Ossetia-Alania.
"Murabhoritari yedu, imwe yemakuru munyika, maentomophages ave achigadzirwa kwemakore 39," anodaro mukuru we Shpakovskaya test laboratory yebazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" muStavropol Territory. Vladimir Sugak. – Trichogramma inodya mazai negonye reGabrobracon ndiwo marudzi makuru eecoparasite anopihwa kune zvinodiwa pakurima.
“Tiri kugadzira marudzi mashanu ezvipembenene zvinoparadza zvipembenene pakurima,” anowedzera kudaro mukuru webazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” muRepublic of Tatarstan. Vitaly Novichkov. - Izvi zvinosanganisira polyphagous predator yelacewing, podisus bug, chikara cheColorado mbatata beetle, uye macrolophus bug, mhuka inodya nhunzi chena.
Chikamu chakakosha chechigadzirwa ichi chinouya kumusika wedu kubva kunze kwenyika, uko biological chirimwa chekudzivirira zvigadzirwa, zvakachipa uye zvakanyanya kushanda, zvinoshandiswa kakawanda.
"Tinoendesa entomophages kubva kuItaly, Netherlands, Uzbekistan neKazakhstan," anodaro mukuru mukuru weFly and See Agro LLC. Vasily Ptitsyn. -Vatengi vekambani yedu vanobudirira kuvashandisa kurwisa tumbuyu repidopteran, zvinosanganisira cutworms, moths, moths, moths uye mamwe gumi nemaviri ezvimwe zvipembenene.
Zvinoumba "hunt"
Iyo entomophage inopinzwa mumunda nenzira yezai, pupa kana chipembenene chevakuru. Zvikara uye ecoparasites zvinogadzikiswa patsva vachishandisa yakasarudzika nzira, vachishandisa tekinoroji nzira kana nekuburitswa kwemanyorero.
“Habrobracon yechikadzi inowana gonye retumbuyu robva yaiomesa nekuisa muchetura, yobva yakandira mazai anosvika 45 pamuviri wayo,” anotsanangura kudaro nyanzvi huru yebazi reBelgorod reFederal State Budgetary Institution “Rosselkhoztsentr” Valentina Bychkova.- Zvipembenene zveparasite, pavanenge vachikura, vanodya pahemolymph yehonye, iyo mushure memazuva 9-14 chete chikamu chekunze chinoramba chiripo.
Itsika yakajairika kuti macontainer ane habrobracon-infested millery moth makonye aiswe pazvirimwa zvakanganiswa netumbuyu. Sezvo entomophage inoputika, inokurumidza kupararira, ichitsvaga kutsvaga muenzi, uye inoenderana nemamiriro akapoteredza.
Kubudirira kukuru, kusvika ku92 muzana, kunoratidzwa nekushandiswa kwakabatanidzwa kwehabrobracon uye trichogramma. Kazhinji 300-500 entomophagous vanhu pahekita yenzvimbo inokwana.
“Makonye eTrichogramma anokura nekudya zviri mukati mezai rine utachiona,” anoenderera mberi achidaro nyanzvi. - Entomophage yevakadzi inoisa mazai mana nguva imwe neimwe, uye mumwaka nhamba yavo inogona kusvika 50. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukufa kwezai rezvipembenene padanho rekutanga rekukura, apo risati rava nenguva yekukuvadza chirimwa. .
Trichogramma inoparadzirwa pamusoro pezvirimwa nenzira yakanangwa kana inoenderera, inosanganisira kubatanidzwa kwendege uye dzimotokari dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu.
“Kupinzwa kwema<em>entomophages mudunhu redu kunoitwa pachishandiswa dhirezi rine mudziyo wakagadzirwa nenyanzvi dzebazi,” anotsanangura. Vitaly Novichkov. -Iyo dispenser inodzora kuyerera, inobvumidza iwe kudzora kumhanya, kufanana uye density yekugovera iyo biomaterial, ichivimbisa iko kurongeka kwekugadzirisa.
"Isu zvakare tinogadzira michina yakakosha inoiswa pane drones uye tinobvumira kuunzwa kweentomophages yemhando inodiwa mumiyero inodiwa," anodaro. Vasily Ptitsyn. -Drone yakashongedzerwa nenzira iyi inoita kusvika kumahekita makumi maviri eminda mumaminitsi gumi nemashanu ekubhururuka, uye panguva yekuchinja kwebasa kubereka kwayo kunosvika 15-20 mahekita.
Mbatata mune ramangwana
Kusvika pari zvino, varimi vembatatisi yeRussia havasi kumirira entomophages. Asi mapurazi epamusoro-soro ari kutanga kuvashandisa seimwe nzira yemakemikari ekudzivirira zvirimwa.
"Tine ruzivo rwakasiyana nekushanda nembatatisi dzisina hutachiona mumagreenhouses, uko biomethod yakashandiswa kurwisa hove," anodaro. Natalia Belyakova. – Zvinodiwa zvikuru zvinoiswa pakuchengetedzwa kwechirimwa chemeristem, nekuti kuruma kweaphid kunokwana kutapurira chirimwa neutachiona. Entomophages, iyo ine basa rekutsvaga uye inokwanisa kuwana kunyange zvipembenene zvipembenene, zvakatarisana nebasa ravo zvakakwana.
“Mbatatisi chirimwa chine mukurumbira mukushandiswa kwemaentomophages,” anodaro Vasily Ptitsyn. -Mbatatisi moth uye Colorado mbatatisi beetle inokonzera dambudziko guru kune vanogadzira, uye entomophages inoshanda kurwisa tumbuyu. Kambani yedu parizvino iri kuita chirongwa chekudzivirira zvirimwa kubva kuColorado mbatata beetle. Kuedza kwakabudirira kwakaitwa kumaodzanyemba kweRussia zhizha rapfuura. Zvisinei, varimi vanofanira kunyeverwa kuti nzira iyi haivimbise zana kubva muzana mhinduro. Chipembenene chirimwa chekudya cheentomophage, uye kana chikaparadzwa zvachose, chipembenene chinobatsira pachacho chinofa nenzara. Chikamu chegoho chichafanira kubayirwa nekuda kwebete rimwe chete, asi mhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza zvigadzirwa zvinogona kutengeswa pamusika kakawanda mutengo.
Hapana ari kudaidza varimi kuti vabve vasiya kushandiswa kwezvakajairwa zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa. Iwe unogona kusuma iyo biomethod zvishoma nezvishoma kuti iwe pachako uone kushanda kwayo.
"Entomophages inonyatsoenderana nebiological fungicides uye herbicides," anovimbisa Vitaly Novichkov.-Nguva pakati pekurapa nemishonga yehupenyu uye kusunungurwa kwezvipembenene inofanira kuva 1-2 mazuva. Uye mishonga yekudzivirira yemiti yemiti, zvichienderana nechinhu chinoshanda, inogona kushandiswa mazuva mashomanana isati yasunungurwa entomophages kana vhiki mushure mezvo.
“Kushandiswa panguva imwe chete nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene kunobvirawo,” inotsinhira kudaro Natalia Belyakova. “Asi zvino zvakakosha kuti pasarudzwe entomophages nenzira yekuti anorarama panguva yekurapa zvirimwa. Zvipembenene zvinokura kupikisa mishonga yezvipembenene zviri nyore, uye mushure memazana gumi nemaviri ezvizvarwa tichawana mutsara we entomophages unoenderana ne "chemistry".
Zvipembenene zvakaoma
Pakutanga kuona, hapana chakaoma mukushanda nezvipembenene zviduku zvinorwisa zvipembenene muminda. Asi maonero aya anonyengera.
"Entomophages inokura chete mumarabhoritari akakosha, ichigadzira mamiriro kune avo ari pedyo neakasikwa," inosimbisa Vladimir Sugak. - Izvi zvinodhura, zvakaoma, kunyanya basa remaoko, rinoda ruzivo rwakanyanya uye unyanzvi.
“Kuti murimi awane ma<em>entomophages, anofanira kutanga azvitenga,” anodaro Valentina Bychkova.- Saka, zvikumbiro kumapazi eRussia Agricultural Center yekugadzirwa kwezvipembenene zvinotumirwa mwedzi yakawanda nguva yekurima isati yatanga.
"Nekushandisa entomophages," anodaro Vitaly Novichkov, - kuongororwa kwezvirimwa kunosungirwa kuti uone chipembenene - mukuru weimwe entomophage, sarudza zvikamu zvekukura kwayo uye kuwanda. Gore rega rega, maagronomists ebazi anoongorora minda uye kugadzira phytomaps yezvinhu zvinokuvadza. Ruzivo rwunopinda muchirongwa cheAgroExpert, chakagadziridzwa uye chine patented nesu, iyo data inobvumira vanogadzira kuita matanho ekudzivirira panguva.
"Nzira yehupenyu yekudzivirira chirimwa chiitiko chakanyanya ruzivo chinoda kugadzirira kwakakosha," ndine chokwadi Natalia Belyakova. - Nhasi, nyanzvi dzakanaka dzakadzidziswa paDhipatimendi reKuchengetedzwa Kwemiti yeSt. Petersburg Agrarian University. Vadzidzi vayo vanodzidziswa kunoshanda kuInstitute yedu, nekuda kwavanopedza kudzidza kubva kuyunivhesiti sevane ruzivo agronomists.
"Iri basa rinoda hunyanzvi hwakakosha, kunyatsojeka uye harishiviriri kuregeredza," anobvumirana nazvo Vasily Ptitsyn. -Unofanirwa kugona kuona nguva yekuunza entomophages, dosi yavo, uye kurongeka kwekuchinjana nedzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira chirimwa. Haasi purazi rese rine nyanzvi ine magwaro anodiwa. Naizvozvo, kambani yedu inopa varimi basa rakazara: kubva pakuongorora zvirimwa uye kutengesa entomophages kune yavo yekushandisa uye inotevera hutsanana yekutarisa.
В zvirongo zvebete
Vamiririri vezera rekare, avo vave vachibatanidzwa mune zvekurima kwemakore akawanda, vanoziva pachavo pamusoro penzira dzekukwezva zvisikwa zvinobatsira zvipembenene kuminda.
“Nokudyara zvinomera zvinobereka nekita zvinobudisa mukume nenekita yakawanda, zvechokwadi uchamutsa kufarira kwezvipembenene zvomuzvarirwo,” anopa zano kudaro. Natalia Belyakova. - Kusanganisira hymenopteran parasitoids, iyo inobatsira kuderedza huwandu hweaphid.
- Varimi munyika dzakawanda vanounza entomophages echisikigo nemaoko, anowedzera Vasily Ptitsyn. - Ehe, iri ibasa rakawanda, rinopembedzwa chete pamapurazi ari kurima nzvimbo diki. Kana bhizinesi riine mazana emahekita eminda, hazvibviri kuita iyo biomethod pasina hunyanzvi nzira.
Kuti uchengetedze huwandu hwezvipembenene, chimiro chakakosha cheminda chinodiwa - chakareba, kuitira kuti chisafa nekukurumidza mushure mekukohwa. Somuenzaniso, chipembenene chakura chinotadza kubhururuka hachikwanisiki kusvika kumucheto kwemunda wakafara. Uye zvakare, zvirimwa zvezvirimwa zvinofanirwa kuchinjika neanonzi mabhengi mabhengi - uncompressed mitsetse yenyika iyo entomophages inomirira kunze kwenguva yenzara. Maitiro akadaro anodiwa kuti arambe ari muagrocenosis muhuwandu hwakakwana kudzora tupukanana uye anogona zvakachengeteka overwinter.
"Kuti ukwezve mhuka dzinodya dzimwe nyika uye zvisikwa, hazvina kukwana kushanda mumunda mumwe chete kana purazi," anotsanangura kudaro mukuru werabhoritari yekuchengetedzwa kwezvirimwa zvipenyu yeAll-Russian Institute of Natural Resources. - Zvakawanda zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekurima akatenderedza zvirimwa. Kuchengeta mamiriro anobatsira pakupararira kwetumbuyu kunoda kuedza kubva kumasangano mazhinji uye zviremera zvenzvimbo.
Kuchengeta uye kuchengeteka
Tsika yekuunza entomophages munharaunda yekurima yeRussia iri kupararira, kunyangwe ichinonoka.
"Mwaka wapfuura takashanda mumatunhu gumi enyika," anodaro mukuru mukuru weFly and See Agro LLC. - Kune ruzhinji rwevatengi vedu, kushanda kwekudzivirira tumbuyu kwakabva pa10 kusvika zana muzana. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakagamuchira zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvemhando yakavandudzwa, kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza nemakemikari, kuchengetedza hupenyu hwenyuchi uye zvipembenene zvinosvibisa. Uye kana tikaenzanisa sevhisi yedu nemutengo wepamusoro-yekupedzisira mishonga yezvipembenene, iyo inochengeterwa bhizinesi inogona kusvika 95-100 muzana.
"The biomethod, yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kweentomophages pakudzora tupukanana, ine tarisiro huru," anodavira kudaro. Tatiana Kisheva. - Muna 2022, bazi redu rakatengesa 1,35 bhiriyoni Trichogramma specimens uye 2,1 bhiriyoni Gabrobracona specimens. Semuenzaniso, mudunhu reProkhladnensky reKabardino-Balkarian Republic, zvakagoneka kudzima kurapwa kwemakemikari kurwisa makonye edonje pamusoro penzvimbo yemahekita chiuru. Trichogramma, yakambobudiswa pamazai echipembenene, yakaratidza kushanda kunoita 70 muzana.
“Gore rapfuura,” anogovera chinoitika chake Vitaly Novichkov, - nyanzvi dzebazi reTatarstan dzakaisa Trichogramma kurwisa tupukanana tunodya mashizha munzvimbo inodarika chiuru mahekita uye kusungirira pea aphid munzvimbo ine mahekita mazana maviri kune zvirimwa zvemasitadhi, chickpeas, pizi uye chibharo chechirimo. . Basa mugwara iri richaenderera mberi mumwaka mutsva.
"Kana tikataura nezve mhedzisiro yakaipa kune ecosystem mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kune tupukanana twakawanda, saka zvinogoneka," anobvuma. Natalia Belyakova. -Asi zvipembenene zvitsva zvinogara zvichionekwa. Sezvo isu tisingakwanise kumisa kupinda kwavo, isu hatifanirwe kuzvimisa pachedu mukushandisa entomophages, kunyangwe kana vakachinja chimiro chevanhu venyama.
Irina Berg