E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Kunonoka kusvibiswa kwembatatisi nematomatisi, zvinokonzerwa nehunhu hwakaita sehowa, iyo oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, inozivikanwa mune dzinenge nzvimbo dzese dzepasi panorimwa zvirimwa izvi. Pasi pemamiriro epiphytotic, kurasikirwa kwegoho rembatatisi kubva kunonoka kunaya kunogona kusvika pa10-30% kana kupfuura, uye nemadomasi, kusvika ku100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
Imwe yeakanyanya sosi ekutanga inoculum Ph. infestans, inotungamira kune hutachiona hwezvirimwa, iwo makobvu-ane masvingo ekuzorora zvivakwa zvekubereka - oospores. Mahybrosi oospores akaumbwa semhedzisiro yekuyambuka majini akasiyana evabereki anobatsira kuwedzera mukusiyana kwejenotypic muhuwandu hwevanhu, semhedzisiro yekumhanyisa kwemaitiro emhando dzakasiyana uye akaisa fungicides. Oospore dzidziso Ph. infestans mumunda inozivikanwa munyika zhinji dzepasi: Russia (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strцmberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) uye mamwe matunhu. Pane humbowo hwekuti oospores yeiyo inokonzera causative agent yekunonoka kunaya inogona kurarama kweanopfuura makore maviri muvhu muvhu rinoshanda (Hermansen et al., 2; Bшdker et al., 2002) uye inokonzera hutachiona hwezvirimwa mushure mekunyorova (Lehtinen et al., 2006; Ulanova et al., 2002).
Nzira huru yekurwisa blight yekunonoka nhasi ndeyekudzivirira kwemakemikari, uko kurapa kudyara pamwe nekugadzirira fungicidal. Makemikari mazhinji anoshandiswa kuchengetedza mbatatisi nematomatisi kubva kunonoka kunaya ane simba rekudzivirira oospore kuumbwa (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Zvisinei, mimwe mishonga inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamatezi asingatapure zvakananga Ph. infestans, uye mhedzisiro yavo pakuumbwa kwe oospore hazvizivikanwe. Naizvozvo, chinangwa cheiri basa ndechekudzidza mhedzisiro pakuumbwa kwe oospores yemimwe mishonga inoshandiswa zvakanyanya patatata, asi isina kunyoreswa pakurwisa kwekupedzisira.
Takashandisa 9 Ph. infestans emhando dzakasiyana dzekusvirana, dzakasarudzika nesu kubva kune hutachiwana mbatata mashizha muMoscow, Leningrad, Ryazan matunhu. Kudzidza mhedzisiro pakukura kwemycelium uye kuumbwa kwe oospores, anotevera madhiragi akashandiswa: fungicides Maxim (chinhu chinoshanda fludioxonil kubva ku phenylpyrrole kirasi) uye Scor (difenoconazole, triazoles), zvipembenene zveAtara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) uye Tanrek (imidacloprid, imidaclribrid, , triazines). Mishonga yose yezvipembenene yakanyoreswa mu "State Catalog yeMishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye Agrochemicals" yegore ra2014. Kuti uongorore mhedzisiro yemushonga wezvipembenene mukukura kwe oomycete colonies, yega strain yakaiswa jekiseni neagar block pakati pePetri dhishi ine dense oatmeal svikiro. Iyo bvunzo pesticidhe yakafanirwa kuwedzerwa kune yepakati pazvikamu zve 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, uye 100.0 mg / L (maererano nechinhu chinoshanda - DV). Sekutonga, taishandisa svikiro risina kuwedzerwa mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Iyo inoculations yakaiswa pa18 ° C kwemazuva gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemashanu kusvika iyo dhayamita dhayeti yemushonga-isingaite control yaive 12-15% yePetri dhayamita dhayamita, mushure mezvo hupamhi hwemakoloni hwakayerwa mukutonga uye kuyedza kwakasiyana.
Iko kuyedza kwakaitwa mumitezo mitatu. Kudzidza kwe oospore kuumbwa kwakaitwa pane agar oat medium (3 ml mune Petri dish) pamwe nekuwedzeredzwa kwefungicide pazvikamu zve30, 0.1, 1.0, uye 10.0 mg / L uye nepakati isina fungicide (control). Kune izvi, agar inovhara ine yekukwirisa mhando A100.0 uye A1 yakasarudzika yakaiswa vaviri vaviri pamusoro pechikafu chepakati pane chinhambwe che2 cm kubva kune mumwe. Iwo majekiseni akaiswa mukati meiyo yakakwana Ph. Infestans pane tembiricha ye5 ° C kwemazuva makumi maviri. Mushure mekurima, iyo svikiro svikiro ine spores yakamiswazve nemusanganisi mu18 ml yemvura yakasanganiswa, uye gadziriro yemakorosikopu yakagadzirirwa kubva mukumiswa kwakakonzerwa. Mune yega yega misiyano, zana nemakumi masere emawonero akaonekwa (20 zvinodzokororwa, makumi matanhatu ndima ekuona). Ipapo iko kukosheswa kwemaoospores kwakaverengwa zvakare (pcs / μL yepakati).
Mhedzisiro yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pane radial koloni kukura. Difenoconazole, thiamethoxam uye imidacloprid yakanga isina manhamba akakosha mukukura kwemidhiya kwePh. infestans (Tafura 1). Iyo herbicide metribuzin yakakonzera kudzikira kudiki mukutanga nguva (mazuva mashanu ekukura); zvisinei, nezuva regumi, madhaimendi emakoloni akave akaenzana saizi. Fludioxonil kuwandisa kwakadzivirira kukura kwePh. infestans pakumisikidzwa iri pakati peanopfuura gumi mg / l.
Tafura 1
Mhedzisiro yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pane radial kukura kwemakoloni Phytophthora infestans
Fungicide-DV (zvinodhaka) | Colony dhayamita pamatanho akasiyana (mg / L) DW mune yepakati, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara mushonga) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | 76 ± 9 (96%) | 77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 82 ± 6 | - | 74 ± 12 (90%) | 56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 88 ± 12 | - | 85 ± 12 (97%) | 86 ± 9 (98%) | 80 ± 5 (91%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 82 ± 7 | - | 76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) |
Tarira. Iyo "±" chiratidzo inoteverwa neiyo nguva yekuvimba yeiyo yakakosha nhanho ye0.05. Maitiro muzvikomberedzo anoratidzira huwandu hwehupamhi hwemakoloni mune muyedzo wekuyedza kune iwo uri mukutonga pasina mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Chiratidzo "-" chinoreva kuti hapana ongororo yakaitwa.
Tafura 2
Mhedzisiro yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pane oospore kuumbwa Phytophthora infestans mune agar nharaunda
Fungicide-DV (zvinodhaka) | Huwandu hwe oospores iri pakati nepakati pazvikamu zvakasiyana (mg / l) DV, pcs / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
Thiamethoxam (Aktara mushonga) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | 79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | 118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Kudzidza nezve mhedzisiro yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka pakuumbwa kwe oospores Ph. infestans mune inosvikirwa svikiro. Izvo zvakawanikwa kuti kuwanda kwakakosha kuwanda kweiyo oospores pane kumwe kukoshesa kwakakonzerwa nezvose zvakaongororwa kugadzirira (Tafura 2). Pachinhu chinoshanda che1.0 mg / l, zvese mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, kunze kwekugadzirira kweAktara neSkor, zvakakonzera kudzikira kunooneka muhuwandu hwenzvimbo dzakaumbwa (ne12-24% zvichienzaniswa nekutonga). Kumwe kuwedzera mukusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda mune yepakati kwakatungamira mukuwedzera kweyekudzivirira mhedzisiro. Kugadzirira kwakavakirwa pane thiamethoxam uye difenoconazole kwakakonzera kudonha kwakakosha muhuwandu hwe oospores apo kusangana kweiyo inoshanda chinhu mune yepakati kwaipfuura 10 mg / l.
Kukurukurirana uye kupedza. Kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yemishonga yezvipembenene isina kunyoreswa pakurwisa kwekupedzisira kwembatatisi pane kukura kwemazai emecelium yakaratidza, sezvanga zvichitarisirwa, kudzvinyirira kushoma kwekukura (fludioxonil) kana kusaita kukura (mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene yakadzidzwa).
Tafura 3. Kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda mune inoshanda mvura
Kugadzirira (fungicide-DV) | Inoshandiswa mukushanda kwekusungwa kweDV mune inosimudzira miviri, mg / l | Kusungwa kweDW mune inoshanda mvura panguva yekugadzira mbatatisi, mg / l |
---|---|---|
Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Kuwanda (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
Scor (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Hunhu hwacho hunoratidzwa zvinoenderana ne "State katarogu yemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye agrochemicals" yegore ra2014.
Ese mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka yakakonzera kudzikira mukuumbwa kweoospores mune yepakati zvinovaka muviri. Iko kuyedzwa kwakayedzwa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka mune yepakati kwaive kwakaderera kana kungangoenderana (kune imidacloprid) kune iyo inobvumidzwa kuwanda mune inoshanda mvura (Tafura 3). Mukuyedza kwedu, kudzvinyirira kwekuumbwa kwe oospores kwakawedzera sezvo chipimo chemushonga chakawedzera, izvo zvinoratidza kuwedzera kwechiitiko pakubata neakawanda akasimba anoshanda emvura. Difenoconazole yakakonzera kuderera kwakakosha mukusungwa kwemaoospores kwete chete mukuyedza kwepakati pechikafu, asiwo mumiyedzo pamashizha akachekwa embatatisi akaiswa mumvura ine fungicide. Nekudaro, mumhando yeVectar Belorussian, 32 oospores pa1 mm2 yenzvimbo yemashizha yakaonekwa mukutonga, padanho re difenoconazole mumvura ye10 mg / l - 24, uye pa100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Misiyano iri mukutarisa kweoospores pa100 mg / l yeiyo fungicide uye mukutonga ine huwandu hwakakosha (Elansky, Mytsa, isina kuburitswa).
Mishonga yezvipembenene inogona kukanganisa akasiyana siyana masisitimu efungal. Mumabhuku, hatina kukwanisa kuwana ruzivo rwunotsanangudza mhedzisiro inogoneka yemishonga inodzidziswa pakuumbwa kwe oospores. Ngatiedzei kuita fungidziro pamusoro pechiito che difenoconazole. Iyo mashandiro eiyo fungicidal chiito ndechekudzivirira iyo C14-dimethylase enzyme, iyo inoita chinzvimbo chakakosha mu sterol biosynthesis. Sterols inogadzirwa nefungi, zvirimwa uye zvimwe zvipenyu uye iri chikamu chemasero avo. Oomycetes eiyo genus Phytophthora, mukushayikwa kwema sterol, anokwanisa chete kukura kwemuriwo, uye kuumbwa kwe oospores kwakadzvanywa zvachose (Elliott et al., 1966).
Oomycetes haakwanise kugadzira sterols pachavo; ivo vanobatanidza muhunhu hwavo iwo sterol akawanikwa kubva kune inomiririra chirimwa, achigadzirisa iwo. Mukuyedza kwedu, isu takashandisa oat agar svikiro vakapfuma mu-sitosterol uye isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), kureva, zvinhu zvinokurudzira kuumbwa kwe oospores. Izvo zvinokwanisika kuti difenoconazole inodzivisa basa rema enzymes anobatanidzwa mukushandurwa kana kushandiswa kwesterol makomponi akawanikwa kubva kumiti. Izvi zvinogona, zvakare, kudzikisira kusimba kwe oospore kuumbwa.
Mune madiki madiki, sezvakaratidzwa pabasa redu, difenoconazole yakave neasina kusimba mhedzisiro mukukura kwe mycelium uye kuumbwa kwe oospores.
Kudzvinyirirwa kwekuumbwa kweoospores mune yepakati michero kwakaratidzwa kare kune antiphytophthora fungicidal kugadzirira. Nekudaro, mune basa raKessel et al. (2002) akaongorora anodarika gumi antiphitofluoroids ekutengesa zvinodhaka. Fluazinam, dimethomorph, uye cymoxanil mune zvisingauraye kusanganisa zvakadzvinyirira zvachose kuumbwa kwe oospores mune imwe agar svikiro; metalaxil, maneb uye propamocarb yakaratidza kushanda zvine mwero; mancozeb uye chlorothalonil zvakange zvisina zvazvingaita pane oospore kuumbwa. Mune basa reSA Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 10), iyo inhibition ye oospore kuumbwa pane chinovaka svikiro neisina-kuuraya kuwanda kwemetalaxyl yakaratidzwa.
Yedu miedzo yakaratidza kuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inoshandiswa pambatatisi, kunyangwe isina chaicho chinovhiringidza kukura kweanononoka blight pathogen, akadzvinyirira kuumbwa kwe oospores. Nekudaro, kunyatsoitwa kwemakemikari kudzivirira mbatatisi uchishandisa fungicides, mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye mishonga yesora inoderedza mukana we oospores kuumbwa mumashizha emiti.
Iri basa rakatsigirwa neRussia Science Foundation (chirongwa No. 14-50-00029).
Chinyorwa ichi chakaburitswa mumagazini "Mycology uye Phytopathology" (Vhoriyamu 50, Chinyorwa 1, 2016).