Sergey Elansky
Chimwe chezvirwere zvine njodzi kwazvo chembatatisi nematomatisi kunonoka kuipisa kunokonzerwa neoomycete Phytophthora infestans (Gomo.) De Bary. Iyi phytopathogen inokuvadza zvakanyanya, nekuti pasi pemamiriro ekunze akakodzera, inokwanisa kukura zvakanyanya uye ichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwezvirimwa, pamwe nekusiyana kwakasimba, kunoitendera kuti ikurire nekukurumidza kurwisa kwemhando dzakasiyana uye nehuturu mhedzisiro yekugadzirira fungicidal. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana mhando yembatatisi nemadomasi yakasikwa iyo inopesana zvachose nehutachiona uhu.
Iyo yega sarudzo yekuzvidzivirira kubva kunonoka kunaya iko kushandiswa kwemiti yekudzivirira makemikari. Epiphytosis yekunonoka blight inotangwa neyekutanga inoculum. MuEurope, inoculum yekutanga inoonekwa sehutachiona hwakapinda muvhu hune hutachiona hwembeu, maoospores P. infestans), pamwe ne zoosporangia inounzwa nemhepo kubva kuzvirimwa zvinokura kubva pamusoro pemvura inotapira muminda yegore rapfuura ("vanozvipira" zvirimwa), kana pamirwi yematubhi akaraswa kana achiachengeterwa kuti achengeterwe. Pakati peizvi, zvirimwa zvinokura pamirwi yemarubhi akaraswa zvinoonekwa senzvimbo inotyisa yehutachiona. huwandu hwamera tubers pane unowanzo kuve wakakosha, uye zoosporangia inogona kutakurwa kubva kwavari pamusoro penzvimbo refu. Mamwe masosi (oospores, "vanozvipira" zvirimwa) haana ngozi zvakanyanya, nekuti haisi tsika kurima zvirimwa paminda imwechete kazhinji kanopfuura kamwe chete pamakore matatu kusvika mana. Kutapukirwa kubva kune anorwara mhodzi yematubhu zvakare kuri kushoma nekuda kweiyo yakanaka mbeu yekudzivirira system.
Kazhinji, huwandu hwenhamba yekutanga inoculum muvanhu veEurope ishoma, uye nekudaro kukura kwedenda iri kunonoka uye kunogona kudzorwa zvinobudirira uchishandisa makemikari fungicidal kugadzirira.
MuRussia, mamiriro acho akasiyana zvakanyanya. Zvizhinji zvezvirimwa zvembatatisi nemadomasi zvinorimwa muminda midiki yakazvimiririra; matanho ekudzivirira haatomboitwa pavari zvachose, kana mishonga yefungicidal inoitwa isina kukwana nhamba uye inotanga mushure mekuonekwa kwekunonoka kwetsvo pamusoro. Nekuda kweizvozvo, yega yega miriwo minda inoshanda sosi huru yehutachiona, kubva kune iyo zoosporangia inotakurwa nemhepo kuenda kune zvekudyara kudyara. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nekucherechedza kwedu kwakananga kuMoscow, Bryansk, Kostroma, nzvimbo dzeRyazan: kukuvara kwezvirimwa mumapindu ega kwakacherechedzwa pamberi pekutanga kwekurapa kwefungicide yekudyara kwekutengesa. Shure kwaizvozvo, denda muminda mikuru rinodziviswa nekushandisa fungicidal gadziriro, nepo mune yega minda kune kukurumidza kukura kwekunonoka kusvibiswa.
Panyaya yekurapa kwakashata kana "kwakaderera-bhajeti" kwekudyara kwekutengesa, foci yekupedzisira kwekutsvaira inoonekwa muminda; mune ramangwana ivo vari kushingaira kusimukira, vachitora nzvimbo dzakakura nguva dzose.
Kutapukirwa muminda yega yega kunokanganisa madenda munzvimbo dzekutengesa. Munzvimbo dzese dzinorima mbatatisi muRussia, nzvimbo inogarwa nembatatisi muminda yega yega yakakurisa zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kupfuura nzvimbo yese yemasangano makuru anoburitsa. Munzvimbo dzakadai, yakavanzika minda yemiriwo inogona kutaridzwa seyepasi rose inoculum sosi yekutengesa minda.
Ngatiedzei kuona izvo zvivakwa zvinoitwa neP. Infestans vanhu muminda yega. Kudyara kwembeu uye kuisa kwega kutonga kwewairi mbatatisi, mbeu yemadomasi yakawanikwa kubva kune vanogadzira vekunze vanogadzira, kurima kwenguva refu mbatatisi nematomatisi munzvimbo dzakafanana, kurapwa kusingaiti kwefungicide kana kusavapo kwavo zvachose kunotungamira kune epiphytoties dzakakomba munzvimbo yakasarudzika, mhedzisiro yacho ndeye mahara kuyambuka, kuwedzeredzwa uye oospore kuumbwa mune yega magadheni. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kwakanyanya kwakanyanya genotypic kusiana kunoonekwa, apo chinenge chinetso chose chakasarudzika mune genotype yayo (Elansky et al., 2001), uye kugoverwa kwemagenotypes muhuwandu kunogutsa chiyero cheHardy-Weinberg (Amatkhanova et al., 2004), iyo inopupura mukuda kuyambuka mahara. muhuwandu hwevanhu. Oospores anoshingairira akaumbwa mune zvakakanganiswa nhengo dzemiti (Smirnov, Elansky 1999). Kudyara mbeu mbatatisi yemhando dzakasiyana dzemageneti kunoita kuti zvisaite kuti mitsetse yeklonal inyanzvi kurwisa imwe mhando ichabuda. Materu akasarudzwa mune yakadai anosiyaniswa nekusiyana-siyana kwavo maererano nemhando dzakakanganiswa; mazhinji acho ane huwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehutachiona (Amatkhanova et al., 2004; Shein et al., 2009). Izvi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nehurongwa hwe "clonal mitsara" inowanzoitika kuminda mikuru yemabhizimusi ezvekurima neyakaiswa mushe nzira yekudzivirira kubva kunonoka kunaya. "Clonal mitsetse" (apo mhando dzese dzekunonoka blight pathogen mumunda dzinomiririrwa neumwe kana anopfuura genotypes) dzinowanikwa munyika umo kurimwa kwembatata kunoitwa chete nemapurazi makuru: USA, Netherlands, Denmark, nezvimwe. (Goodwin et al., 1994, Dyakov, Elansky, 2007, Cooke et al., 2006). Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, "clonal mitsetse" yakanga yakapararira munzvimbo dzeAsia neFar Eastern zvikamu zveRussia (Elansky et al., 20), izvo zviri pachena nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemhando imwe chete yembatatisi chete yekudyara. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, mamiriro ezvinhu mumatunhu aya akatangawo kuchinja achienda mukuwedzera kweiyo genotypic kusiana kwevanhu (SN Elansky, isina kunyorwa data).
Kushaikwa kwekurapwa kwakasimba ne fungicidal kugadzirira kune imwe, yakananga mhedzisiro - hapana kuunganidzwa kwemishonga inodzivirira muminda. Chokwadi, mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kuti metalaxyl-inopesana nematraini inoonekwa kashoma mumapindu akazvimirira pane ekudyara kwekutengesa (Elansky et al., 2007).
Kudyarwa kwepedyo kwetapatata nematomatisi muminda kunobatsira kutama kwematambudziko pakati pezvirimwa izvi, semhedzisiro, mumakore gumi apfuura, pakati pematambudziko ari oga kubva kumatatata, chikamu cheavo vakatakura geni rekurwisa mhando dzekrisita matomatisi T1, yaimboita chete ye "nyanya" maronda, yakawedzera. Matinji ane iyo T1 geni mune dzakawanda kesi ane hukasha zvakanyanya kune ese mbatatisi nematomatisi.
Mumakore achangopfuura, kunonoka kwekudzivirira pamatomatisi kwakatanga kuoneka mune dzakawanda zviitiko zvisati zvaitika pane mbatatisi. Mbeu dzematomatisi dzinogona kuzara neoospores muvhu, kana oospores inowanikwa mumbeu yemadomasi kana kuomerera pairi (Rubin et al., 2001). Kubva kupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, huwandu hwakawanda hwembeu dzakatakurika dzakapakishwa, dzinotengwa kunze kwenyika, dzakabuda muzvitoro, kuti zvishandiswe nevakawanda vevagadziri vadiki. Mbeu dzinogona kunge dziine mitsara ine genotypes inowanzoitika kumatunhu ekurima kwavo. Mune ramangwana, idzi genotypes dzinosanganisirwa muitiro wekuita bonde mune yega magadheni, izvo zvinotungamira mukubuda kweanyowani matsva genotypes.
Nekudaro, mapindu akazvimirira i "poto yakanyunguduka" yepasi rose umo, semhedzisiro yekuchinjana kwemajini, genotypes dziripo dzinogadziriswa uye nyowani nyowani dzinoonekwa. Zvakare, kusarudzwa kwavo kunoitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvakanyanya neakagadzirirwa mbatatisi mumapurazi mahombe: kusavapo kwefungicidal press, varietal kufanana kwekudyara, hukuru hwezvirimwa zvakakanganiswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzehutachiona uye hutachiona hutachiona, padhuze nemadomasi uye nightshades yemusango, kuyambuka kunoshanda uye oospore kuumbwa, mukana kune oospores yekukonzeresa kudzoka kwechirwere gore rinotevera. Zvese izvi zvinotungamira kune yakakwira kwazvo genotypic kusiyanisa kwevanhu kumashure kwemashure. Pasi pemamiriro epiphytotic, blight inononoka inopararira nekukurumidza muminda yemiriwo uye huwandu hwakawanda hwezvipembenene hunoburitswa, izvo zvinobhururuka kuenda kunzvimbo dzekudyara dziri pedyo. Nekudaro, kana tasvika kuminda yekutengesa neiyo chaiyo sisitimu yehunyanzvi hwekurima uye kudzivirirwa, zvipuka zvakayerera hazvina mukana wekutanga denda rakakomba mumunda, izvo zvinokonzerwa nekushaikwa kwemitsetse yemakondoni inopesana nefungicides gumi uye yakanangana nemhando dzakarimwa.
Imwe sosi yekutanga inoculum inogona kunge iri maronda machubhu akavharirwa mumidziyo yekutengesa. Aya ma tubers akakurwa, sekutonga, muminda ine hunyanzvi hwekurima uye yakasimba yekudzivirira makemikari. Iyo genotypes yeavo vakazviparadzanisa ayo akanganisa ma tubers anochinjirwa mukusimudzira kwavo kwakasiyana siyana. Aya maratidziro ane njodzi zvakanyanya mukudyara kwekutengesa tichienzanisa neinoculum inotangira kubva kune yega magadheni. Uku kufungidzira kunotsigirwa nezvakabuda mukutsvaga kwedu. Vagari vakasarudzika kubva kuminda mikuru ine yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka kemikari chengetedzo uye yakanaka yekurima tekinoroji haina kusiyana mukukwirira kwemageneti. Kazhinji iyi mitsara yakati wandei, inoratidzirwa nehukasha hwakanyanya uye hukuru hwehutachiona husinga rwi.
Mitsetse kubva kuzvinhu zvinotengeswa zvembeu inogona kupinda muvanhu mumapindu emiriwo uye kubatanidzwa mune zvinoitika zvinoitika mavari. Nekudaro, mubindu remuriwo, kukwikwidza kwavo kunenge kwakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura mundima yekutengesa, uye munguva pfupi ivo vanozoguma kuvapo nenzira yechikwata checlonal, asi majini avo anogona kushandiswa mu "gadheni" revanhu.
Hutachiona hunokura pane "vanozvipira" zvinomera uye pamirwi yemakonzerwa machubhu panguva yekukohwa haukoshe zvakanyanya kuRussia, nekuti Munzvimbo huru dzinokura mbatatisi dzeRussia, kwakadzika chando ivhu rinotonhora, uye zvinomera kubva kune tubers izvo zvakatonhora muvhu hazviwanzo kukura.
Zvakare, sekuratidzira kwedu kwayedza, iyo inokonzera causative yeanononoka kuora kazhinji haigare pane tembiricha isina kunaka, kunyangwe pane machubhu akachengetedza kushanda kwawo. Munzvimbo isina mvura, panorimwa mbatatisi yekutanga, blight yekunonoka haiwanzo kuwanikwa nekuda kwekukura uye kupisa kwekukura mwaka.
Nekudaro, izvozvi tiri kutarisa kupatsanurwa kweP infestans vanhu kupinda "mumunda" uye "gadheni" vanhu. Nekudaro, mumakore achangopfuura, maitiro akaonekwa achitungamira mukubatana uye kupindirana kwemagenotypes kubva kuvanhu ava.
Pakati pavo, mumwe anogona kucherechedza kuwedzera kwakawanda mukuverenga nekunyora kwevagadziri vadiki, kubuda kwemapakeji madiki embeu mbatatisi, kupararira kwekugadzirira fungicidal mumapakeji madiki, uye kurasikirwa kwekutya kwe "chemistry" nevanhu.
Mamiriro ezvinhu anomuka apo, nekuda kwekuita nesimba kweumwe mutengesi, misha yese yakasimwa nembeu dzemidziyo yemhando imwechete uye inopihwa mapakeji madiki emushonga wezvipembenene. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mbatatisi dzemhando dzakasiyana dzichawanikwa pane zvekudyara zvekudyara padyo.
Kune rimwe divi, mamwe makambani anotengesa mishonga inouraya zvipembenene ari kusimudzira "bhajeti" zvirongwa zvekurapa zvemakemikari. Muchiitiko ichi, huwandu hwekurapa hwadzikiswa uye fungicides yakachipa inopihwa, uye kusimbiswa hakusi kwekudzivirira kukura kweanononoka blight kusvika pakucheka misoro, asi pane kumwe kunonoka muepiphytoty kuitira kuwedzera goho. Zvirongwa zvakadaro zvinonzwisisika mune zvehupfumi kana uchirima mbatatisi kubva kune yakaderera-mbeu mbeu zvinhu, kana musimboti pasina mubvunzo wekuwana gohwo repamusoro. Nekudaro, mune iyi kesi, kusiyana nevanhu vegadheni, iyo yakaomeswa magene ekumashure embatatisi inobvumidza kusarudzwa kwemamwe maratidziro emitezo yephytopathogens, ayo ane njodzi kune aya akasiyana.
Maitiro ekuchinja kwe "gadheni" uye "munda" nzira dzekugadzira mbatatisi zvinoita sekunge isu zvine njodzi. Kudzivirira mhedzisiro yavo yakaipa, mune ese epamba uye ezvokutengeserana, zvichave zvakakosha kudzora zvese kusanganiswa kwembeu mbatatisi uye huwandu hwenzvimbo dzinopihwa varidzi vega muzvirimwa zvidiki, pamwe nekutevera zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza mbatatisi uye kushandiswa kwefungicidal kugadzirira mune rezvokutengeserana chikamu.
Nekuda kwekusasimba kwekugadzirwa kwembeu muRussia, hombe yembeu mbatatari inotengeswa kubva kunze kwenyika. Pamwe chete nazvo, nyowani, pamwe ine hutachiona uye husingauraye mafungisi ehutachiona hunounzwa kunze, incl. kunonoka kunaya.
MuRussia, yavo geni dziva ichabatanidzwa mune yakasarudzika maitiro ekusarudzwa kwema genotypes matsva, akagadziriswa kune edu mamiriro uye kukundwa kwemhando dzakarimwa muRussia.
Munzvimbo dzezvikamu zvakazvimiririra, kune kusimudzira kwakasimba kwete kwekupedzisira kunonoka, asiwo Alternaria. Vazhinji varidzi vezvikamu zvakavanzika havatore matanho akakosha ekudzivirira kurwisa Alternaria, vachikanganisa kuvandudzwa kweAltharia yekumomesa kwepamusoro kwemisoro kana kusimudzira kwekupedzisira kwechirwere. Naizvozvo, nekuvandudzwa kukuru kweExtaria pamhando dzinobatika, dzimba dzemumba dzinogona kushanda sosi yeinoculum yekudyara kwekutengesa.
Iri basa rakaitwa pamwe nerutsigiro rwakasarudzika rweRussia Science Foundation (chirongwa N 14-50-00029).
Chinyorwa ichi chakaburitswa mumagazini "Kudzivirirwa kweMbatatisi" (Nha. 1, 2015)