Ludmila Dulskaya
Munguva yedenda, vanhu vakatanga kufunga zvakanyanya nezve kunaka kwechikafu, uye kufarira mune organic zvigadzirwa kwakawedzera. Asi ikozvino simba rekutenga rehuwandu hwevanhu raderera zvakanyanya. Kurima kwevhu kune ramangwana mumamiriro matsva here? Ndeapi matambudziko achasangana neagro-mabhizinesi kana vafunga kuita mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zve organic? Anodaro sachigaro webhodhi re Union of Organic Farming Sergey Aleksandrovich Korshunov.
The Union of Organic Farming Association ndiyo huru yeRussia yakazvimirira yeruzhinji sangano rekurima organic uye biologization yekurima, hutano, zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo, nharaunda yakachengeteka, mutengo wakanaka kuvarimi, uye budiriro yekumaruwa. Iyo Union yave iripo kubva 2013, inobatanidza vanopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu varimi vezvekurima uye vangangosvika mazana masere vatori vechikamu. Vanopfuura makumi manomwe nhengo dzeMubatanidzwa vane chitupa cheRussia kana yepasirese system ye organic certification.
Organic Agriculture ine chinangwa chekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo uye zvine hutano. Vagadziri vezvekurima vakazvisarudzira gwara iri vachishanda pamwe chete nemasikirwo, vanoyedza kudzikisa kukanganisa kwevanhu pane zvakatipoteredza uye kutora mutoro wekuchengetedza kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza.
Mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zveorganic, synthetic mineral fertilizer uye makemikari ekudzivirira chirimwa zvigadzirwa zvinorambidzwa. Chete organic fertilizer uye biological nzira dzekudzivirira dzinoshandiswa, izvo zvinoda kumwe kugadziridzwa muhunyanzvi hwekurima. Somugumisiro, chigadzirwa chekupedzisira chekudyara chine chiedza chakajeka, chakapfuma uye chinonhuwira, asi chibereko chayo ndechekurongeka kwehukuru hwakaderera kupfuura hwevagadziri vanoshandisa agrochemicals.
Tiri kukura chii?
Kune mbesa dzisingagoneke kana kusatengesera kuti dzikure zvichitevedza mitemo yekurima zvirimwa. Chaizvoizvo, vagadziri vakakura varimi vari kuita kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvemumunda, mune runyorwa rwezvirimwa zvikuru: gorosi, soya bhinzi, oiri seed flax, chibage, sunflower. Miriwo inowanzo shandiswa nevarimi vadiki vasina kumbosiya huwandu hweminda yemunhu. "In organic" zviri nyore kukura dzungu, tomate munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa uye yakavhurika, gariki, hanyanisi. Izvo zvakanyanya kuoma nembatatisi: mukurwisa zvipembenene nezvirwere, zvakaoma kubata chete nezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu. Goho rema organic mbatatisi rakaderera zvakanyanya pane iro rinoshandisa yakadzika matekinoroji. Tichifunga kuti mari yezvigadzirwa izvi pamusika, sekutonga, yakaderera, tinofanira kubvuma kuti hazvibatsiri kuigadzira. Kunyange makarotsi uye beet vane miganho yakakwirira kupfuura mbatatisi.
Pakati penhengo dze Union of Organic Farming, vatatu chete vanorima mbatatisi, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Mapurazi ari muPerm Territory, Volgograd uye Leningrad Regions. Mbatata yavo inoshanduka kuve yakasiyana zvachose - iyo chaiyo yemamiriro ekunze anokanganisa.
Tinokura sei?
MuRussia, kusiyana nedzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzepasi, kugadzirwa kwebiological plant protection products kwakanyatso kugadzirwa. Inenge 95% yemishonga inobva mudzimba. Asi zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kuti uwane chigumisiro, kugadzirira kwehupenyu kunofanira kuiswa munzvimbo, inofanira kusarudzwa empirically - izvo zvinoshanda muVolgograd zvingasashanda muKaluga. Mukuwedzera, mugumisiro wekusangana nemishonga yehupenyu haisi kuonekwa pakarepo.
Kumwe kunetsa kurimwa kwevarimi vari pakati nepakati inyaya yekuti munzvimbo iyi hapasati pave nerutsigiro rwekurima kubva kune vanogadzira nzira dzekudzivirira. Makambani ane hunyanzvi mukugadzira zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa ane vashandi vevanachipangamazano vanoperekedza agronomists: vanogadzira zvirongwa zvekurapa, vanopindura mibvunzo kubva kune vanogadzira zvekurima, uye vanopa samples dzegadziriro. Vatendi vashoma vebiology tekinoroji vane sevhisi yakadai.
Zvinokwanisika kukura zvigadzirwa zvakanaka pasina kushandisa chemistry, asi inofanira kuva nemutengi wayo.
Tiri kutengesa kunaani?
Nhasi muRussia hapana imwe yemubatanidzwa kana yemuno yekutengesa cheni iyo isingaratidze organic zvigadzirwa. Muna 2020, ANO "Russian Quality System" yakaita ongororo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuziva kuti ndivanaani vanonyanya kutenga zvigadzirwa zveorganic. Sezvinotarisirwa, chekutanga, ava ndiamai vanotenga zvinhu zvechikamu ichi kuvana vavo uye ivo pachavo, pamwe nevateveri vemararamiro ane hutano, avo zvigadzirwa zvakadaro chikamu chakakosha chekudya kunovaka muviri.
Zvino pamusoro pemitengo. Kusvika 2020, organic miriwo muEurope inongodhura gumi-10% kupfuura isiri-organic. Zvinotendwa kuti kusvika ku15% ndiyo mutsauko uyo munhu kazhinji haacherechedzi paanenge achiita sarudzo yekutenga. Nehurombo, muRussia tinobhadhara zvakanyanya kune organic zvigadzirwa, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti musika wezvigadzirwa zvepurazi hauna kugadzirwa munyika yedu. Kana huwandu hwekugadzirwa kweorganic hwaive hwakakwira, mutsauko wekutengesa mutengo waizofanana.
Nhasi hakuna makwikwi. Kana murimi aine organic mbatatisi mudiki, anonzwisisa kuti anogona kuitengesa 150 uye 250 rubles pakirogiramu. Iko hakuna analogues, isu tinoisa chero mutengo, uye avo vatengi vanoedza kushandisa zvakanyanya zvinobatsira zvigadzirwa vanotenga.
Basa guru remugadziri we organic nderekutsvaga vatengi vanogovana hunhu hwake kuitira kuti ave nechokwadi chekutengesa.
Uye zvakadini nezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika?
Vatengi vakuru vezvigadzirwa zvepasi pasi iUSA, nyika dzeEU neChina, nekuda kwehukuru hwehuwandu uye saizi yemusika wevatengi. KuRussia, musika mukuru wekutengesa kunze wagara uri European Union. Takatengesa zvirimwa zvemafuta-ne-oiri ikoko semidziyo, uye tisati taunza mabasa ekudzivirira - organic grain. Ikozvino musika weEU hausati wavharwa isu, asi ndinofunga inyaya yenguva.
Russia inogona kupa organic zvigadzirwa kuChina, iyo United Arab Emirates. Asi kutarisisa kukuru kwevagadziri vese vekurima mudzimba mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, hongu, kuve pamusika wepamba - isu tine hombe. Kana iri miriwo, inodhura muEurope kupfuura muRussia, saka hakuna kumbove nekutengesa kunze.
Iyo indasitiri ine tarisiro here?
Munguva yedenda, kudiwa kwevatengi kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvakasikwa kwakawedzera, uye kutengesa kwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Chii chichaitika iye zvino, panguva yehondo-yezvematongerwo enyika, zvakaoma kufungidzira. Kudiwa kwema organics hakugone kusvetuka kumusoro gore rino - hongu, zvinoenderana nesimba rekutenga. Chinhu chikuru kumurimi wese iye zvino hachisi kurasikirwa nehuwandu hwekugadzira.
Mune ramangwana, ndinofunga kuti Russia ichamanikidzwa kutevera nzira imwechete iyo dzimwe nyika dzose dzakaenda: nokukurumidza kana kuti gare gare, varimi vadiki, kunyanya, vachabatanidzwa mukurima kwezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu. Mapurazi madiki uye epakati haazombokwanisa kukwikwidza nehombe dzekurima maererano nemitengo yekugadzira: vane michina yechinyakare uye yakaipisisa yembeu, zvinoreva kuti kuti vatengese, vanozofanira kupa mutengi chimwe chinhu chine kuwedzera. value. Kugadzirwa kweorganic kunopa iyi kukosha kwakawedzerwa.
Mamiriro akaita zvinhu pari zvino achachinja maonero ehurumende nemagariro ekuti kurima kunofanira kunge kuri sei munyika yedu. Agroholdings, hongu, yakakura, yatovepo uye icharamba iripo. Asi mumusika wemuno wemuno, imwe budiriro ndeyemapurazi madiki nepakati.
Chii chinodiwa nevarimi kuti vaende kune organic?
Danho rekutanga nderekutsvaga musika. Iwe unofanirwa kutanga nekupindura mibvunzo: "Ndinogona kutengesa here? Kunaani? Ngani? Yedu Union ichabatsira uye kupa zano nzira yekurima organic zvigadzirwa uchishandisa biological kugadzirira. Iwe unofanirwa kuongorora kana matekinoroji ezvekurima aunoshandisa achikubvumidza kuti uchinje kune organic? Pane midziyo yakakwana, kune minda yakakodzera here?
Kubva 2020, tanga tichiita chirongwa cheOrganic Agriculture - New Opportunities chirongwa uye kudzidzisa varimi mahara pahwaro hwemabhizinesi ezvekurima akasimbiswa, tichishandisa rubatsiro kubva kuMutungamiriri weRussian Federation yekusimudzira veruzhinji.
Nzira yekupa chitupa inoenderana neGOST 33980-2016 inogona kupedzwa mumasangano akaremerwa zvitupa - pane gumi nemaviri ayo muRussia. Mune mamwe matunhu, nyika inobhadhara chikamu chemutengo wemaitiro emabhizinesi madiki uye epakati nepakati. Vagadziri vane zvitupa vanogashira kodzero yekuisa organic chigadzirwa label uye inosanganisirwa murejista yeMinistry of Agriculture yeRussian Federation. Chiratidzo chimwe chete chehurumende - "shizha rakasvibirira" - rinoiswa pakurongedzerwa pamwe chete neqr-code, iyo mutengi anogona kuenda kune webhusaiti yeMinistry of Agriculture uye peji yemugadziri.
Kana iwe uchida kuvandudza nzvimbo iyi, asi usingaronge kuwana certification, taura ne Union. Pane zviitiko apo nzira dzekutengesa dzekambani dzakatovakwa, uye hapana chikonzero chekupfuura nenzira yakaoma uye inodhura yechitupa, sezvo vatengi vachitovimba nazvo. Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvenhengo dzedu varimi vanogadzira zvigadzirwa zviri organic.
Ko varimi vachawana pundutso dzipi nekurima zvirimwa zvepasi? Mutengo wekutengesa wakanaka uye kuvimbika kukuru kwevatengi. Vanhu vanozoziva kuti iwe unogadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasarudzika uye zvine hutano. Kutya kusingaperi kwemutengi ndiko kutenga chimwe chinhu ne nitrate, izere nemishonga yezvipembenene uye agrochemicals. Iye zvino kunyangwe avo vasina mari yakawanda vanosarudza kutenga zvemurimi pane zveindasitiri cottage cheese. "Ndinoda kudya 100-200 magiramu, asi yemhando yechigadzirwa, pane hafu yekirogiramu yechinhu chisina chokwadi," ndiyo nzvimbo yemutengi wemazuva ano. Zvinenge zvakafanana nemiriwo. Mukugadzirwa kwehupenyu, kune nguva dzose cheki, hapana zvinhu zvinokuvadza muzvigadzirwa.
Pane shanduko yegirinhi here?
MuEurope, mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura, varimi vakawanda vakatanga kugadzira zvinhu zvakasikwa vasingashandisi mishonga. Ndinofunga zvichave zvakare muRussia. Kutaura zvazviri, isu tatova mumamiriro e "green revolution". Vazhinji vanogadzira, chokwadi, vanoshandisa masisitimu ekudzivirira akabatanidzwa - makemikari, akabatanidzwa neayo biological, uye zvipembenene zvinorwiwa nerubatsiro rweentomophages. Ini ndinofunga kuti ingangoita 15-10% yemapurazi aya anozove akachena organics.
Zvinangwa zvikuru zvekurima organic zvagara zviri zvekuona kusavapo kwezvirwere uye kudzora tumbuyu kunoshanda. Iye zvino, tichifunga nezvekugadzirwa kwebiological nzira dzekudzivirira, dzatakacherechedza mumakore 5-7 apfuura, zvinokwanisika kurarama nazvo (kana uchikura zvirimwa zvakawanda).
Rega ndisimbise zvakare: pasi rese, yaive miriwo nemichero kubva pakutanga izvo zvakatora chikamu chakakura chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zve organic zvakagadzirwa. MuRussia, mamiriro acho akasiyana - vhoriyamu yakakura inowira pakugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvemumunda. Zvichava zvakanaka kana avo vasati vambobatanidzwa mune zvekurima, avo vasati vagadzirisa maitiro, edza kutanga zvinhu zvose kubva pakutanga uye kutanga kukura miriwo. Kana iwe uchiita zvekurima zvine hungwaru, zvine hungwaru uye nehana, haungarambi uri mutsvuku.
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