Yu.P. Boyko, Yu.A. Masyuk, O.A. Starovoitova, O. V. Abashkin, V.N. Zeyruk, L. Ya. Kostina, N.N. Gordienko, Z.N. Morzhenkova, D.V. Abrosimov, FSBSI Yese-Russian Research Institute yePatato Kurima yakatumidzwa zita A.G. Lorkha "
ZVIITIKO ZVEKURIMA KWEMAPATATU ANOGARA MUZVINHU ZVAMOSCOW NEMAVARA
Chigadzirwa chakasikwa chigadzirwa chisina zvinhu zvine chepfu kana chine izvo mukati memiganhu yehutsanana uye chengetedzo yechikafu. Kuwana zvakachengeteka nharaunda (makemikari) zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvinovimbiswa nekusashandiswa kwekudzivirirwa kwemiti yemakemikari, uchishandisa nzira yakaoma yeagrotechnical uye nzira dzekurwisa tupukanana, zvirwere zvezvirimwa nemasora zvisina kukanganisa kwakatipoteredza.
Kuvandudzwa kwenzira nematekiniki ekuwana zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvekurima kunoitwa neInternational Organic Agriculture Association (IFOAM) - sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rinobatanidza vanopfuura mazana masere vanoshingairira nyika dzinosvika zana negumi nenomwe pasi rose. Makomiti akasarudzika nemapoka akagadzwa aine zvakasiyana siyana zvakanangwa uye zvinangwa zvakasiyana kubva mukuvandudzwa kwematanho epasi rose kutungamira tsika, zvekushandisa uye zvekupa mazano kune kurima kwehupenyu.
MuRussia, ekutanga mapurojekiti ekugadzirwa kwezvirimwa zvekurima zvigadzirwa zvakatanga kuoneka mukupera kwema1990. Asi kusvikira zvino, mugove wemasangano ezvekurima anonyanya kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvidiki kwazvo. Kukura kwemusika kunomanikidzwa nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira kushomeka kwemukati-bio-yekugadzira zviyero kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika: chero munhu aigona kuisa "bio" kana "eco" bheji pachigadzirwa chavo, izvo zvakakonzera kukura kwezvigadzirwa zvekunyepedzera uye kwakakanganisa kuvimba kwevatengi mune indasitiri yese.
Musi waNdira 1, 2020, Federal Mutemo weOganiki Zvigadzirwa wakatanga kushanda munyika, iro gwaro rinoumba hwaro hwekutonga hwekugadzirwa uye kupihwa zvigadzirwa muRussia Federation, iwo maitiro ekugadzira ayo anosanganisa kushandiswa kwefetiraiza nemakemikari.
Pasi pemutemo mutsva, Russia ichava neyayo yega setifiketi sisitimu yezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari. Zvitupa zvinopihwa nemakambani akasarudzika, zvitifiketi zvavo zvinoitwa neFederal Accreditation Service ("Rosaccreditation"). Pakupera kwe2019, matatu masangano akapasa chitupa: Organic Nyanzvi, Federal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhoztsentr muVoronezh Dunhu uye Roskachestvo.
Mutemo unounza pfungwa yezvigadzirwa zvezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevakagadziri vavo, inogadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira, kuchengetedza, kutakura, kunyora uye kutengesa.
Gwaro iri rinotsanangurawo zvekurima. Inotova nerondedzero yezvinodiwa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa, zvine gumi nemana zvibodzwa. Kune vaberekesi vezvirimwa, kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwemaagrochemicals uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka kwakakosha: vamiririri vehutachiona vanoshandiswa kurwisa tupukanana nezvirwere zvezvirimwa. Iyo veto inoiswa pagenejinijini uye hydroponic kurima.
Zvakare, mutemo unorambidza kushandiswa kwepakeji yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinogona kutungamira mukugadzirwa uye kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, kusanganisira polyvinyl chloride.
Vagadziri vanozokwanisa kuzvisarudzira nekuzvidira kugadzirwa uye zvigadzirwa kuti vateedzere kuteedzana nenyika, epakati nepasi rose zviyero. Ipapo ivo vanozogona kushandisa chitaera icho chinozosiyanisa zvigadzirwa zve organic.
Vanodzika mutemo vanotarisira kuti mutemo unonyatso shanda mugore nehafu kusvika pamakore maviri, nekuti maitiro ekutarisa vagadziri uye kuburitsa zvitupa anotora nguva yakareba.
Nekudaro, nguva inodikanwa kwete chete zvemapepa
MASHOKO AISHOMA NEZVENYAYA YEMAHARA
Mishonga yakawanda inouraya zvipembenene inopinda muvhu uye inoramba irimo kwemakore akawanda. Izvo zvakakosha kune vagadziri vekurima avo vakashandisa kana vari kushandisa makemikari ekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa (kusanganisira avo vasati vafunga nezve kuronga kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa) zvakakosha kuziva mamwe mazwi.
Iyo nguva yekuparadzwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene.
Kuora kwemushonga wezvipembenene mumakemikari makemikari akachengeteka nharaunda. Maererano nehuwandu hwekuora, huturu hwakakamurwa kuva mapoka matanhatu:
- - kuora kwemwedzi inopfuura gumi nesere,
- - isingasviki mwedzi gumi nemasere,
- - isingasviki gore,
- - kusvika pamwedzi mitanhatu,
- - kusvika pamwedzi mitatu,
- - isingasviki mwedzi mitatu.
DOK (inobvumidzwa yakasara yekumanikidza) mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka muzvikafu uye zvigadzirwa zvefodya, muvhu uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa, zvakagadzwa pahwaro hwemhedzisiro yekudzidza huturu hwemushonga wezvipukanana kune mumwe munhu zvipenyu. Kudya uye chikafu chemhuka dzekurima nekuwedzeredza kweDOC kwechinhu chimwe chete hachibvumirwi kudyiwa.
MDU. Huwandu hunobvumirwa hwemushonga wezvipembenene kana chimwe chinhu chine chepfu muzvikafu uye chikafu chemhuka dzekurima dzakachengeteka kudyiwa.
Kurwisa mishonga yezvipembenene. Iyo nguva yekuchengetedzwa kweye chepfu chiitiko nemushonga wezvipembenene mune zvakasikwa (mhepo, hydrosphere, ivhu).
Sekureva kwenguva yekuchengetedza huturu (kuwedzera mukushingirira), mishonga yezvipembenene yakakamurwa kuva mapoka matanhatu.
- - kuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo isingasviki mwedzi mitatu,
- - kusvika pamwedzi mitanhatu,
- - kusvika pagore rimwe,
- - kusvika pamwedzi mitatu,
- - kusvika pamakore maviri,
- - anopfuura makore maviri.
Zvichienderana nezvakatipoteredza uye nenzvimbo yemamiriro ekunze ekushandisa kwezvipembenene, kushingirira kwechirwere kunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya. Hutachiona hunoora hunoderedza nguva yekuita kwemishonga.
Chikumbaridzo chekukuvadza. Chiyero chehuwandu hwezvipembenene, mwero wekukura kwechirwere kana kupararira kwemasora, kana kukuvadza kwavanokonzera kusingapfuuri mutengo wezviyero zvekudzivirira (izvo zvinoita kuti kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekudzivirira kusagadzikana mune zvehupfumi) kana kuvapo kwezvipembenene nezvirwere hazviitise kudzikira kwegoho.
T0.5 (pesticidhe hafu yeupenyu)... Iyo nguva yekuderera mune yekuita kwemushonga wezvipembenene mune zvakatipoteredza ne50%.
Pesticide chepfu. Iko kugona, pane mamwe madosi, kukonzera kukanganiswa kweakakosha chiitiko kana chakanyanya chepfu uye kufa kwechirimwa kana mhuka.
Phytotoxicity... Ngozi yemushonga wezvipembenene wemiti yakarapwa. Imwe uye imwe chete mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogona kukanganisa mhando dzakasiyana, mamiriro ehupenyu, danho rekukura kwezvirimwa nenzira dzakasiyana.
Yese mishonga yekurapa yezvipembenene inofanirwa kugara ichirarama uye nehupfumi.
BIOECOLOGICAL NZIRA DZOKURWISA ZVIDZIDZO NEZVIRWERE
Chii chingave chinotsiva agrochemistry? Abiotic zvinhu zvepanyama zvinoshandiswa kurwisa zvipukanana zvezvirimwa nezvirwere: mwenje, ultrasound, ruzha, yakakwirira-frequency zvigadzirwa; biotic zvinhu: antagonistic inobatsira microbiota, maruva nemhuka, zvinodzosera zvirimwa, entomophages. Nzira dzeAgrobiological dzinoshandiswa zvakare kurwisa tupukanana nezvirwere: misungo, tembiricha, mhando dzekurima kwevhu.
Usakanganwa kuti zvirimwa zvinoda kudzivirirwa kwete chete kubva kuzvirwere, zvipembenene uye masora, asiwo kubva kune zvimwe (abiotic uye zvinonetsa) zvakashata zvezvakatipoteredza. Aya akangoerekana ari mazaya echando, kusanaya kwemvura, kusvibiswa kwevhu kwakagadzirwa nevanhu.
Basa hombe rekuchengetedza dura ndiko kuzadzisa kubatana kweiyo nharaunda pamwe nekugadzira mamiriro akasununguka ekukura kwayo, kusimudzira, kubereka uye kusarudzwa kwakanangwa muecocenoses dzakachengetedza.
Pane zvakavanzika zvega (kana zvasvika kune maeka mashanu kusvika kumashanu), nekuda kwemavhoriyamu madiki uye kusiyana kwezvisikwa zvemiti nemhuka, mikana inogadzirwa kuti ikunde zvipembenene nezvirwere nemaoko avo uye kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwezvisikwa. Muminda mikuru, iri basa rakaomarara nekushandiswa kwema monoculture ayo asingakwanise kuzvidzora. Izvo zvaive zvisiri zvechinhu kuti kunyangwe mu tsarist Russia, varimi vakadyara rye uye gorosi muzvimedu pane kutsvaira kwejeko.
KUKURA MBATU DZAKANAKA
Zvirwere, tupukanana nekushayikwa kwe organic organic muvhu ndizvo zvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvekuwana organic organic matapiri. Mbatatisi inonyanya kukuvadzwa neColorado nyuchi, kunonoka kupera, phytopathogenic nematodes uye hutachiona hutachiona.
Paunenge uchironga bioecological pest uye chirwere chekudzivirira, kudzivirirwa kubva kuColorado mbatatete nyuchi idambudziko rakakosha. Sevatorwa kubva kuAmerican kondinendi, iyo yeColorado mbatatisi bete haina maparasiti emuno uye zvikara muEurope neAsia, uye mazhinji acho anofanirwa kuunzwa (kupinzwa) kubva kunze kwenyika. Uye zvakare, maruva uye imago yeColorado mbatatisi nyuchi zvine huturu, uye hadzisi mhuka dzese dzinodya dzinozvidya. Yedu enzvimbo entomophages iri zvishoma nezvishoma kuenderana neyekune imwe nyika yeAmerica uye ichirova zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya kurova pairi.
Larvae ye4 instars (pakupera kwekusimudzira), pronymphs uye vakuru veColorado mbatatisi bete vari muvhu uye nekudaro havawanikwe kune echinyakare mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka.
Kupesana nematanho aya echipembenene, zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvinovakirwa pane entomopathogenic nematodes (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvehutachiona (Bitoxibacillin, Boverin, Novodor) zvinoshandiswa. Kushanda mhinduro dzembeu idzi dzinoshandiswa kurapa mupfudze kana manyowa panguva yekupinda muvhu kwechidzvaira chemabara mana kana vanhu vakuru kwechando. Mota dzinopisa dze entomopathogenic nematodes dzinopinda muvhu, dzinofamba dzichienda mukati mayo uye dzinotsvaga mhuka dzadzo, ivhu entomopathogenic tupukanana tinoita makoloni muvhu.
Entomopathogenic bacteria inouraya chipembenene, ichikonzera kuti ive nechirwere chakati - septicemia - uye voita makoloni avo mukati mechipembenene chakafa. Iwo mabhakitiriya anowanda ipapo anodya pane masapophophic zvikamu zve entomopathogenic nematodes mukati mezvipembenene zvakakanganisika, izvo zvinopfuura ipapo mazera anoteedzana. Mushure mekudya kwematodes mukati mechipembenene chapera, vanomira kukura padanho remaruva anoparadza. Ipapo vanosiya chipembenene chikafa, vachienda kunotsvaga vanyowani vatsva.
Mumutumbi weimwe Colorado mbatatete nyonganyonga, anosvika mazana maviri emazana anopararira maruva e entomopathogenic nematode anogona kubereka. Iyo nematodes inoumba yakakura (200-000 cm muhupamhi) nzvimbo dzakakomberedza zvipembenene zvakafa, izvo, kana kudyarwa kwembatatisi kwakakomberedzwa zvakanyanya neColorado mbatatisi beetle, zvishoma nezvishoma inosangana, ichisvika ina marara kana vanhu vakuru vanosiya nguva yechando kusvika kurufu. Kufa kweColorado mbatatisi nyonganyonga muvhu inosvika 15-20%, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekukoronyera kudyara mbatatisi gore rinouya munzvimbo yakachengetedzwa.
Muchirimo, pamwe chete nemashizha ekutanga embatatisi, nyonganiso dzinobva dzaonekwa, dzinokambaira dzichibuda muvhu munzvimbo dzakasimwa zvirimwa kana kutama dzichibva kune dzimwe nzvimbo (iyo Colorado mbatatete nyuchi inogona kuvhara chinhambwe chemakiromita akati wandei). Chinyakare chizvarwa chechipembenene chidiki kwazvo, nekudaro, kukosheswa kunofanirwa kubhadharwa kune ino nhanho yekuberekana kwebete (kuitira kuti ideredze kubereka kwayo zvakare). Panguva ino, zvinokurudzirwa kuburitsa batch yemakonye eanodya bug Pikromerus, Perillus, Podizus.
Mabuu emubhedha, ayo panguva ino asingawane chimwe, chikafu chakakodzera, anoparadza 70-80% ye Colorado matete anobuda muvhu uye achisvika achibva kunze. Mawanda ekutanga emazai eColorado mbatatisi nyuchi anowanzo kanganiswa nezvirwere zvefungal mavambo, ayo ari kukonzerwa nehunyoro hwehukama hwemhepo panguva ino yegore.
Muchirimo, zvinokurudzirwa kuita kurapwa neyakagadzirwa chigadzirwa Boverin, iri kushanda ichipesana nemazai eColorado mbatatisi bete. Pamusoro pezvo, kupokana nemazai eColorado mbatatisi bete, kuburitswa kwenyuchi-dzinodya mazai anodya mazai uye vanodya mazai emuno - mhezi dzemalacewings, maruva uye imago yemadzvinyu, maruva emakamera akajairwa uye nhunzi dze sirfid nhunzi, inoitwa. Mhute dzezvipembenene izvi dzinodya zvakare chipembenene chiri kubuda. 1 mazera.
Pamusoro peaya akanyorwa pamusoro, nhunzi diki dzenyika dzinobhururuka, dzinogona kusiyaniswa zviri nyore nekushaikwa kwemitsipa pamapapiro, inokonzeresa mumaruva uye vakuru veColorado mbatata bete.
Nekudaro, zvese izvi zviyero hazvigone kuvimbisa kudyara kwembatatisi pakurwisa kutamisa mienzaniso yeColorado mbatatisi bete imago. Kufamba kwebete kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo kunoenderera mukati memwaka wekukura wembatatisi uye kazhinji kunokanganisa kuedza kuri kuenderera kwekusvitsa biomass. Panyaya iyi, kudyarwa kwembatatisi, kwakakomberedzwa nemasango, mabhandi emasango kana zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvisingakundike kumatete anobhururuka, zvinobatsira.
Yeprophylaxis, mukati menguva yese yekukura, entomophages yemuno inowunzwa nguva nenguva (yakaburitswa muchisikigo) (uye zvakare inokwezva uchishandisa zvirimwa: cosme, chamomile, Jerusarema artichoke, dhiri) kuchengetedza mamiriro ekudzivirira kubva kuColorado mbatatete bete uye mavector ezvirwere zvehutachiona. - hove, mashizha emashizha uye zvipembenene zvinomera. Hondo yekurwisa globoderosis inoitwa nekurima kwenguva refu munzvimbo dzezvirimwa izvo zvisingatadzise kukuvara kune yendarama nematode.
Kana uchirima mbatatisi, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvinobatsira mukuumbwa kwesimba remidzi.
Midzi inokura nekukurumidza kupfuura chipembenene chinowanda, semhedzisiro, makwenzi embatatisi anoita seari "kupukunyuka" kubva pakupinda nematode uye anokwanisa kupedzisa mwaka wekukura pasina kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nemudzi wehutachiona.
Mbatatisi inogona kudyarwa munzvimbo dzine globoderous chete mushure memakore mashanu ekurimwa kwezvirimwa zvisina kukanganiswa pavari, zvikasadaro kwete chete kuunganidzwa kwepathogen muvhu kunocherechedzwa, asiwo mukana wekubuda uye kuunganidzwa kwemarudzi matsva ane mbatatisi nematode. Kana kudyarwa kwematato-nemishonga yemapatata yemhando inoitwa zvichienderana neyakatangira, inova mhando yemazambuki inobatwa negloboderosis, izvi zvinongotungamira kune musanganiswa wemarudzi, izvo zvine njodzi zvakanyanya mumunda wembeu.
Iyo nzira yekuzvidzivirira pakurwisa mbatatisi globoderosis ndeyekuita phenological kucherechedzwa kwenzvimbo yekukura nekusimukira kwemakwenzi embatatisi (kuongorora), nechinangwa chekuona nenguva, nzvimbo uye nekumisikidza zvirimwa zvekutanga zvine chirwere. Muchikamu chekutanga kwemaruva, zviratidzo zvembatatisi globoderosis zvinonyanya kuoneka.
Zvirimwa zvinosaririra kumashure mukukura uye kukura: sekutonga, aya akadzika mabhushi aine imwechete kana maviri matete matete, ane mashizha akapwanyika, ane rakashama shizha reza, iro rinotangira kuwana ruvara rwechiedza kuti rinyatsozivisa chlorosis. Kuzivikanwa kwezvirimwa zvinorwara uye kubviswa kwavo panguva kwayo kunodzivirira kubereka kunofambira mberi kwematato nematode, kuenderera mberi kwekuunganidzwa kwesimba rinotyisa riri muvhu uye kupararira kwechirwere kunzvimbo dzisina vanhu neminda yakatenderedza.
Entomophages anoshingairira kurwisa mavector ezvirwere zvehutachiona (herbivorous bugs, aphid, leafhoppers).
Kukwezva vanhu vemunharaunda vanobatsira entomofauna, ivo vanogadzira mhando ye "chengetedzo zviwi", izvo zvavanodyara dzakasiyana embellate, cruciferous uye Compositae nectar zvirimwa: semuenzaniso, dhiri, korianderi, sunflower, clover, yarrow, chamomile. Dzinokwezva madzikadzi, ngamera, nduru midges, lacewings, zvipembenene zvinoparadza, sirphids, nezvimwe. Mhedzisiro yakanaka inopihwa nekushandisa kwechisimba mushonga Entomofluorin.
Matanho akatsanangurwa anopa dziviriro yakavimbika kubva kuzvipukanana nezvirwere mumwaka wese wekukura.
ZVIITIKO ZVEKUWANA PASINA KUKOSHESHWA KWEMAPODICES
Shanda pakutsvaga chirimwa chisina mbatatisi chisina mbanje chiri kuitwa kuVNIIKH kwavari. AG Lorkha kubvira 1985. PaInstitute, mumakore akasiyana, zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvakasikwa zvichipesana nekunonoka kwekupedzisira, Colorado mbatatisi bete, zvimwe zvipembenene nezvirwere: Activator-A, Diprin neNematol. Zvinyorwa zvesainzi nehunyanzvi (mirau, hunyanzvi (TU) nemazano ekushandisa kwavo) zvakagadzirwa.Mishonga iyi yakabatsira kuhutano hwezvirimwa, kuwedzera kuzvidzivirira uye kuratidza kushanda mukurwisa kunonoka kunaya (kunyanya mukubatana nendarira sulfate (0.01%), iyo ine fungistatic zvivakwa).
Zvese zvakaedzwa zvigadzirwa zvehupenyu zvakaratidza yakakwira nematicidal, fungicidal uye entomocidal chiitiko, uye mune iyo Diprin yekushandisa iyo goho kuwedzera yaive yepamusoro (1.9 t / ha), iyo yatinotsanangudza neiyo biostimulating zvivakwa zvekuzviparadzanisa zvigadzirwa zvematode Pristionchus uniformis - iyo inoshanda musimboti yemushonga. Zvigadzirwa zvinozivikanwa zvebacteria (Bitoxibacillin, Novodor), hutachiona (VIRIN-OS), fungal (Boverin) uye nematode mavambo (Nemabakt, Fitoverm) akashandiswawo zvinobudirira.
Kubva pamhedzisiro yekutarisa kwenguva refu muminda yematatata VNIIKH im. A.G. Lorkha yekutarisa mhando dzakasiyana dzematato biocenosis ine tsika yakatsiga yekudonha. Muna 2017-2018 pakanga paine rakapinza donhwe muhuwandu hweanenge ese marudzi ezvinhu zvakadzidzwa biocenoses. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanopinda entomophages, kunyanya, madzikadzi uye sirphids, uye mapollinator: mabhuru uye nyuchi dzeuchi, zvaderera. Kune iyo entomophages, chete iyo nduru midge aphidimiza uye lacewings yakawedzera muhuwandu.
Redkinskaya agro-indasitiri kambani "Organic Mbeu uye Mbatatisi Yakawanda" iri munzvimbo inokodzera kurima mbatatisi (musha weKoshelevo, Konakovsky District, Tver Dunhu) yakatanga kushanda kugadzirwa kwe organic mbatatisi muna 2013. 200 mahekita akagoverwa ekushandura kwezvirimwa. Chitupa chekurima organic chakatambirwa, chakapihwa pachishandiswa Chinyorwa 29 (1) cheEU Regulation No. 834/2007 uye iyo EU Regulation No. 889/2008 neState Limited Liability Company "Certification uye Testing Center" (Latvia).
Kana uchirima organic organic uye ware mbatatisi, hapana mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka kana organic manyowa yakashandiswa. Kukohwa kwe organic organic tubers yemhando dzematapiri kwakawanikwa: Zhukovsky kutanga (matani 110), Kladez '(matani gumi nerimwe), Kuznechanka (matani 11), Layla (matani matanhatu), Lyubava (matani 116), Nevsky (matani 6), Red Scarlett (matani 210) , Romano (187 t), Tuleevsky (358 t), Kubudirira (55 t), Fioletik (73 t), neavhareji goho re 100-3 t / ha. Iko kushandiswa kwe bio-ecological nzira yekuchengetedza mbatatisi kwakapa kuwedzera kwegoho ne 12-14% tichienzanisa neisina kurapwa kurapwa. Pamusoro pe data rekuyedza, mepu yehunyanzvi yekurimwa kwemushonga wezvipembenene husina mbatatisi.