B.V. Anisimov, S.N. Zebrin, Federal State Budget Sayenzi Sosaiti All-ChiRussian Research Institute yeRitato yakatumidzwa A.G. Lorha "
Maitiro epasi rese muhurongwa hwekugadzira, kudzora mhando uye kupihwa zvitambi zvembeu yakatarisana mukuvandudza uye kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwesimba rekutonga kwakavakirwa pachiitiko chakawunganirwa nedzimwe nyika mundima iyi.
Kugadziridzwa nguva dzose kwezvakakodzera zvirongwa uye zvakajairika zviratidzo zvehunhu hwemabhizimusi embeu inobvumidza nenguva uye nekurongeka kuratidzira shanduko dzakakosha mavari dzine chekuita nekugadzirwa nekutengesa mbatatisi yembeu, kuiswa kwenzira itsva dzetifiketi, uye zvikuru nekushanduka kwezvipembenene pamwe nemamiriro ezvinhu epytosanitary ane chekuita nemamiriro epanzvimbo uye maitiro epasi rese ekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Nehwaro hwehuwandu hwemazuva ano data, shanduko mukusiyana-siyana kwehuwandu hweutachiona uye zvipembenene zvine njodzi mbatatisi yakaitika mumakore achangopfuura iyi yakakosha zvakanyanya, zvinoti:
• mitsva mitsva yehutachiona inooneka, ichikonzera kunyanyisa mafomu ekukuvadza kwezvirimwa uye ma tubers. Pakati pavo, PVY (ntn), iyo inokonzera necrotic mhete yekumhara mbatata tubers (Potato Tuber Necrotic Ringspot (PTNR)), inokuvadza zvakanyanya;
• zvinetso nemabhakitiriya anowedzera nekuda kwekubuda kwemhando nyowani dzetsitsi-dzakasimudzwa utachiona utachiona (Pectobacterium / dickeya spp.) Uye kuwedzera kwakasimba kwerinoti rot (Clavibacter michiganensis) uye brown bacterial rot (Ralstonia Solancearum);
• mazuva ekutanga ekuonekwa kweanonoka kuvhiringidzika pane zvidyarwa uye kuumbwa kwevanhu vakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvakanyanya kukuvadza huwandu hwemadzinza hunhu hweichi pathogen vanoonekwa;
• kupararira kwe alternariosis kuri kuwedzera, kunyanya mumarudzi aine huwandu hwekuwedzera kwechirwere ichi;
• kune kupararira kwakanyanya kwedzimwe mhuka dzinenge dzinofamba dzinoperekedza hutachiona pamatata;
• mamwe waya, hombodo nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinoratidzika, zvichikonzera kukuvara kwakanyanya kumhando yekutengeswa kwematatisi;
• kune mamwe nematode ekubereka mazamu;
• Iyo Colorado mbatatisi nyuchi iri kuenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe.
Iko kushandurwa kwakacherechedzwa mukusiana kwemweya wezvipembenene uye zvipembenene zvinokonzeresa kudikanwa kwekukwiridzira zviratidzo zvinodzora uye kudzora matanho ekudzora ezvine ngozi phytopathogens uye zvipembenene zvematatisi.
Chinhu chinoratidzika chemakore achangobva kuitika ichiwo mugariro unoonekwa pane mbatatisi dzakakwirisa tembiricha munguva yekukura, kazhinji kakawanda kakawanda kakapetwa-kwenguva pfupi nekureba kwenguva refu muzhizha, uye kuwedzera kwe CO2 mumhepo. Iyo yakacherechedzwa mhedzisiro kubva pesimba rezvinhu izvi inogonawo kuderedza zvakanyanya zviratidzo zvekunongedza kwekunze mabhubhu uye humwe hunhu hunotaridzika hwembeu mbatatisi, kunyanya:
• pane kuwedzera muvhareji tuber saizi uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwechikamu chikuru tubers izvo zvisingasvitsane nezvinodiwa zvimiro zvehunhu hwembatatisi yembeu;
• mukana wekudzora kana kudzikamisa maitiro ekukura panguva yekukura uye kutaridzika kwakabatana nekuremara kweanodaidzwa kunzi "kukura kwechipiri" muchimiro chekukura kwematanda mumabhagi, kuumbwa kwezviratidzo mukati memukati mehubhu uye zvimwe zvikanganiso zviri kuwedzera;
• Iko kusimudzira kwe tuber kuora panguva yekuchengetedza kunowedzera nekuda kwekunyanya munguva yechando.
Muchiitiko chemazuva ano chenyika, chishandiso chakakosha mukupedza dambudziko rekugadzirisa mhando yekutengesa mbatatisi yembeu ndiko kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza kwesimba rekutungamira maererano nekuiswa kwesayenzi yakavakirwa pamisangano yemitengo inotora hanya, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze.
Kubva muna Ndira 1, 2018, iyi nyowani inoenderana GOST 33996-2016 “Mbeu mbatatata. Matekiniki mamiriro uye nzira dzekusarudza kunaka. " Vashandi uye nyanzvi dzeFederal State Budget Sayenzi Institution VNIIKKH, mubatanidzwa wePotato uye Vegetable Market Partitors (Potato Union) neFederal State Institution Rosselkhoztsentr vakatora chikamu mukusimudzira kwayo.
Chinangwa chikuru chekusimudzira uye kuunzwa kweiyo nyowani nyowani ndeyekugadzirisa izvo zvinoratidzira zviratidziro zvehunhu hwekutengesa hwemhando dzakasiyana dzembeu mbatatisi munzira yekudyidzana kwavo neyakagamuchirwa tsika dzepasirese, pamwe nekubatana kwavo nezvakakosha zvirevo nemitemo iri kushanda mumunda wezve kutengeserana kwenyika dzese mune yakasimbiswa mbeu mbatatisi. Kusvika izvi, pakuvandudza muyero mutsva, zvese zvakakosha zvigadziriso nezvinodiwa zveUNECE zvepasi rose zvine chekuita nekutengesa nekutengesa mhando kwehutongi hwembeu mbatata zvakatariswa.
Maumbirwo eiyo chiyero anoenderana nezvakakosha zveiyo interstate kumira kwemaitiro yakatorwa muRussia uye inosanganisira zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotevera:
- nzvimbo yekushandisa;
- Zvinowanzoitika mareferenzi;
- mazwi edudziro uye chidimbu;
- kupatsanura;
- zvekushandisa zvinodiwa;
- mitemo yekugamuchirwa uye sampling;
- nzira dzekusarudza mhando;
- kuputira;
- kutara;
- kutakura nekuchengetedza;
- kuchengetedza zvinodiwa.
hosha pazvirimwa uye ma tubers *
Izvo zvigadzirwa zvirimo muvhavha yakavharwa zvinowanzove zvese zvakakosha zvekudzora kwemhando uye kupihwa chitupa chembeu mbatatisi:
• chokwadi uye kuchena kwemhando;
• kutevedza kwayakabva mavanga embeu;
• mhando yemhando dzemhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvembeu zvine chekuita nezvirwere, zvipembenene, urema;
• Tolerances zvine chekuita nehukuru hunhu uye kutaridzika kwemachubhu;
• Mitemo yekurongedza, kuisa chisimbiso uye kunyora.
Iyi nyowani inosimbisa yakamisikidzwa yakasarudzika zviratidzo zvekushambadzira mhando yezvikamu zvitatu zvembeu mbatatisi - yekutanga (OC), elite (ES) uye yekuzvara (RS), iyo inofunga nezveingaite degree rekudzikira muhumwe hunhu hunongedzo pamwe nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvizvarwa mukuitika kwekudyara mbatatisi yembeu. Iko kushivirira kwakanyanya kwezvakakosha zvemhando zviratidziro zviri padhuze sezvinobvira kune zvinowanzo gamuchirwa pasi rose zvakabvumidzwa mutemo wekutarisirwa weUNECE muyero wepasi rose (Tafura 1).
Kune mabheji emapoteni embeu akagadzirirwa kudyara uye kupinda mukutengeserana, chiyero chacho chinopa zvakare kudzora kwakasimba pane kuvapo kwe tubers:
• kusasangana nezvinodiwa zvehukuru - 3%;
• inokanganiswa ne stem nematode - 0,5% (chete yechikamu RS);
• nekuona glandular uye kusviba kwepurp (kana inopfuura 1/4 yechikamu chehurefu hwetuber chakakanganiswa) - 5%;
• nekukanganisa kwekunze uye zvinokuvadza nenzira yekuparadzaniswa, kucheka, kuchema, kubvaruka kwemashupu ehuputi nekudzika kweanopfuura 5 mm uye kureba kweanopfuura 10 mm - 5%;
• nekukuvara nezvipukanana zvekurima (wireworm - zvinopfuura zvitatu zvinofamba, makonzo, zvipembenene uye zvikwekwe), asi pasina kukuvara kumeso - 2%.
Mune mbatatisi yembeu, kuvepo kwemataputi ezvirwere zvinotapukira uye zvipembenene zvekugadzikiswa kwega kwega (mbatatisi kenza, brown bhakitiriya kuora, goridhe cyst-kuumba mbatata nematode, mbatatisi moth) haibvumirwe.
Iyo chiyero inosimudzira yakasarudzika zviyero zvekutonga kwe phytopathogenic mavhairasi akavakirwa pamarabhoritari kuyedzwa kwemashizha uye tuber samples, zvichienderana nezinga rekuparadzira iro rekutanga mbeu zvinyowani, kusanganisira mu vitro sosi zvinhu, minicubers, yekutanga munda chizvarwa chemicubers uye super-super elite.
Kune ese makirasi (mazera) ari eiyo chikamu cheiyo yembeu yekutanga mbeu, kusimbisa kwakanyanya kushivirira kwehutachiona hutachiona kwakakomba mafomu akaomeswa uye akaiswa bandic mosaic (YBK), kusvetuka kwemashamba ezviumbwa (VLK) uye tuber spindle viroid (VVKK) yakaunzwa. Kuvapo kweYBK uye VBLK mune in vitro source zvinhu uye minitubers hakubvumirwe.
Mune yekutanga munda chizvarwa chemaminitubers, iwo mwero unobvumidzwa mwero haufanire kudarika 0,5%, mune super-superelite - 1%. Kune VVKK, zero kushivirira yakagadzwa kwezvizvarwa zvese.
Kune mabheti e superelite, elite, uye kubereka mbatatisi yakauya mukutenderera, iyo yakawanda mvumo inobvumirwa yekubvisa hutachiona uye / kana hutachiona hutachiona zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwerabhoritari ye tuber samples kunogona kuiswa mumatare (zvibvumirano) zvekugovera mbatatisi yembeu. Nekudaro, kune superelite uye elite mapato, iyo yepamusoro yeYBK inodzora zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwelebhu hakufanirwe kupfuura gumi%. Pasi peiyo chiyero chitsva, sampling zviyero zvekuongororwa kwema laboratori zvinomisikidzwa uchishandisa nzira dzekuongororwa kwePCR, enzyme-inosanganiswa immunosorbent assay (ELISA) uye immunochromatographic analysis (IHA) (Tafura 10).
PCR diagnostics inoshandiswa kuona iyo viroid ye potato spindle tuber (VVKK), YBK uye VLRV mavhairasi, pamwe nehutachiona hwebacteriosis (gumbo dema uye kuora kwemhete) mune zvekutanga zvisati zvabereka uye pamatanho anotevera ekubereka. Iko kusarudzika kwekuongorora kuri kupfuura 99%, iyo yekugumisira muganho (mashoma anoonekwa mafungidziro) ndeye gumi pathogen mayuniti / cm10.
Enzyme-inosanganisirwa immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inoshandiswa kuona hutachiona hwezvirimwa uye tubers ine hutachiona (PVK, SBK, MBK, YBK, VSLK) uye hutachiona (gumbo dema) hutachiona kuburikidza nekuongororwa kwerabhoritari kwemashure-ekukohwa tuber sampuli dzakatorwa kubva kumabatch echizvarwa chekutanga chemunda, super-super-elite, superelite uye elite. ... Muganho wekuona (mashoma anoonekwa wevasungwa) kumavirusi ndeye 10 ng / cm3, kune hutachiona - 104 masero / cm3.
Kutevera-kukohwa kuongororwa kwemachubhu ekuvapo kwehutachiona hwehutachiona kunoitwa munguva yekuvhuvhu-nguva yechando pane zvinomera zvakakura kubva kuma indices (peephole ine padhuze nepadhuze). Kuongorora mbatatisi kwebhakitiriya kunoitwa pane zvikamu zvakatemwa kubva pamusoro pechikamu chebhubhu.
Immunochromatographic analysis (IHA) inoshandiswa kurapa nekukurumidza kuongororwa kwe phytopathogens pane zvidyarwa zve mbatatisi ichishandisa mitsetse yekubvunzira mumamiriro ekunze eanorabhoritari.
Nzira dzekuona mhando nemirairo yekubvuma kudyara uye yakawanda yembeu mbatatisi yakagadzikwa nechiyero chacho inosanganisira kuyerwa kweminda yekudyara, kuongororwa kwe tuber yembeu yakawanda, kuongororwa kwerabhoritari kwemashure-ekukohwa tuber sampuli uye kutonga kwevhu kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemasampu emhando dzembeu dzepakutanga dzinouya mukutenderera.
Mutsetse uyu unoumba izvo zvinodikanwa pakurongedza, kunyorera, kutakura uye kuchengetedza mbatatisi yembeu, uye zvakare inopa mune annexes chaiwo mafomu ekushanda uye zvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvekugadzirisa mhedzisiro yekuona mhando yekudyara nekutengesa mhando yemapoto embeu mazhinji, inotsanangura chirwere chinotapukira chakakomba uye urema hunodzorwa. kushivirira kwechiyero.
Sezvatotaurwa, chikuru chinopihwa cheyero inoenderana nekuregererwa kutenderwa uye nzira dzekutarisa mhando yezvikamu zvezvikamu zvepakutanga uye zvevakadzi vembeu mbatata vari padanho padanho rakagamuchirwa muEU nyika. Semuenzaniso, izvo zvinomirira kutsungirira kweiyo nyowani RF chiyero chebhubhu kuora yakafanana chaizvo nezvinodiwa zvemitero yenyika dzenyika dzeEU uye iyo UNECE nyika zhinji (Tafura 3).
Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsauko wakakura unosara neiyo UNECE yepasirese mamiriro maererano nezvesimba risinganzwisisike zvinotaridzika zvekutarisirwa kwecabhoratori yezvirimwa uye machubhu anotapukirwa nehutachiona hutachiona, kunyanya hukama nevakagadzikana uye kubereka (yakasimbiswa) mhando dzezai mbatatisi. Kuunzwa kwekushivirira kwakasimba mune ramangwana kunogoneka chete kana matanho ekuwedzera akatorwa kuti aumbe nzvimbo dzakakosha (nzvimbo) dzekugadzira mbatatisi yembeu ine mamiriro akasviba ecytateyiti inoona kuti kurimwa kwehutano (hwakasununguka kubva pathogenic pathojeni) yekutanga uye yakadzvarwa mbatatisi yembeu nekukwaniswa kwekuremerwa kweiyo mutoro wehutachiona uye kuderedza njodzi dzehutachiona hutsva nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakanaka kwechakasikwa nharaunda-kugadzira nharaunda-kuvandudza zvinhu uye nzvimbo Hapana kuzviparadzanisa kubva kune dzinotapukira dzinowanikwa magariro.
Zvichienderana nepfungwa dzazvino nezve nzira uye hunhu hwekutapurirana nekuparadzirwa kwehutachiona hwephytopathogenic, pamwe nekufamba kwevatakuri vavo pamatezi, zvinokurudzirwa kuona kureba kwenzvimbo kubva kunowanikwa nzvimbo dzehutachiona hwembeu yezvikamu zvekutanga zvekubereka - 500 m, yezvizvarwa zvemumunda zvinotevera - 100 m (Tafura 4 ).
Kubva pane zvinooneka, kuitira kuti tigadzire nharaunda yakanaka, kunyanya kana ichikura zvizvarwa zvekutanga, nzira inowanika uye inoshanda ndeyekusarudzika kwezvikamu zvekutanga uchishandisa zvirongwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa zvezviyo kana huswa hwakakomberedza munda
Kune mabhizinesi ane hunyanzvi mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzemazamu, zvakakoshawo munzvimbo dzekutanga uye dzakasarudzika mbeu dzembatatisi kuti dzive nechokwadi chekudzora zvirimwa pazvivakwa zvepanyika zvevamwe varidzi venzvimbo (vagari nemasangano), mukati memiganhu yekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo. Seimwe yeanogona kuita, zvinokurudzirwa kuita chinhanho chinotsiva chenguva refu mabudiro pane aya masosi epasi nekupa varidzi vezviratidziro mbeu nembeu yemhando yekutanga uye yakasarudzika mbatatisi yembeu, inogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakakosha dzekudyara mbeu (nzvimbo).
Mukupedzisa, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kuwirirana pamwe nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakajairika zvinodiwa nezvinopihwa mumunda wekugadzira uye kuburitsa mbatatisi yembeu mumusika wepamusha uye kuvandudza kwezvekunze-kunze kwezvinhu zvinowanikwa mukati memusikawo wese wenyika dzeEurasian Economic Union pasina mubvunzo zvinobatsira mukugadzira nharaunda nyowani yemakwikwi pakati pevatengesi. mbatatisi yembeu uye vanogadzira zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, avo vanogadzira vanogona kupa zviri nani mbatatisi yembeu dzinosangana nehuwandu hwezvinotarisirwa kubvumidzwa pasi rese zvinodiwa zvichawana mukana unooneka. Izvi, zvakare, zvichashanda senge kukurudzira kwekushanda kwehunyanzvi hwazvino hunyanzvi hunyanzvi, dura mukuvandudza zvigadzirwa, kukurumidza kukurudzira mhando dziri kudiwa zvakanyanya mumisika yemukati neyekunze, kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuongorora kwe phytopathogens, kudzidziswa kwevashandi pamwe nekuvandudza kwehunyanzvi kwenyanzvi mumunda we mbesa mbatatisi kugadzirwa, kunaka kudzora uye chitupa.