Potato cyst nematode chipembenene chine njodzi. Aya makonye madiki anogara muvhu, achipinda mumidzi yemiti midiki yembatatisi uye kuderedza goho ne70%. Izvo zvakaomawo kubvisa: mazai anodzivirirwa mukati memuviri wemukadzi, iyo inoshanduka kuva cyst mushure mekufa, inogona kuramba iri muvhu kwemakore.
Tsvagiridzo yazvino yakaratidza kuti bhegi rakapfava rakagadzirwa kubva mubhanana fiber rinodzivirira cyst nematodes kubva kuchechenya uye kubva pakutsvaga midzi yembatatisi. Mutoo mutsva uyu wakawedzera goho nekashanu mukuedzwa pamapurazi madiki muKenya.
"Ichi chikamu chakakosha chebasa," anodaro Graeme Thiele, mutungamiriri wezvekutsvagisa paInternational Potato Center. Asi “kune basa rakawanda rinofanira kuitwa kushandura izvi kubva pakuwanikwa kwakanaka kuita mhinduro chaiyo kuvarimi muEast Africa,” anonyevera kudaro.
Soil nematodes idambudziko remhando dzakawanda dzembesa. Pambatatisi, golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) injodzi pasi rose. Zvirimwa zvine hutachiona, midzi yakakuvara ine yero, inosvava mashizha. Aya mbatatisi madiki uye anowanzo kukuvara zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti asakwanise kutengesa. Munyika dzine mwero, nematode inogona kudzorwa nekutenderedza mbatatisi nezvimwe zvirimwa, kumwaya ivhu nemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, nekudyara mhando dzinoshingirira kuutachiona.
Maitiro aya haasati ashanda munyika dzakawanda dzichiri kusimukira, muchidimbu nekuti mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene inodhura uye mhando dzembatatisi dzinoshingirira hadzipo munzvimbo dzinopisa. Pamusoro pezvo, varimi vadiki, vanogona kuita mari yakanaka nekutengesa mbatatisi, vanowanzozeza kuchinjanisa kudyara mbatatisi nezvirimwa zvisingakoshi.
MuKenya, mbatatisi cyst nematode yakawedzera huwandu hwayo uye iri kubudirira. "Manematode density akakwira zvisingaite," anodaro Danny Coyne, nyanzvi yenematode paInternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nerimwe dambudziko rekurasikirwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu, nevarimi vembatatisi vanotema masango kuti vagadzire minda mitsva isina nematode.
Pfungwa yekuti bepa remubhanana rinogona kubatsira varimi kubvisa muvhu ravo nematodes yakatanga makore anodarika gumi. Vatsvagiri vepaNorth Carolina State University vaitsvaga nzira yekubatsira varimi vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuendesa madosi madiki emishonga yezvipembenene zvakachengeteka. Vakaedza nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana vakaona kuti bepa rakagadzirwa nemabhanana rinoshanda zvakanakisisa. Machubhu ayo, ane porous fiber zvishoma nezvishoma anoburitsa mishonga yezvipembenene muvhu kwemavhiki akati wandei asati aputsika. Nenguva iyoyo, chirimwa chakakura zvakakwana zvekuti kunyangwe chikabatwa, chinenge chatova nemidzi ine hutano.
Mukuedza kwemumunda, vaongorori vakawedzera abamectin, mushonga unouraya nematodes, papepa. Vakadyarawo mbatatisi mubepa rebhanana pasina abamectin sekutonga. Chakavashamisa ndechekuti zvirimwa izvi zvaiita sezvinomera zviri mumapepa ane mishonga yezvipembenene. Coyne akagovera mhedzisiro iyi inokatyamadza nemumwe waanoshanda naye, nyanzvi yekemisitiri yezvakatipoteredza anonzi Baldwin Torto, anodzidza kusangana kwezvipembenene nezvirimwa paInternational Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology.
Pamwe chete naJuliet Ochola, iye zvino ari mudzidzi akapedza kudzidza paNorth Carolina State University, Torto akamhanyisa dzimwe ongororo kuti aone kuti chii chaiitika. Vakaona kuti bepa remabhanana rine zvinhu zvinokosha zvakavanzwa kubva kumidzi yemiti miduku yembatatisi, imwe yacho inokwezva utachiona hwevhu hunobatsira chirimwa chacho. Nematodes vakadzidzawo kuona makomisheni aya. Mamwe, akadai sealpha-chaconin, ndiwo mucherechedzo wekuti mazai nematode achechenye. “Kana akawanda acho akachochonya panguva imwe chete, anokwanisa kuvhura matumbu,” anodaro Ochola. Mushure mekuchechenywa, twunematode twunoziva kubatana kwacho uye hunoashandisa kutsvaga midzi yembatatisi nyoro.
Bhanana fibers inotora 94% yemakomponi, Ochola uye vaanoshanda navo vakawana. Pavakafumura mazai enematode kuti awedzere nebepa, mwero wehatch wakaderedzwa ne85% zvichienzaniswa nekutonga, timu inoshuma mujenari Nature Sustainability. Zvimwe zviedzo zvakaratidza kuti nematodes akachochonywa kashoma kuwana midzi yembatatisi yakavharwa nepepa.
Muminda yakazara nematode muKenya, Coyne nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakaratidza kuti kudyara mbatatisi yakaputirwa nebepa rebhanana rakapetwa katatu goho zvichienzaniswa nekudyara pasina mapepa. Kamwero kadiki keabamectin mupepa—zviuru zvishanu chete zvezviya zvinowanzopfapfaidzwa paivhu—zvakawedzera goho neimwe 50%. Sezvineiwo, chero nematodes inomhara pambatatisi inouraiwa neabamectin.
Iye zvino vaongorori vari kutsvaga nzira yekuwana bepa rekuputira nekurima mbatatisi kuvarimi vekuEast Africa. Minda yemabhanana muKenya nenyika dziri pedyo inogona kupa fiber, iyo yava kuraswa semarara. Vagadziri vemapepa vaibva vagadzira mabhegi. Sekutaura kwaCoyne, dambudziko guru richave rekukurudzira varimi kuti vatenge bepa pacharo.
Kana varimi vayedza masaga, vaongorori vanoti vanozoona ari nyore kushandisa. "Ingoputira uye kudyara," Ochola anodaro.
Asi kurongedza mbatatisi dzakakura kunenge kuchiri kushanda zvakanyanya, anodaro Isabelle Conceicao, nyanzvi yenematode paYunivhesiti yeCoimbra. Kana muchina wekupeta mbatatisi ukagadzirwa, akadaro, pamwe nzira yacho inogona kushandiswa kumapurazi makuru uchishandisa machira ekudyara.