Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba wekurima zveSainzi, Musoro wechirongwa chekupfuya cheDoka-Gene Technologies LLC
Kukuvadza kwezvirwere zvehutachiona hwembatatisi kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Mumakore achangopfuura, kukanganisa kwavo kunoratidzwa kwete chete mukuderera kwegoho, asi zvakare mukudzikira mukutengesa kwe tubers. Necrotic strains yeYBK, WLRK, mop-top, uye rattle mavhairasi anoita mbatatisi isiri-yakajairwa, nepo zviratidzo zvetsva nyowani pamashizha zviri kuramba zvichiderera. Utachiona hweY hunonyanya kunetsa (Mufananidzo 1-4). Iko hakuna ekumisikidza kwemajini kune ayo necrotic maficha; hazvigoneke kugadzira mhando dzine yakakwira kuramba uchishandisa yechinyakare sarudzo nzira. Kufungidzirwa kweiyo biology uye hunhu hweakakonzera mamirioni ehutachiona hachisi icho chinyorwa chechinyorwa chino (pane ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura urwu pamusoro penyaya iyi), tarisiro huru ichabhadharwa kuongororwa kwemikana iripo yekuwana yemhando yepamusoro mbeu yezvirwere zvehutachiona.
Chekutanga pane zvese, iwe unofanirwa kujekesa iyo chaiyo pfungwa yemhando yepamusoro. Izvo zvinodikanwa zvezviyero zvinopa kurambidzwa kwakasimba pane kuratidzwa kwekunze kwezvirwere zvehutachiona, uye mune dzinoverengeka nyika, kusanganisira Russian Federation, iyo yemukati, yakazvimbirwa hutachiona hwehuputi inowedzerawo kushomeka. Panguva imwecheteyo, kune akawanda ma nuances ekugadzirisa kutsungirira kwezvirwere zvehutachiona, uye zvimwe zvacho zvakakosha (Tafura 1). Ngationei izvo zvakadzama.
Pakutanga kutarisa, maDutch madanho ehutachiona akavanzika anoita seanomesa musoro: kungobvumidzwa kwe1,4%. Asi bhuku reNAK remukati rekuongorora maitiro rinotsanangura izvi uye rinojekesa. Zvinosungirwa ndiko kudzora kwehutachiona hwehutachiona hweiyo superelite chikamu uye pamusoro. Ongororo yacho inoitwa nePCR uye chete paY-virus. Mashubhu makumi mashanu akasanganiswa mune imwe PCR sampuli. Bheji inoonekwa seyakafanana kana isingapfuuri imwe yemasampula kubva muzvina, kana kusapfuura maviri masampula kubva pamasere, kana matatu masampuli kubva pagumi nemaviri inoratidza maitiro akanaka, zvichienderana nehuwandu hwese hwea tubers mune muyenzaniso inoongororwa. Iko kushivirira kwe50% inowanikwa kubva mukufungidzira kuti mune sampuli yemakumi mashanu emabhahubhu mune imwechete inotapukirwa. Asi izvi ndizvo zvakanakisa, theoretically, ese machubhu makumi mashanu mune yakasanganiswa sampuri ye12 tubers anogona kutapukirwa. Uye ipapo huwandu hwehutachiona chaihwo hwakavanzika hwebato hunofanirwa kunge huri makumi maviri neshanu muzana, kwete 0,6%.
Iwo maonero ekuongorora hutachiona hwekupedzisira ndeaya maScot nemaAmericans. Scotland imusha kune imwe yemashanu eEU High Potato Mbeu Nzvimbo dzakabvumidzwa nemutemo. Ndokunge, iyi muganho wekugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yemhando. Nekudaro, mitemo yekupa certification ipapo haidi inosungirwa kuisirwa hutachiona hwe latent. Ehe, zvinokurudzirwa kuzviita, asi mwero wekutapukirwa nehutachiona haukanganisa mhedzisiro yezvitupa. MuUnited States, hutachiona hwehutachiona hunoongororwa uchishandisa nzira yekudzora ivhu. Mukudonha, masampula anotorwa kubva kune ese mabheji pasi pechitupa uye anotumirwa kuHawaii kana Florida. Iko hakuna chando, machubhu anodyarwa pakarepo muvhu uye anoongororwa nekuratidzwa kwekuonekwa kwehutachiona hutachiona panguva yekukura. Uye nekudaro zvakadaro, kwete hutachiona hwese hwakavanzika hunoratidzwa mumashizha uye zvirimwa, dzimwe nguva zvinoramba zviri mune fomu yekupedzisira kwemakore mazhinji, pasina kukuvadza. PanaFebruary, zvawanikwa zvinowanikwa pamwe nerazviratidziro chaiyo yezvirwere zviripo zvehutachiona pane izvo zvinomera zvevana. Vatengi vembeu vanozova nemufananidzo mumwechete, asi gare gare. Ruzivo urwu runonongedza mhedzisiro yekupedzisira kwegwaro retifiketi, uye chikuru kutenderera kwechirimo kunoitwa uchifunga iyi ruzivo.
UNECE, Germany, France inoyera S-1 zvakare inopa nekushandisa kuongororwa kwehutachiona muhutangamwana hwakananga. Mushure mekukohwa, zvinodikanwa kutora samples dze 100 tubers, ikure mune yakasvibirira uye kuongorora kuratidzwa kwehutachiona hutachiona pamashizha. Mukukosha, iyi zvakare kutonga kwevhu, chete muvhu rakavharwa, sarudzo inodhura zvakanyanya. Kuongororwa kwerabhoritari kunoitwa chete mumakakava ekupokana. Asi pane kupesana mune imwechete S-1 chiyero, sezvo mukana wekushandisa kwete chete unoonekwa, asiwo nzira yemarabhoramu inotaurwa mune chikamu pane maitiro ekuongorora. Nyanzvi dzinonzwisisa kuti neEELISA kana PCR kakawanda zvirimwa zvehutachiona zvinoonekwa pane kuoneka.
Kana dziri dzehunhu hwehutachiona hwakavanzika hwakaunzwa neGOST 33996-2016 muna 2018 muRussian Federation, ivo vanopa kuongororwa kwerabhoritari, pasina kuongororwa kwekutarisirwa kwevacheche vakura, uye vakasarudzika maererano nerondedzero. Zvinoenderana neiyo nhanho chitsva, kungoongororwa kwekusvibisa kwekupedzisira kwembeu yembeu yekutanga kunomanikidzwa: SSE uye yakakwira. Asi tsamba yacho inovhura mikana yakakura yekufungidzira uye kugadzirisa: "Cherechedzo. Kune akawanda superelite, elite uye kubereka mbatatisi mbatata iri kuuya kuzotenderera munyika vakatora iwo muyedzo, marabhoritari kuyedzwa kunoitwa nekukumbira kwemugadziri kana mutengesi wembeu mbatatisi. Hwakawanda hunobvumidzwa hunhu hwekumisa hutachiona uye / kana hutachiona zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwema laboratory kwe tuber samples kunogona kusimbiswa muzvibvumirano (zvibvumirano) zvekupa mbatatisi yembeu muchibvumirano chemapato. "" Mapato eboka reEES, uwandu hwakanyanya hwehutachiona hweVK zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekuongororwa marabhoritari haizodarika gumi muzana. " Aya matatu zvirevo akachinja iwo chiyero kubva kuchisimba uye chisingapindiki gwaro kuita zvisiri pamutemo tsime, sosi yekujekesa hukama hwevanogadzira uye vatengi, chishandiso chishandiso. Mumwe anogona sei kubvumidza (zvinonyatso kutsiva chiyero) uye kuvimba nesangano 'zvibvumirano zvemhando yepamusoro, nekuti zvido zvemutengesi nemutengi hazvigone kuenderana pano. Izvo zviyero zvakafanana zvinogona sei kumisikidzwa mumapoka akasiyana, nekuti kuderera kwemhando sezvo ichibereka zvisingadzivisiki. Uye kumwe kupihwa kweyakajairika 33996-2016 - kuongororwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwezvirwere zvehutachiona - inobvumidzwa kuti iitwe nema ELISA nePCR. Pasinei nechokwadi chekuti kunzwisisika kwenzira idzi dzinosiyana nekurairwa kwehukuru. Asi chiyero chinotenderwa nekuiswa mushe, kutevedzera tsika dzaro uye zvinodiwa zvinofanirwa kumabhizimusi embeu dzese.
Kugadzirwa kwembatatisi parizvino kunoitwa munyika dzese nembatatisi dzakasimukira dzichirima pane inonzi hutachiona-husina hutachiona. Sero uye zvinyama tsika zvakabatana nethermo-chemotherapy uye microclonal propagation inobvumira kuwana yekutanga mbeu zvinhu ne zero hutachiona zvirimo mumasero embatatisi. Asi iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa mapoinzi maviri: zero hazvireve kusavapo zvakakwana, asi mukana wekuve uripo muhuwandu huri pasi pechikwiriso chechikumbaridzo cheanowanikwa mamorekuru ekuongorora nzira. Uye kubvisa hutachiona hazvireve kuti kugadzira mbatatisi isabatwe nemavhairasi. Pasina dziviriro yakavimbika kubva pakutangazve kutapukirwa nezvirwere zvehutachiona, mbeu yembatatisi ine hutano inova mhando yeF-1 mahybridi, umo chizvarwa chekutanga chete chinopa mhedzisiro yakanaka, uye nekuzoberekana kunotevera, kuderera kwakasimba mukuita kunoitika. Kutengwa kwembeu mbatatisi kwegore rimwe chete rekurima mumatunhu ane kunetsa kwemamiriro ekunze uye yakanyanya hutachiona kumashure kunoitwa zvakajairika, kusanganisira kumaodzanyemba kweRussia Federation. Asi nechirongwa chakadai chekupa mbeu zvinhu, mbeu dzinofanirwa kunge dziri muhuwandu hwakakwana uye nemutengo unonzwisisika, unodhura. Iyo poindi yese yemunda chikamu chembatatari kugadzirwa kwembeu ndeyekuwedzera mbeu dzinodhura mavhoriyamu nepo zvine simba zvine re-infestation. Zvinenge zvese zvinotarisirwa uye zvakakosha zvehurongwa, maitiro uye tekinoroji matanho uye mashandiro anoitirwa izvi. Izvo hazvigoneke kurapa chirimwa uye ma tubers ane hutachiona, uye kurwisa hutachiona hutachiona kunoratidzwa mukudzivirira kwehutachiona hwezvirimwa ne aphid uye muchina. Funga nezve akati wandei akakosha ehutachiona hutachiona manejimendi ayo anoda kutariswa padanho repamusoro.
1. Kuzvidavirira uye kupindura kune simba uye mhando kuumbwa kwehutachiona aphid. Kutamisirwa kwemavhaidhi nemaaphid kubva kuzvirimwa zvinomera kuenda kune zvine hutano, pamwe nehutachiona hwekutanga hwezvinhu zvekudyara uye zvemuchina kutamisa, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekutapukirazve mbeu yematezi. Mazhinji mavhairasi anoramba aine huturu uye anoramba ari pamuromo weanyowani kwemaawa akati wandei. Pakati peino nguva, hove dzinogona kubhururuka makumi emakiromita kubva mubindu, landfill, yakaderera-mhando kudyara uye vanoguma vari mbeu mbeu. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti uone maitiro aya muminda-inokura minda zvinogara zvichingoenderera - kubva pakudyara kusvika pakupedzisa kuomeswa kwemisoro. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti munyika dzese dzekukura kwembatatisi, kuongorora aphid kunoitwa nekutora chikamu kwakakura kwemari yemari uye kubatanidzwa kwemasangano anotungamira ekutsvagisa. Mhedzisiro yekutarisa uye mhinduro kwavari nemabhizimusi embeu inofanirwa kutariswa mukuita kwechitupa. Iyo state plant yekuchengetedza sevhisi yaishandiswa kushanda seizvi munyika medu. Parizvino, nechimwe chikonzero, kuongorora muRussian Federation matapiri kunoitwa chete kuColorado mbatatisi bete, iro risiri dambudziko mukutengesa mbatatisi. Naizvozvo, chero bhizinesi rehunyanzvi rembeu rinofanira kuzvimiririra kudzora aphid vectors vachishandisa maitiro akajairwa. Uye iri pachena uye yakabatana, iwe unongofanirwa kuziva iyo yakakosha meseji. Hwaro hweaphid yekutarisa system ndeyeMerike yero misungo (pikicha 5). Inofanira kuiswa pamusoro pehurefu hwemiti, pane nzvimbo yakabviswa zvirimwa zvese padyo nemunda wembatatisi. (Vanochengetedza zvidyarwa vanokwanisa kuwana fungidziro yakatwasuka yenhamba yemasvosve nekunyatso tarisa kumusoro, pakati nepasi pemashizha zana padhuze nepadigonal yemunda.)
Akabatwa ane mapapiro maapid anofanirwa kuunganidzwa vhiki neyekuumbwa kwemarudzi kutemwa. Iko kugona kutakura mavhairasi mumarudzi akasiyana efaid anosiyana zvakanyanya. Izvo zvakanyanya kukuvadza - girazi peach aphid (foto 6,7) ine hunyanzvi hwakaenzana hwayo, vamwe vese vane zvakawanda zvakaderera coefficients (Tafura 2,3). Izvo zvinokuvadza zvinhu zve aphid mhando zvakafungidzirwa nemaEngland science (Felton B. et al., 2013) uye anoshandiswa kwese kupi. Izvo zvakasiyana nezveY-virus uye VLK, kureva nzira dzakasiyana dzekutapurira kwehutachiona. Kunyanya nenjodzi mhando colonizing mbatatisi, i.e. idzo dzinogara mbatatata dzinogadzira mafomu asina mapilo anotakurawo nemavhairasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira peach, mbatatisi, mbatatisi hombe, buckthorn, buckthorn aphids. Mhando dzasara dzinoongororwa hadziite colonize mbatatisi, asi dzinotakura mavhairasi mukufambisa, muchimiro chekuita jekiseni rekutsvaga mukutsvaga zvirimwa zvinowanzodya. Kugadziriswa kwerudzi kugadzirwa kwemapapiro ane mapapiro kunoda kukwirira kwakakwirira uye kuvepo kwemacroscope. Yekutanga inosimbisa emidhifi yakadhindwa makore makumi mana nemakumi mashanu apfuura uye ikozvino iri bhaibheri rekuwanikwa. Iyo yazvino yakazara yakazara-mavara mavara eGerman (40) neNetherlands (50) inogona kutengwa muzvitoro zvepamhepo zvevaparidzi. Kune nzvimbo dzakasarudzika pane aphid, semuenzaniso, aphid.aphidnet.org, asi padziri dzakachena mbatatisi mhando dzinounzwa zvikamu. Kana uchiongorora zviri mukati memisungo, munhu haafanire kurasikirwa nekuona mukana wekupinda mavari macicadas uye psyllids (foto 2000), iyo inotakura chikamu uye iyo Zebra chips hutachiona yakatopinda muEurope.
Mufananidzo 8. Cicadas Mufananidzo 9. Psillida
Nhamba yeavidhi yakabatwa inoshandurwa kune vector kumanikidza index (IVD). Peach aphid inotorwa mukufungwa mumayuniti chaiwo, mamwe marudzi ese anowanda nekukuvara coefficient. Muchokwadi, ivo vanoshandurwa kuita imwechete yeyero, iyo chimiro chekukuvadza kweaperekisi aphid. Saka, kana makumi maviri zvidimbu zve mbatata aphid akabatwa, ipapo kuverenga iyo index, nhamba yavo ichave 20x20 = 0,2 zvikamu. Iyo huwandu hwakazara maererano ne peach aphid ndeye vector yekumanikidza index. Zvinonzwisisika kufunga IVD yemhando dzisingapfuurire aphid sezvakanyanya dambudziko. Indekisi yezvikamu zvisingasviki maviri yakachengeteka zvakakwana, girini. Kubva pa4 kusvika gumi - ruvara rweyero, mamiriro ekuverenga, achitora matanho ekudzivirira pakufunga kwebhizinesi. Iyo IED pamusoro pegumi inoda kushandiswa kwekushandisa kwekudzivirira kubva kune aphid. Izvi zvinosimbiswa nechisimba chitupa. Kukundikana kutora matanho ekudzivirira ndiwo hwaro hwe kudzikisa chikamu chembeu kana kuburitsa mirairo kuti uparadze misoro. Iyo aphid yekukuvadza chikumbaridzo (gumi zvikamu zve peach aphid) yakagadzwa munzira yezvidzidzo zvakakosha zveiyo degree rehutachiona hwembeu yemidziyo pakumanikidza akasiyana evector. Kukutapukirwa nehutachiona kunowedzera zvakanyanya kana huwandu hwepidhi hwakapfuura chikumbaridzo, nemari shoma kusiyana pakati pezvikamu zvekutapukira hakuna kukosha. Nekudaro, ine huwandu hwegirinhi uye yero yeIVD, matanho ekudzivirira haapi mhedzisiro, haakanganise huwandu hwehutachiona uye hapana chikonzero chekuzvibata.
Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, kune ese anotarisisa mapoinzi, iyo kuverenga kweiyo yakazara (yakaunganidzwa) IRA kubva pakutanga kwemwaka wekukura inoitwa (Fig. 1). Limit values yeiyo yakazara IWD yakagadzwa, mushure meizvozvo basa rechitupa rinoburitsa odha yekucheka uye kudonhedza matopu muzvikamu zvembeu. Chii ichi chiyero kukosha? MuNetherlands, IWD parizvino - zvikamu makumi masere zvepichisi aphid (Haverkort A., 80). Izvi zvinongedzo hazvina kutaurwa mumitemo yenyika yepamutemo setifiketi. Asi zvinosimbiswa kuti kana uchipa mutemo wekucheka misoro, kwete chete iyo yakaunganidzwa vekita yekumanikidza indekisi inofungidzirwa, asiwo kuramba kwemarudzi kune hutachiona hutachiona (kune ratidziro yepamutemo yemhando dzakarimwa maererano nehunhu uhwu), huwandu hwezvirimwa zvine zviratidzo zvehutachiona, zvinoonekwa panguva yekuongorora munda, zvichitakura zvinodzivirira matanho ekurwisa hove. Varimi vanobvumidzwa kubva pamazuva maviri (Netherlands) kusvika matatu (Scotland) mazuva ekuzadzisa zvakatemwa. Kukundikana kutevedzera zvakatemwa kunotungamira pakurambwa kwechitupa kana kudzikisira kosi yembeu.
Inokodzera kuenderera ichiongorora aphid-vectors ezvirwere zvehutachiona zvinopa iko kunzwisiswa kweiyo nhanho yehutachiona kumashure uye inokutendera iwe kutora matanho ekudzivirira kwete nguva dzose, asi pazvinenge zvichidikanwa, nokudaro uchichengetedza mari yakakosha pane zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa. Uye zvakare, aphid kutanga kwezhizha yambiro sevhisi inopihwa kune varimi mbeu yeEU. Mune iyo system yemabhajeti ekutsvagisa masangano, akati wandei ekusveta misungo inoshanda (foto 10), iyo inozivisa vatakuri mumhepo pakukwirira kwakakwirira. Mumwe musungo wekuyedza unopa fungidziro chaiyo mukati mediyasi yemakiromita zana. Iwe unogona kungorota sevhisi yakadaro, asi ruzivo rwunopihwa runokutendera iwe kunyatso kushandisa kudzora padanho reimwe bhizinesi, kushandura iyo ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa kuita matanho ekushanda kudzora hutachiona hutachiona, uchifunga mamiriro ezvinhu akaitika mune rimwe gore uye mune mamwe masango. Rondedzero yezviyero izvi zvinosanganisira matekinoroji akasiyana ekuzvitsaura nekuchengetedza nzvimbo dzembeu.
2. Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe. Kugoverwa kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yemadhiza mumatunhu ane zvishoma huwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona hwevhiza kunoitwa munyika dzese dzakagadziriswa mbatatisi inokura. Nekudaro, muNetherlands, kudyara kwembeu kwakatarisana nemhepo kumahombekombe ekumusoro (Fig. 2).
Kuongorora kwenguva refu kwakaratidza kuti munzvimbo ino hutachiona hwepasiripo hwakati wandei nehafu, uye mwaka wakakomba wehutachiona hwekufema kwechinguva unoitika paavhareji musi waChikunguru 26, vhiki mbiri dzakazotevera kana zvichienzaniswa nezasi kwenyika. (Haverkort A., 2018). Izvi zvinogona kunyatsoonekwa muPit. 1: kuchamhembe, iyo IED yakasvibira, kumaodzanyemba yakatsvuka. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti kumaodzanyemba kweNetherlands, kugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi kune njodzi zvakanyanya, uye hapana chekutaura pamusoro pedzimwe nyika dzekumaodzanyemba. Asi usakanganwa nezvehukama. Ukasazorora pakatarisana nomuganhu weNetherlands, uye uchityaira uchienda kumaodzanyemba kweBelgium, ipapo kuchamhembe kweFrance, munharaunda yemahombekombe eChirungu Channel, pane nzvimbo yekudyarwa kwembeu mbatatata dzenyika ino. France inosvikawo yechipiri munyika maererano nekudyarwa kwemapoto kunze. Izvi zvinoreva chigadzirwa chemhando yepamusoro, nepo nzvimbo yekudyara yembeu yechiFrench iri mazana manomwe makiromita kumaodzanyemba kweDutch polders. Varimisi vembeu, nekuda kweiyo yakakwira tekinoroji nesangano, vanoburitsa zvinhu zvakafanira, kunyangwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zviri pachena hazvigoneke kuona mhedzisiro yekutarisa aphid munharaunda yeruzhinji.
Iyo yeScotland mbatatisi yembeu yedunhu inosangana mune kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, pamhenderekedzo (Fig. 3). Kana iwe ukatarisa kuongororwa kweChirungu chema aphid mumakore achangopfuura, ipapo muiyi nzvimbo iyo hutachiona hwemashure hunowedzera zvakapetwa kaviri uchienzaniswa nepakati peEngland. Asi zvinoitika kuti muScotland pachayo mune nzvimbo dzine kunyange shoma aphid, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, muganho neNorth Ireland. Nei mbatatisi yembeu dzikasimwa ipapo?
Zviripachena, nekuda kwekuderera kushoma kwepasi kugadzirwa kwechimakanika uye kudombo. Kana tikatarisa chete kuma aphid, ipapo zvese zvirimwa zvekugadzira EU mbatatisi zvaizove zvine musoro kuisa muScandinavia. Mamwe matanho munzira iyi akatorwa. Chaizvoizvo makiromita mazana maviri kusvika kuArctic Circle, pane iyo 200th parallel, kune Finnish, imwe yeiyo shanu yeEuropean HG, nzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi (foto 64). Anosvika kumatani zviuru makumi matatu ematani embeu mbatatari anorimwa ipapo gore rega rega pane nzvimbo ye14 mahekita. Mamiriro ekunze haana kukwana zvakakwana: mwaka wekukura wave kubva muna Chivabvu kusvika Gumiguru, nguva yakareba kwazvo maawa maawa pakutanga kwemwaka wekukura, inotonhorera uye yakakwana kunaya kwemvura inosvika mazana matatu emamita (Fig. 1000).
Hutachiona hwehuturu hwakadzidzwa zvakakwana nevanoongorora vakazvimirira (Kirchner S. et al., 2013) vachishandisa yero uye yekuteedzera misungo. Kubva pa20 kusvika 3000 hove dzinowira mumusungo pavhiki (Fig. 5). Asi pane chete 10-20% yevatakuri hutachiona pakati pavo, iyo yakasara ndeye isinganetsi miti uye shrub mhando. Peach hove dzinenge dzisingawanikwe kuchamhembe, mbatata hove dzinowanikwa pano neapo.
Kuenderera mberi kwechinyorwa kuchaburitswa mupepanhau Rudzi rweNhamba 3, 2020.
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