Dambudziko rekuonekwa kwemapoteni muzvirimwa zvevamwe zvirimwa uye kudikanwa kwekudzora sehuswa kuno fanirwa kumatunhu ane hunyoro nyoro, semuenzaniso, England kana Holland. Nekudaro, sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunoitika, mbatata tubers dzatanga munguva yechando muminda yeRussia mumakore achangopfuura.
Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba wezvekurima Sayenzi, Doka - Genetic Technologies LLC,
SGC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Zvingaite kunge mazuva mashoma echando pasina chando chafukidziro akakwana kupwanya machubhu akarara pamusoro, muvhu matumbu acho anotonhora pakushisa pasi pe2оC. Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti munguva yechando refu uye yakaoma yeRussia nguva yechando hapana panotonhora kwevhu kune kupisa kwakadaro. Zvakangodaro, izvo zviripo zvinosimbisa kuwanda kwematebhi anobuda gore rinotevera uye vova masora ezvirimwa zvinorimwa mushure memapati (mufananidzo 1).
Ongororo dzakaitwa mumakore ekuma 70s dzakaratidza kuti mushure mekukohwa mbatatisi, anosvika zviuru zvina mazana mana emakumi ma tubers / ha anoramba ari pamunda, ayo 450-10% mushure menguva yechando inogona kuuya, uye izvi zvinopfuura pakudyara mbatatisi. Yakabikwa mbatatisi (Solanum tuberosum) sehuswa inokuvadza zvakanyanya uye inogadzirisa goho rezvirimwa zvakawanda ne20-20%. MuGerman, zvakaonekwa kuti pamberi pezvirimwa zvishanu zvembatatisi pa 60 mita2 shuga beet goho yakaderedzwa na 16 t / ha.
Iko kune kudiwa kwekukurumidza kwekushandisa seti yematanho ekudzora, kubata (mune mamwe mazwi, kugadzirisa) dambudziko rekushatiswa kwembatatisi yezvirimwa zvekurima. Akasununguka kurima mbatatisi, iyo sora Solanum tuberosum, haina kuzivikanwa chero nzira musainzi yeRussia Iko hakuna kana izwi rinowirirana, kuumbwa kwenyaya yezviyo - "scum" - hakuenderane neicho chinhu cheicho chiitiko chiri kutariswa, kusiyana nezwi reChirungu rakakosha Volunteer Potato kana chiGerman Kartoffeldurchwuchst, Starkekartoffel. Masora mbatatisi haingoderedze goho rezvimwe zvirimwa, asi zvirimwa zvakaita semakarotsi, hanyanisi neshuga bhinzi zvinogona kudzvinyirira zvachose. Inodzikisira kukosha kwekutenderera kwezvirimwa kune mbatatisi dzakarimwa, nekuti inogona kuramba iripo kwemakore akati wandei nekukuvadza kwakakura panguva inotevera yekukura kutenderera mune imwe ndima, nekuti:
- Iyo sosi uye inounganidza hosha nezvipukanana. Mune mbatata yemasora, akawanda maronda, kunyanya, sirivheri scab, chirwere cheRhizoctonia, verticillosis, kuora kwakanyorova, nematodes uye waya yewhworms zvinowanda uye nokudaro zvinowedzera hutachiona kumashure mumunda pamberi pekurima mbatata inotevera. Zvakare, zvinomera zvekuzvipira ndizvo zvakanaka zvinounganidza zveanonoka blight uye hutachiona hutachiona. Sezvineiwo, akawanda fungicides muzvirimwa zvinotevera anowana kushoma kana kusave nekudzvinyirira kwezvirwere zvemashizha embatatisi.
- Inotungamira mukusanganiswa kwemhando panguva yekudyarwa kwembatatisi. Izvi zvakashata nharaunda dzese dzekushandiswa kwetsika, kunyanya kana chimiro, saizi yemachubhu uye ganda reganda zvanga zvakafanana, uye nekudaro kupatsanurwa kana optoelectronic kupatsanurwa kwekusvibiswa kwemasora mbatata hazvigoneke. Mukugadzirwa kwembesa mbatatisi, mhedzisiro yacho yakatonyanya zvakanyanya uye inogona kutungamira pakurambwa kwemugove kana zvidyarwa zvekunze zvisati zvabviswa zvachose (foto 2).
Kuti uwane inobudirira kudzora yemasora mbatatisi, zvakakosha kuti uzive zvakakosha zvebiology yayo. Netsika, mbatatisi tubers vanofa mushure mekunge vagamuchira makumi mashanu nechando neawa rakaenzana kana pasi pe50 ° C. Pakutonhora uku, kufa kunoitika mushure memaawa makumi maviri neshanu, kuma -2оC mushure maawa mashanu. Kudzidzira kunoratidza kuti dzimwe mhando dze mbatatisi dzinopesana nekushisa kwakadzika uye dzinongofa chete -5-3оC, asi ruzivo urwu rwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana haruna kuburitswa zviri pamutemo. Nhungirwa dzemasvutugadzike mbatata dzinoratidzika dzakatambanudzwa, zvichienderana nekudzika kwekuiswa kwemachubhu uye kupisa kwevhu. MaTubers anotumbuka kubva pakadzika kwemasendimita makumi gumi mazuva anopfuura kubva pakadzika masendimita 20. Mbatatisi inogadzira nzira kusvika kumusoro uye kubva pakadzika kwemasendimita makumi matatu, saka mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuongororwa zvakakwana mushure memwedzi 10-10 chete (pikicha 30).
Pazvirimwa zvine kukura kwakasimba kwemashizha pamusoro, mbesa dzemasora mbatatari dzinoonekwa mumashure nekuda kwetembiricha yepasi yevhu panguva yemumvuri. Mukukwikwidza zvirimwa zvakaita sezviyo, zvipiyaniso, chirimwa chega chembatatiri chinogadzira anosvika matatu mwanasikana tubers, kashoma kupfuura 1-3 cm muhupamhi. Muzvirimwa zvisina makwikwi akadai sekabichi nehanyanisi, materu anowedzera kukura uye ane hunhu hwakakura.
Vana tubers fomu fomu pakadzika humwe saamai tubers. Iyo yekutanga sosi yekuvhara inogona kunge iri botanical mbatatisi mbeu.
Dzimwe mhando, semuenzaniso, Gala, inoratidzirwa neyakaomeswa berry kugadzirwa uye inosiya shure mamiriyoni akawanda embeu pahekita (pikicha 4,5).
Zvakare, idzi hadzisi mhodzi dzemhando dzakasiyana, sekutenda kunowanzoitika munharaunda yemamateur, asi mhedzisiro yekuyambutsa-pollination uye kugadzirisazve kwemajini. Mbeu imwe neimwe iine nyowani uye yakasarudzika genotype; mazhinji embeu aya anosarudzika nekusimba kwavo kwakanyanya kune mamiriro enzvimbo yemusango. Mbeu dze botanical mbatatisi dzinogara dzichishanda kwemakore matatu kusvika kumakumi mapfumbamwe.
Zvirimwa kubva kumbeu zvirinani kushaya simba uye zvinofa ne 99%. Asi nekugadzikana kwekunyorovesa kupi uye kuvapo kwechiedza, vanogona kugadzira imwe diki tuber, iyo yavo ichave yakajairika (foto 6,7,8).
Uye imwezve ficha - kuwanda kwakakura kwemahydrohydrate mune amai tuber inobvumira zvirimwa kuti zvimere zvakare uye zvipe vana mushure mekuchekerera, chando, kukuvara kwechimvuramabwe, Colorado mbatatisi bete, kunonoka kunaya, mishonga yesora, nezvimwe.
Kunyatso shandisa dambudziko rekusakura mbatatisi kunosanganisira kushandiswa kwemamiriro ekunze, ekudzivirira, kwemaoko, kurima uye makemikari ekutonga nzira. Chigaro chekutonga chinoshandiswawo muNetherlands: kuisikidza faindi kuvarimi vane zvinopfuura 2 pcs / m2 mbatatisi mune zvirimwa zvezvimwe zvirimwa mushure meChikunguru 1.
Climatic Nzira kutonga kunoreva kusaregwa. Zvinoenderana nerefu-refu manhamba anoratidza, mamiriro ekunze kweRussian Federation anopa kuvimbiswa kwehutubhu hunosara mumunda munguva yechando, kudzika kwevhu kuvira uye kutonhora zuva nezuva kwemwedzi yechando kuri kwakaringana kuparadza maserufu ehubhu. Zvigadzirwa zvinoonekwa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya zvinotsanangurwa nechando chichiwira pamusoro pevhu risina kuvakwa, nekuda kweizvi, machubhu anogara pakadzika pakabudirira anorarama munguva yechando, achive pakati pemarara madyo kana matombo, muivhu rakaoma. Biomass uye zvinomera zvidyarwa, isingagumi uye yakakura chando chifukidziro inoshanda nekuisa uye zvakanyanya kuderedza kudzika kwechando kupenya. Kunyorova kwevhu kunyorova kunosimudzira kufa kwemacircers, sezvo tuber lentils dzinovhurika, nepo zvinoitwa nevazhinji putrefactive vamiririri zvisingaori neakadzika mweya oksijeni. Mechanic kukuvadza kune mbatata tubers akasara mumunda mushure mekukohwa zvakare kunowedzera kukuvadza kune tubers pamhepo yekudziya yakadzika uye hutachiona.
Matanho ekudzivirira inovavarira kudzikisira kurasikirwa mbatatisi mushure mekukohwa.
Nhanho yekutanga ndeyekusarudza nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekukura mbatatisi dzinopa kukura kwakanyanya kwembesa chirimwa. Kugadziriswa kwevhu rakaibva kunoderedza huwandu wemapundu, kudiwa kwekuparadzaniswa kunotungamira pakushandiswa kwevanotakurisa nemisango yakawandisa pakukohwa kunosanganisa uye, nekudaro, yakawedzera kurasikirwa kwemaputi. Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa zvimiti zvekudyara zvine mwero kuitira kuti zvidyarwa zvese zviri mumunda zvive pamwe chete. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo chikamu chembatatisi diki uye kurasikirwa kwayo kunoderedzwa. Panyaya yekudyara isina huwandu, imwe yezvirimwa inooneka yakakura mukukura uye inouyawo midiki midiki, inogara iri pamunda. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uwane kuvhara kwemusoro mumapasuru nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, iyo yekudzivirira yekuvhara iyo, kunyanya munguva yakaoma, inoderedza kubuda kwemvura uye inopesana nekunyanyisa kwemaputi uye ma tubers panguva yekupisa. Mazuva akati wandei nevhuvhu kupisa pamusoro 27 ° C anokonzera sekondari kutenderera kwe tuber kuumbwa kana kukura kwavo. Mangwanani-akaumbwa machubhu haasvike pamusika saizi nekuda kwepfupi nguva yekukura uye vagadzira chidimbu chekurasikirwa panguva yekukohwa.
Basa rekuona yunifomu tuber kukura kunoitwawo nekuchengetedza chirimwa. Kutanga kutapukira nekunonoka kwengozi kwete chete kunotungamira kurasikirwa kwakakura kwezvirimwa, asiwo hazvitenderi kuti ma tubers awande, uye mashoma machubhu anowanzo kurasika panguva yekukohwa. Kunyatsoita mashandiro ekudyara zvinhu kunodonhedza kukura kwe rhizoctonia, imwe yemhedzisiro yacho iri zvakare kuwedzera kwechikamu chediki tubers.
Kazhinji, kuitira kupukuta iyo yeiri chikamu chezvirimwa zve mbatata uye kumhanyisa kuibva kweetubers, zvakaringana kuita desiccation, kunyanya kaviri. Kune mhando dzine matanda ane simba uye yekubatika yakavimbika yekubatanidza ma tubers kune stolons, zvinokurudzirwa kuti ubatanidze desiccation uye mehendi yekukuya kweyeredzi misa. Kana izvi zvisingaitwe, ipapo huwandu hukuru hwemasutu unodzivirira kuparadzaniswa kwevhu uye ma tubers; mamwe makuru ma tubers, pamwe chete nemisoro, anoramba ari pamunda.
Asi iyo huru "sosi" yekubuda kwekurasikirwa kwetubers (uye, gare gare, kuoneka kwemasora mbatatisi) inofanirwa kuzivikanwa seanocheka mbatatisi. Kunaka kwebasa rayo mune izvi kunoenderana, kune rumwe rutivi, pamamiriro ekushandisa, ayo anonyanya kukanganiswa netsika yekurima uye maficha eetekinoroji anoshandiswa - kubva pakurimwa kwevhu kusvika padanho rehuswa usati wakohwewa uye nemhando yeiyo desiccation. Kune rimwe divi, kugadzirisa kwakaringana uye kugadzirisa kwemuchina kune mamiriro ekukohwa ari mune imwe ndima kwakakosha. Zviitiko zvekudzora kurasikirwa kwetubers zvakakoshawo:
- iyo yakadzika yekushanda kweye coulters inofanira kunge yakadzika zvishoma kupfuura iyo yakadzika tubers;
- upamhi hwechiteshi chinogashira hunofanirwa kuenderana nehupamhi hwekamisara kemutsara;
- kurasikirwa kwemachubhu panguva yekushandura kwevhu kubva kune coulters kuenda kune yekutanga kuongororwa kufambisa kunofanirwa kusiirwa kunze, kunyanya munzvimbo iri pakati pemadhiragi ekuteedzera uye maicheka ekucheka;
- kusarudzwa kwegeji pakati pemasira evanoratidzira ekutakura kunofanirwa kuitirwa uchifunga ukuru hwemachubhu nemapundu;
- Midziyo yekuparadzanisa masora uye tsvina yemashizha inofanira kuiswa;
- kusiyana pakati pezvipper nemabhandi eanodzvinyirira kunofanirwa kuchengetedzwa padanho rebhubhu diki.
Aya matanho haagare achienderana nezvimwe zvinangwa zvekubudirira kukohwa, senge yakakura kugadzirwa uye yakaderera tuber kukuvara. Semuenzaniso, kudzika kukuru kwekuchera padombo kana ivhu rinorema zvisingaenzaniswi kunowedzera huwandu hwetsvina, uye nekudaro mutoro pazvipenga zvinopatsanura, uye inowedzera njodzi yekukuvara kune tubers. Chiyero chine mwero chinodiwa kana uchisarudza mabhenefiti pane sieve vanofambisa, nekuti nzvimbo diki pakati pemabhawa mune yakanyanya mwando mamiriro inotungamira kune yakadzika kwazvo yekutarisa mitengo uye kuderera kwakanyanya mukugadzirwa. Muzhinji, kukosha kweese akanyorwa matanho ekuzvidzivirira dzimwe nguva anoderedzwa kusvika zero kana bhizinesi rikaita, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka, danho rekusiya munda, semuenzaniso, chirimwa chose chechidimbu 50-.
Biological zviyero Mabhiza akakosha zvakanyanya mukutonga kweSolanum tuberosum matambudziko emasora.
Kuenderera nekudyara zvirimwa kunoonekwa seyanyanya kushungurudza, asi kana ichikura zviyo, mbanje hadzi dzinokwanisawo kuibva kazhinji (pikicha 9).
Kufura zvirimwa zvakatemwa kana mafuro inzira inodzvinyirira, asi zvirimwa zvakadaro hazviwanzoshandiswa mukutenderera kwembatatisi. Zvirimwa zvakarimwa uye zvirimwa zvemiriwo muvhu rakavhurika hazvipindire nekukura nekusimudzira kwembatatisi. Iye anokwanisa kugadzira chirimwa chitsva kunyangwe mune zvine simba green manyowa zvirimwa zvemuchinjikwa (mufananidzo 10). Naizvozvo, kusarudzwa kwezvirimwa mumamiriro ekugadzirisa dambudziko rematatata emarara kunokosha chete pamwe chete nekushandiswa kwemishonga inouraya sora inoshanda.
Tarisiro yekuti mbatatisi, yasiyiwa yega uye isina nzira yekudzivirira, haina kupembedzwa, ichave iri nyore zvipenyu zvehutachiona hwehutachiona - zvipembenene nezvirwere. Iyo yakareba kumera maitiro uye kumira wega unomubatsira kuti ararame. Sezvinokatyamadza, zvakakosha kuti uongorore chokwadi chekuti pakange pasina kukuvara kwemasora mbatatisi nekusviba kwekupedzisira uye Colorado mbatatete nyuchi muna 2019 muzvirimwa zvegorosi munguva yekutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu, mushure memavhiki matatu ekunaya kwemvura (foto 11).
Nzira dzeAgrotechnical zvakanyanya kufanana nezvidziviriro maererano nekutarisa kudzikiswa kwehuwandu hwembatatisi yemasora. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekurima pasi mushure mekukohwa matapiri. Kurwisana nemamiriro ekuwedzera kwekukuvadza kwemasora, kunzwisisa kwekudiwa kwekurega kurima kuitira kuti usiye zvose tubers muvhu repamusoro pevhu, kwavanoparadzwa nechando, zvakakurumidza kusimbiswa. Muchirevo chechinetso, chinonyanya kushanda idiki-mitsara disc uye varimi vemazino. Matubhu akasiyiwa pamusoro uye akakuvara zvishoma anogona kubatwa nezvirwere nekuora, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinodziya. Kuisa zvisina kudzika kunokurudzira kumera kwekutanga zvine hushamwari uye kunoita kuti zvinyatso kushanda kuisa mushonga unoramba uripo wemasora kana kuchekerera varimi vasati vadyara mbeu inotevera.
Imwe yenzira dzakachengeteka uye dzakanyanya kunaka dzekugadzirisa dambudziko remashupu mbanje ndeyekusakura kwemaoko, asi inogona kungokurudzirwa kumatunhu madiki, nekuda kwekunetseka kukuru kwemaitiro.
Kana uchikura zvirimwa zvemutsetse, marara matapiri anogona kudzorwa nekurimazve (kana ukasafunga nezvezvirimwa mumitsara yezvirimwa). Hazvina kuoma kubvisa zvachose mbatatisi yemasora nekuchekerera zvirimwa mumunda wekurasa. Zvirimwa zvina pakureba kwemasendimita gumi nemashanu (masendimita asingasviki 10-15) zvinokwana kupedza zvachose chirimwa nekudzivirira kuumbwa kwematurusi matsva. Nekudaro, munda wekudonha mushure membatatisi inzira yekuparadza yekushandisa ivhu, zvinokurudzirwa chete mumamiriro akaomesesa, semuenzaniso, mushure menguva yechando isina hunyoro ine nzira pfupi yekutenderera goho mukugadzirwa kwembeu.
Chemical kudzora sora mbatatisi inoratidza kushandiswa kwakawanda kwehutachiona inhibitors, ivhu fumigants, inoenderera mishonga yekudyara, ivhu nemashizha kusarudza mashizha. Dyara Kukura Inhibitors neAI Maleic hydrazide (Phazor), kana yaisirwa zvidyarwa zvakasvibira anenge mavhiki maviri kusvika matatu mushure mekuyerera kwayo, inoburitswa nemashizha uye ichipinda mumachubhu, ichidzivirira kumera kwayo ne 70-80%. Soil fumigants inozadzisa chinangwa chimwe chete pasina kunyatsobudirira (asi muRussian Federation hakuna zvinodhaka zvinotenderwa).
Mishonga yesora inokwanisa kuparadza mbatatisi yemasora chete mukubatana uye nekushandisa zvakare. Dura rezvinhu zvinovaka muviri muna amai tuber rinobvumira zvirimwa kuti zvidzore kubva pamiyero yemishonga yesora inouraya kune mamwe masora. Pamusoro pezvo, kunonoka kuoneka kwembatatisi muzvirimwa zvakawanda kunoita kuti mushonga unobudirira wemishonga yesora usatambire nekuda kwekuti zvirimwa zvatove padanho rekurapwa. Saizvozvo, kana mishonga yesora ikaiswa pachirimwa chikuru nenguva, saka mhedzisiro yekurapa haina kukanganisa chikamu chehuswa mbatatisi: panguva ino haangamera. Naizvozvo, mishonga yesora yakaiswa pre-kubuda kazhinji haina kukwana kudzora mbatatisi yekuzvidira. Mbatatisi inoshingirira kuzhinji mishonga yemashure-yakabuda.
Izvo hazvigadzi kutaura kwepamoyo kushandisa AI pane zvimwe zvirimwa zvinoshandiswa mukurima mbatatisi (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, nezvimwewo). Panguva imwecheteyo, kune ruzivo rwakadzama rwekunze rwekuti zvimwe zvinoshanda zvinoshanda mukudzora masora mbatata kana zvichishandiswa padanho rekutanga kwehubhu (tuber kutanga). Kana iyo herbicide yakashandiswa kare (isati yatangwa yehubhu), amai tuber vanogona kumera zvakare. Kushandiswa kwembesa mushure menguva yekutanga kwetuberization hakugone kudzivirira kuumbwa kweanasikana tubers.
Herbicides inoshandiswa pane chaiwo zvirimwa inogona kupihwa mvumo yekushanda nevamwe. Mazhinji mashiviriro anoreva "kudzvanyirira," kwete kutonga kwese kwemasora mbatatisi. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti utore ruzivo nezve kurasikirwa kweiyo chaiyo AI zvimwe zvirimwa zvinotenderedza zvirimwa, kunyanya mbatata dzakarimwa kana miriwo.
Mukupedzisa, zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti mbatatidzo souswa iri kuita dambudziko rakakura kune mbatatisi dzakasimwa nevamwe vatori vechikamu kutenderera. Nhasi zvakaoma kudzivirira kupararira kwemasora mbatatisi mune zvirimwa, saka, zvakafanira kushandisa huwandu hwese hweanoshanda kudzvinyirira uye maitiro ekudzora.