Kudzoka kwekudyara mubhizinesi rekurima, imwe yeasingafungidzike, zvinoenderana nezvakawanda. Asi dzimwe njodzi dzinogoneka, semuenzaniso, murimi wese anogona kudzivirira mbesa kubva kumasora.
Nzira yekudzivirira sora yakagadziridzwa inovimbisa murimi goho rakanaka uye inomudzivirira kubva pakurasikirwa kwakawedzerwa. Chinhu chikuru ndechekuita nekukurumidza uye nekugona.
Vape mazita – legion
Mbatata inorimwa nenzira yakakura-mutsara, saka, kubva panguva yavanobuda kusvika mitsara yavhara, vane kukwikwidza kwakaderera nemasora. Pasina kutora matanho akakomba ekudzora masora, zvinenge zvisingabviri kuwana goho remachubhu anotengeswa munguva yedu.
Zvinoenderana nemukuru wedhipatimendi rekuchengetedza chirimwa webazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" mudunhu reAstrakhan. Lyudmila Kostyagina, mhando yemhando yemasora pakudyara mbatatisi yakasiyana uye inomiririrwa nemapoka akawanda. Masora madiki anosanganisira, semuenzaniso, ekutanga kwechirimo: sora sunflower, white pigweed. Pakati pemiti yekupera kwechirimo, tinogona kusiyanisa uswa hwe glaucous bristle uye uswa hunozivikanwa hwebarnyard. Sora risingaperi rinomiririrwa nemidzi nhungirwa - munda wakasungwa, Tartary lettuce, munda werukato, pamwe nerhizomatous - yakajairika tsanga.
Mumiriri weSainzi Zvekurima, Mutevedzeri weMukuru weBazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" mudunhu reBryansk. Nikolay Rozhnov inotaura kuti anenge ese masora akafanana nepakati peRussia anowanikwa munharaunda. Mhuka dzinonyanyozivikanwa pano ndedzi: rukato, chickweed, common pickleweed, uye chicken millet. Kuumbwa kwesora muminda kunongofanana, shanduko diki dzinopihwa nembeu dzakamborimwa mukutenderedza mbesa.
Varimi veRussia mbatatisi vagara vakagadzira matekinoroji ekuparadza masora, kushanda kwayo kunosvika 98-100%. Asi munguva pfupi yapfuura, varimi vari kusangana nematambudziko makuru mukubvisa black nightshade. Chirimwa ichi, sembatatisi, ndechemhuri yenightshade. Sezvo vari hama dzepedyo, vane kurwisa kwakafanana kumishonga yakawanda yesora. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinonetsa zvakanyanya kupesvedzera sora zvine mutsindo pasina kukanganisa chirimwa pachacho.
Mukuwedzera, mbesa dze nightshade dzinoonekwa gare gare kupfuura mamwe masora, apo nzira dzose dze agrotechnical nemakemikari dzakatoshandiswa. Iyo ine yakagadziridzwa midzi system, inokwanisa kusvika 1-1,5 metres pakureba uye inokwikwidza mbatatisi kune zvinovaka muviri uye chiedza chezuva.
Asina ushamwari «vavakidzani"
Maererano nemutevedzeri wemukuru webazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" muKrasnoyarsk Territory. Elena Vasilyeva, kukanganiswa kwesora pazvirimwa kune ngozi kuti tisarerutsa. Miti isingadikanwi inotora hunyoro uye kudya kubva muvhu, zvichiita kuti mbatatisi igamuchire kudya kwakakwana kwekukura nekukura kwakakwana. Nehuswa hwakakura hwemasora, zvinomera zvinorimwa zvinogona kuputirwa padanho rekudyara, izvo zvinokanganisa photosynthesis uye kuumbwa kwegirinhi yavo. Zvose izvi zvinozokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwegoho.
Lyudmila Kostyagina inosimbisa kuti masora ari mbatatisi anoderedza goho rayo, kurasikirwa kunogona kusvika 20-25%. Panewo kukanganisa kwakashata pakukura kwema tubers. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mwero wekutengesa unoderera, nzira yekukohwa nemichina inowedzera kunetsa, uye kurasikirwa kwemari kwevarimi kunowedzera.
Kudzora sora kwakakosha zvakare nekuda kwekuti pakati pavo pane hosha dzehutachiona hwehuwandu hwezvirwere. Mumiriri weBiological Sayenzi, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMbatatisi uye Vegetable Zvirwere zveAll-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology. Maria Kuznetsova inotaura kuti masora matura ezvirwere zvefungal, oomycete, bhakitiriya uye viral etiology. Kutonga kwezvinomera muminda, kunokonzerwa nehutachiona humwechete sembatatisi, hunoita kuti hutachiona huwedzere kuunganidza muvhu.
Semuenzaniso, black nightshade inobatwa nehutachiona hweanthracnose, alternaria, late blight uye mbatata blackleg. Shepherd's purse nefield violet zvinoshanda senzvimbo dzinochengeterwa utachiona hwefodya, hunokonzera ngura yemachubhu. Uye munda bindweed i phytoplasma, inoratidzwa muchimiro chechirimwa chitsvuku.
Maria Kuznetsova inokwevera kune chokwadi chekuti masora anogona kushandura microclimate mukudyara kwezvirimwa, izvo zvisinganyanyi kufefetera nekuda kwekukora. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mamiriro akanaka anosikwa kuitira kukura kwekunonoka blight.
“Vavakidzani” vane ngozi vezvinomera zvinorimwa vanoshandawo sematura ezvipembenene zvinotakura zvirwere nemavhairasi. Chokutanga pane zvose, aphid uye leafhoppers. Kupararira kweblack nightshade, chamomile isina kunhuhwirira, upturned acorn, dandelion uye kuparadzira quinoa kunobatsira mukusimudzirwa kwakasimba kwe stem nematode, iyo inokanganisa kunaka kwemachubhu.
Mhosho mukudzivirira
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushanda pakurwisa sora kushandisa mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Elena Vasilyeva inocherekedza kuti kusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwechinhu chinoshanda chemushonga, pamwe nekuteedzera mamiriro uye zviyero zvekushandisa, zvinogona kuderedza huwandu uye huipi hunokanganisa hwemasora pambatatisi.
Zvinoenderana neBayer Crop Sayenzi CIS Market Development Project Manager Konstantin Onatsky, iyo mikuru yemishonga inoratidzwa pamusika weRussia nhasi yave ichizivikanwa kwemakore anopfuura 30-40. Mishonga iyi ichiri kushanda kana yakashandiswa nemazvo.
Zvinosuruvarisa, havasi vose vanokwanisa kushanda nemazvo: kwete purazi rose reRussia rine agronomist ane ruzivo rwakanyanya, uye havasi varimi vose vane dzidzo yakakodzera.
Zvinoenderana nekuona kwemukuru wedhipatimendi rekuchengetedza chirimwa chebazi reFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" muKrasnoyarsk Territory. Maria Grishaeva, kushandiswa kwemishonga yesora pasina kufunga nezvemhando yekugadzirwa kwemasora uye kutenderera kunofunganya kwezvinhu zvinoshanda kunosanganisira "isina" mari yehupfumi, uye yakakosha zvikuru.
Ndedzipi dzimwe mhosho dzinoitwa nevarimi pakuedza kudzora sora vega? Nyanzvi kubva kuFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" inozivisa akati wandei ezvikanganiso zvinowanzoitika. Vagadziri vezvekurima havawanzo kutevedzera nguva yekushandiswa kwemishonga yesora uye vanotyora mwero wakakurudzirwa wekudyiwa kwegadziriro uye mvura yekushandisa. Kune zvakare avo vanoshandisa zvinodhaka zvisingatenderwe uye zvisingaenderane nematangi musanganiswa. Vanhu vazhinji havafungi nezvemamiriro ezvinhu ezvino emiti uye vanoita marapirwo pamiti isina simba, semuenzaniso, iyo yakakuvadzwa nechando.
Konstantin Onatsky zvinoreva zvinosiiwa zvakanyanya seyero yakaderera yekudyiwa kwemvura inoshanda panguva yekurapa. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, kana uchishandisa chero mushonga wesora kuti utange kurapwa, unofanirwa kushandisa marita 300 emvura inogadzirisa inoshanda pahekita. Izvi zvakakosha kuitira kuti mushonga usungirire kune ivhu zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, masora anomera nokukurumidza uye anofa pakarepo. Munzvimbo dzinopisa umo kusanaya kwemvura kunobvira, mushure mekushandisa mushonga wesora, kudiridza kunodiwa kuvandudza kushanda kwayo.
Vamiririri veFederal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr" vanocherechedza kuti nhasi mumatunhu ose eRussia tsika yekuitisa kutarisa, kuverenga nhamba uye kuona kuumbwa kwemarudzi emasora kwakapararira. Varimi vanokwanisa kujairana nemareports ekuongorora goho rine runyoro rwesora rinonyanyozivikanwa. Kana mukana wekurwisa kunokuvadza ukadarika, nyanzvi dzinopa vagadziri vezvekurima mazano ekuti nzvimbo inobatwa sei nemishonga yesora. Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti varimi vanowana ruzivo nezvemishonga yezvipembenene uye agrochemicals akabvumidzwa kushandiswa muRussia. Uye izvi zvinotibvumira kuti tidzivise mhedzisiro isingagadzirike kumugadziri iye uye kune vatengi vezvigadzirwa zvake.
"Gold standard"
Kune maitiro makuru ekubvisa masora Konstantin Onatsky zvinoreva kushandiswa kwemishonga yesora yevhu yakavakirwa pa metribuzin kana aclonifen. Sarudzo inoenderana nekuti mhando dzembatatisi dzinoramba metribuzin/prometrin.
Nyanzvi inocherekedza kuti kune zvakare yakasanganiswa, kana kaviri, chirongwa chekushandisa, kana chikamu chemushonga chinobva pametribuzin chinopihwa chisati chamera muchiyero che 0,6 kusvika 0,9 malita. Kutevera kurapwa kunoitika pambesa dzembatatisi 5-10 centimita kumusoro pachiyero che 0,3-0,5 l/ha. Izvi zvinokutendera kuti udzore gore negore dicotyledonous uye zviyo masora, kunze kwekusimba kwemubhedha uye dema nightshade.
Pamhando dzinopesana ne metribuzin / prometrin, gadziriro dzepakutanga dzinobva pa aclonifen dzinoita kuti zvibvirire kubvisa mashizha akawanda e dicotyledonous sora, kunze kwe black nightshade. Nyanzvi inopa zano rekugadzirisa dambudziko ne nightshade uchishandisa microencapsulated clomazone, iyo inogona kuwedzerwa kune aclonifen uye metribuzin semubatsiri mushonga. Microencapsulated clomazone inobatsira kudzora zvese zvitema nightshade uye mashanga emubhedha. Chinhu ichi chinopa dziviriro yenguva refu kubva mukuputirwa nehuswa, nepo masora asingaperi, akadai serukato uye bindweed, anodzvanywa zvakare. Chinyorwa chakakosha: musanganiswa wetangi unofanirwa kushandiswa chete mbatatisi isati yabuda.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kurapwa kusati kwave kusati kwaitwa pamatatisi, zvinokwanisika kushandisa aclonifen pachiyero che 1-1,5 litita mune yakachena fomu kudzora dicotyledonous sora senge white pigweed, upturned acorn uswa, knotweed uye bedstraw. Muchiitiko ichi, kureba kwembesa dzezvirimwa hakufaniri kudarika 5-10 centimita. Konstantin Onatsky inosimbisa kuti aclonifen haifaniri kusanganiswa negraminicides uye adjuvants.
Muzviitiko zvekurwisa kwakanyanya nesora risingaperi serukato, rose rukato uye rakasungwa, nyanzvi inopa zano rekushandisa MCPA-based gadziriro (10 g/l pamwero we15-500 l/ha) pamadzinde embatatisi 0,6-0,8 cm. Hatifanire kukanganwa kuti kurapa kwakadai kushushikana kwakakomba kwechirimwa, uye mhedzisiro yacho inofanirwa kudzikiswa nemishonga inorwisa-kushushikana yakavakirwa pane amino acids.
Kana mbatatisi yakasimwa mumunda wakasora zvakanyanya uchishandisa michina yakaoma iyo inokurumidza kuumba ridge, panguva yekurapa isati yamera zvakakosha kuwedzera magadzirirwo akavakirwa paglyphosate kana MCPA kune mishonga yesora inoenderana neclomazone, metribuzin kana aclonifen. Kana iyo ridge inoumbwa mushure meimwe nguva, kubviswa kwemagetsi kwemasora hakuitike. Somugumisiro, masora anooneka kare kare.
Konstantin Onatsky inotiyeuchidzawo nezvemaitiro ekushandisa zvinodhaka zvinobva paprosulfocarb kuwedzera kune metribuzin kana aclonifen. Prosulfocarb inobvumidza iwe kudzora zvakanyanya mubhedha uye nightshade, pamwe nehumwe sora.
Nikolay Rozhnov inodana kushandiswa kwemishonga ine metribuzin mukutonga sora iyo "goridhe standard". Asi anokwevera pfungwa kune yakakosha dhizaini yechinhu ichi chinoshanda - kunonoka kuora muvhu, iro rakazara nekudziviswa kwehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvakadyarwa mune ramangwana. Izvi zvinokwanisa kudzivirirwa chete nekuisa zvirambidzo pakuchinjanisa zvirimwa, kushanda kwemwedzi inosvika makumi maviri nemana. Maererano nenyanzvi, munharaunda yeBryansk dambudziko riri kugadziriswa nerubatsiro rwemishonga yemazuva ano inobva paprosulfocarb, iyo isina maitiro akadaro.
Kuti agrotechnical matanho
Vanamazvikokota vanobvumirana mumaonero ekuti kudzora sora hakugoni kungogumira kunzira dzemakemikari.
Mizinga yakagadzirwa zvakanaka yakakosha zvikuru. Nikolay Rozhnov inosimbisa kuti kufamba kwakasimba kwevhu panguva iyi, kudzokororwa kwezvirimwa uye kurima neharrow paivhu rejecha uye jecha rejecha rinogona kuwana zvibereko zvakanaka. Paivhu rinorema, kushanda kwekugadzirisa kwemagetsi kunowanzove kusina kukwana.
Maererano ne Lyudmila Kostyagina, Kuderedzwa kwemasora muminda kunofambiswa nekutevedzera kutenderera kwezvirimwa, pamwe nekurima kwezvinomera panguva yakabatana nemishonga yemakemikari. Anosanganisirawo kudyara mupfudze wegirinhi senzira inoshanda yekudzora sora.
Irina Berg